Engh-business-texts完整版ppt全套教学教程最全电子课件整本书ppt

1、English-Chinese Translation - with business texts编著者按：本演示文稿旨在提供简便的教学框架，每章为一辑，所用译例选自本教程或笔者平时积累，供有关教师参考。使用者在教学实践中，可根据教学进度或教学内容自行加以调整或增删。欢迎同行批评指正。Chapter 1Fundamentals of TranslationAbout the course:Translation with Business Texts2. Translation is NOT TAUGHT, but LEARNED through practiceReferencesAbout

2、 the dictionary: Latest version in both languages (2019) Professionally translated by the same authorNature of TranslationDefinitions：译即易，谓换易言语使相解也。唐贾公彦：义疏Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of mea

3、ning, and secondly in terms of style. Nida & Taber: The Theory and Practice of TranslationTranslation: a cross-language & cross- cultural process Source culture Receptive cultureTranslatorTarget language Translated textTarget readerAuthorSource languageSource textReader/translatorBusiness translatio

4、nMeaning: information, making understoodStyle: professional, idiomatic, personal, etc., making acceptedTranslation awareness: message-oriented, mindful of cross-language & cross-culture communicationBusiness translationMaking up of a large chunk of everyday translating workInformation/message orient

5、edRequiring basic & professional knowledgeCalling for quickness in mind and handBusiness translationTypes of business materials for translation (degree of formal fidelity in a descending order)：legal documents (laws/regulations, contracts, organizational charters, etc.)academic works and textbooks o

6、n business and related subjectsbusiness correspondence and reportsconference speeches on business topicsbusiness journalspromotion matters (brochures, ads, etc.)Translation criteria译事三难：信、达、雅严复:天演论译例言（1897）faithful, fluent & elegant Criteria for business translation信息内容完整 (accuracy & adequacy)交际效果对等

7、 (functional equivalence)文体风格贴切 (stylistic acceptability) The translator is a copycat ifYou copy your classmates work, with or without modification.You copy from publications (books, online sources, etc.), with or without modification.You use a software to do the translation assignment. DIY. No plag

8、iarism.Chapter 2 Process of translationUNDERSTANDING the source language (SL) text with context background/professional knowledge logicProcess of translationREPRODUCING the source text message in the target languagewith context & logicbe fluent in expression and try to iron out translationese (翻译腔)C

9、ase study 1: adequacyInternational business is business conducted in more than one country, including buying and selling goods and services.国际商务是在两国或更多的国家之间进行的商务活动，包括买卖货物和服务。Case 2: acceptabilityI was 54 years old. I had already accomplished a great deal. I was financially secure. I could afford to

10、play golf for the rest of my life.Version 1. 我54岁了。我已经取得了很大的成就。我的财务有保障。我在余下的生命里可以玩得起高尔夫球了。Version 2.我那年54岁，（ ）已是功成名就、财务自由，满可以打打高尔夫球以度余生。Translation StrategiesLiteral vs. liberal strategiesGlobalization vs. localizationAlienation/foreignization vs. domesticationBalance between the above pairsBeware o

11、f false friends They are words or expressions which have the same form in two or more languages but convey different meanings.- Mona BakerBeware of false friends mad doctor 精神病科医生blind wall没窗户的墙dead president 美钞（上印有总统头像）personal remark 人身攻击sweet water 淡水criminal lawyer 刑事律师China policy 对华政策Translati

12、on techniques/skillsConversion:parts of speech, voices, perspectives, etc.Compensation:amplification, omitting, etc.Extension: explanation, splitting, etc.Substitution: replacing for functional equivalenceTips for beginners 1Read and comprehend the original text in an analytical way to grasp both ex

13、plicit (linguistic) and implicit (logic) messages;Check for special names and professional terms and attach the original version in brackets for reference if necessary;Make the translated titles concise, impressive and immediately comprehensible;Tips for beginners 2Find appropriate or functionally e

14、quivalent expressions in the target language: text in context;Do not elaborate or fabricate;Proofread carefully and take care of your punctuation marks.Role of the translator: mediatorLanguage proficiencyWide scope of knowledgeTechniques/skills based on experience Professional ethicsChapter 3 Conver

15、sionConversion of:Parts of speechSentence structuresVoicesForms (ways of expression)Perspectives, etc.Conversion of parts of speech (词类）Chinese is a verb-al language, in that many high-frequency English parts of speech (noun, preposition, adverb connective, etc.) can be converted into Chinese verbs.

16、Conversion may help improve the fluency of the Chinese expression in many ways.Noun vs. verbAnd there is growing recognition that poverty reduction and empowerment of the poor require broad improvements in governance.人们也越来越认识到，减少贫困与赋权穷人需要广泛改善治理。noun vs. verbEach country will be the judge of what con

17、stitutes an erratic fluctuation in its exchange rate.Versions 1.每个国家都将是哪些是造成其汇率不正常波动之因素的裁判。Version 2. 什么情况属于一国货币的汇率非正常波动，要由每一个国家自己判断。Preposition vs. verbThey believe that the normalization of relations between the two countries is not only in the interest of the Chinese and American peoples but also

18、 contributes to the relaxation of tension in Asia and the world.双方认为，两国关系正常化不仅符合中美两国人民的利益，也有助于缓和亚洲及世界紧张局势。Preposition vs. verbBYD was the only Chinese representative at this years North American International Auto Show in Detroit.Version 1比亚迪是今年在底特律举行的北美国际汽车展上的唯一中国企业。Version 2比亚迪作为唯一的中国企业参加了今年在底特律举行

19、的北美国际汽车展。Preposition vs. verbThere is a crowd of 50,000 people before the match.有五万人在观看这场比赛。Adjective vs. verbThe American people hailed the program for greater Sino-US trade.美国人欢迎这个扩大中美贸易的计划。Adjective vs. verbThey strive for a lower birth rates.他们力争降低出生率。Connective vs. verbThe distance is four kilo

20、meters or 2.4856 miles.距离是四公里，折合（约）2.4856英里。Conversion of articles.considering the short-run elasticity of demand for oil, a 10% increase in price causes a 1.5% decrease in the quantity demanded. Conversely, a 1.5% decrease in supply causes a 10% increase in price.鉴于短期内石油需求弹性极低，油价每上涨10%会导致需求下降1.5；反之

21、，石油供应每下降1.5会导致油价上涨10。Chapter 4 RestructuringStructural conversion of the subjectclauses & expressionsattributiveadverbialReorganizationConversion of the subjectThe railroad industrys inability to adjust prices during the rapid inflation of the 1970s caused a quarter of them to go bankrupt.由于铁路业在1970

22、年代通货急剧膨胀期间无法调整运费，有四分之一的铁路公司宣告破产。Conversion of the subjectThe gravity of the situation which confronts the world today necessitates my appearance before a joint session of the Congress.鉴于当今世界面临着严峻的局势，我不得不出席国会的联席会议。attributive clausevs. adverbialTheir basic fear is of the slack up of protectionism, an

23、d above all, American capital outflow which to them means job outflows.令他们最为恐慌的是放松贸易保护主义的做法，尤其害怕美国资本外流，因为对他们来说，这等于工作机会外流。attributive clausevs. adverbialWith such participation and debate, the poor are more likely to feel some sense of ownership of the resulting policies, which they perceive can help

24、 them craft their way out of poverty.有了这种参与和辩论，穷人才更有可能对由此产生的政策生发某种主人翁感，因为他们发觉这些政策可以帮助自己摆脱贫困。attributive clause vs. adverbialUnfortunately, every country in the world has trade barriers which are designed to protect its economy against international market forces.遗憾的是，世界各国都设置了贸易壁垒，旨在保护本国经济免受国际市场力量的冲击

25、。attributive clauses vs. adverbialsHe wanted changes, and those changes would benefit not the rich to whose schools he had gone and in whose circles he had moved, but the oppressed.他要进行改革，这些改革将有利于受压迫者却而非富人，尽管他毕业于富人的学校，出入于富人的圈子。Conversion of adverbialsMost forecasters believe that unemployment will r

26、ise to about 9 percent before it eases next year.大多数观察家认为，失业率将上升到大约百分之九，到明年才会有所缓和。Conversion of adverbialsA joint venture that did not work out may be profitable for the partners when broken up if the right decisions were made on the purchase of real estate or the acquisition of the right equipment.

27、如果合资企业当初在购买不动产或适用设备时决策正确，那么，即使它倒闭了，对合资伙伴来说仍然可能有利可图。Expression of comparative degreeIn fact, you could say that McDonalds is really more of a landlord than a conventional fast-food chain.事实上，与其说麦当劳是一家传统的快餐连锁公司，还不如说它是一家房地产商。Expression of comparative degreeIts nothing less than robbery to ask such a hi

28、gh price.要这么大的价钱，简直就是抢劫。compound structureBut for the most part, national states persist as the framework for governance and as indispensable facilitators of economic growth and poverty reduction.但在大多数情况下，民族国家仍然是治理的框架，也是经济增长与减少贫困不可或缺的推动者。ReorganizationFrom $6.1 billion in 1981, the U.S. deficit with

29、 Asias four tigers last year reached $37 billion, or 22% of the total U.S. trade deficit.美国与亚洲四小虎的贸易逆差在1981年为61亿美元，去年却高达370亿美元，占美国贸易逆差总量的22%。Chapter 5 Conversion of voicesThe passive voice is used more frequently in English than in Chinese when:1. the subject is the recipient of an action2. the subj

30、ect is the topic or theme3. the agent is omitted purposely4. the agent is unknown, or5. it is needed for coherencePassivity in Chinese The glass has been broken.玻璃被打破了。（典型被动句）玻璃给人打破了。（带泛指施事方的被动句）玻璃打破了。（带被动含义的主动句）玻璃破了。（说明事实的主动句）passive in activeThe link between industrial demand and demand for commod

31、ities is being weakened by changes in the pattern of economic growth.由于经济增长格局发生了变化，工业需求与对商品的需求之间的联系正在减弱。verb + objectForeign concessions would be cancelled if they did not accord with the law.向外国人提供的特许权若不符合法律将予以取消。 passive in predicativeThe crew was trained in Florida.这批机组人员是在佛罗里达培训的。 use subject-le

32、ss sentenceMachinery for the just settlement of international differences must be founded.() 必须建立公正解决国际分歧的机构。subject-less expressionsIt must be admitted that . 必须承认It may be safely said that . 可以有把握说It is reported that .据（）报道It will be seen from this that . （）由此可见Give a new subjectIt is expected tha

33、t the first serious attempts will be made to bring some international order to the farm patchwork this year.各国（方）有望在今年首次做出认真努力，使杂乱无章的农产品贸易纳入某种国际秩序。Give a new subjectIt was told that .有人曾经说过It is sometimes asked that .人们有时会问It is well known that .众所周知It is claimed that . 有人宣称Multiple choiceSchools ar

34、e not built or maintained, clinics are not stocked and staffed, roads are not repaired because the funds for these are squandered or stolen.学校没人建造或维护，医院没有物资和人手，道路无人修复，因为专用资金被浪费或被私吞。Active vs. passivePolicies will be more likely to be stable and sustainable when they enjoy popular understanding and s

35、upport.当政策得到民众的理解和支持时，它们就更有可能是稳定和可持续的。Active vs. passiveThe clever failed because of their cleverness.Version 1聪明人的失败是因为他们的聪明。Version 2聪明反被聪明误。Chapter 6 Conversion between forms & the contentThis chapter discusses conversion between the “concrete” and the “abstract”between the “part” and the “whole”

36、othersTechniques: interpretation & replacement “abstract” vs. “concrete”Informed guesswork suggests that it could rise to over one hundred million tons next year.了解情况的人推测说，产量在下一年可能超过一亿吨。interpretationEgypt has entered the league of the most promising emerging markets.埃及已经成为最具前途的新兴市场之一。interpretation

37、With most of the old Chrysler management replaced, a Ford engine now powers Chrysler.克莱斯勒公司原领导班子大部分被撤换，现在掌舵的是一位来自福特的人。interpretationDecisions on public expenditures are tilted toward unproductive investments sophisticated weapons, white-elephant construction projects that can deliver large kickbacks

38、 to the civilian officials and military officers who award them.有关公共开支的决定会向非生产性投资倾斜诸如先进武器研发、庞大而不实用的建设工程这些都会给审批它们的政府和军队官员带来巨额回扣。interpretationBusinesses cannot get licenses to operate and small producers cannot get title to their land because it would take half a year and a small fortune to navigate

39、the shoals of a bloated, corrupt state bureaucracy.企业无法获得营业执照，小生产者无法获得土地所有权，因为要通过臃肿腐败的国家官僚体系的处处障碍，需要花费半年时间和不小的一笔钱。interpreting untranslatable expressionsJapans exports are expected to exceed her imports by about 14 to 15 billion dollars this year, making one of only a handful of major industrial cou

40、ntries whose trade will be in the black.今年，日本的出口预计超过进口140至150亿美元左右，这将使它成为屈指可数的有贸易顺差的主要工业国家之一。Replacement Because they know where theyve come from, they know where theyre at, and they know where theyre going.Version 1 因为他们知道自己从哪里来，现在在哪里，要往哪里去。Version 2因为他们知道自己的起点，他们知道自己的现状，他们也知道自己的目标。 “part” vs. “who

41、le”The deficit on the total current account will remain in triple digits as far as the eye can see.在（人们）可以预见的将来，国际收支经常项目上的逆差总额将继续维持在三位数。Cultural background interpretationFor Madeline Henry, clearly, these were all happenings in the land of Oz.显然，对梅德琳亨利来说，这一切都是发生在童话世界里的事。注：指美国作家L. F. Baum 的著名童话 The W

42、onderful Wizard of Oz，汉语译作绿野仙踪。Chapter 7 Conversion of perspectivesThis chapter mainly discusses the different ways of narration in the two languages and how to convert them in translation, such as:Conversion between the affirmative and negative expressionsChange of spatial & temporal sequences in e

43、xpressionsShift of modifiers vs. the modifiedNegation vs. affirmationNegative sentences are those with negative words, such as not, no, none, nobody, nothing, etc.or words with negative affixes, such as un-, dis-, anti-, -less, etc.Affirmative sentences are those with no negative markers, including

44、those that may have negative implications in a specific context or situation.Inverted expressionsriot police防暴警察terror measures反恐措施crisis plan应急计划hunger march反饥饿游行self-taught自学10% discount九折northeast东北wet paint油漆未干Negative vs. affirmativeWe do not, she reminded us gently, want to have to go to the b

45、ank. We all shook our heads.她轻声提醒我们道：“咱们最好别动银行存款。”我们大家都点点头。 prepositions with negativity in contextBetween sessions of the Contracting Parties, the Council of Representatives is authorized to act on both routine and urgent matters. 缔约方大会休会期间，由代表理事会全权处理日常及紧急事务。Connectives: double negationDont make yo

46、ur conclusion before the end of the year.Version 1你在年底之前不要下结论。Version 2 还是到年底再下结论吧。Verbs: Affirmation vs. Negation The memory of this warm reception shall remain with us long after our departure from the beautiful and historical capital of this great country.在我们离开这个伟大国家古老、美丽的首都之后，你们的盛情款待将令我们久久不能忘怀。N

47、egation vs. affirmationThe thought of returning to his native land never deserted him amid his tribulation. 在苦难中，归国的念头一直萦绕在他心头。adjectivesBut congratulation for a job done is the subject of a different speech from the one I have prepared today.但是，赞扬已经取得的成就并不是我今天要讲的话题。Case for discussionThe problems w

48、ere particularly acute in the companys top ten major metro sales markets, where it had been five years since the company had received local media support.在该公司的十大城市销售市场上，问题尤其严重，因为当地新闻媒体已经五年没有为该公司做宣传了。Shift of word orderWe enclose a cheque for US$ 35,110 in settlement of your invoice No. SH2065 of 20t

49、h, April, 2018.随信寄上35,110美元支票一张，以支付贵方2018年4月20日第SH2065号发票货款。Word order: pre- & post-modifiersHe witnessed the sixth post-war economic 1 2 3 4crisis of serious consequences that prevailed 56in various fields in the USA.67他亲眼目睹了（） 美国 战后 第六次 波及各领域的、1 732 6后果严重的 经济 危机。5 4Chapter 8 AmplificationCompensat

50、ionAfter conversion, compensation is often used to complete the meaning lost in conversionto improve the structure accordinglyto re-establish the logic in context to provide background or annotationMethods:Adding or omitting wordsSentence merging or splittingSemantic systemConceptual meaning（概念意义）is

51、 the basic meaning of a word, i. e. the abstract concept of the thing or attribute it refers to;Structural meaning（结构意义）, or systematic meaning, includes those conveyed by grammar, word order and other structural arrangements;Associated meaning（附加意义）is the addition to the conceptual meaning in the u

52、se of a language, including symbolic, social, and emotional meanings.The above meanings constitute and are integrated into a semantic system in the source language text.Semantic differences in wordsA = 甲：carbon dioxide = 二氧化碳A甲：cousin 表兄弟A甲：dog 犬A 甲：state 国A 甲：London = 0adding auxiliary wordsSino-Br

53、itish links have multiplied - political, commercial, educational, cultural, defense, science and technology.中英两国在政治、商业、教育、文化、国防和科技等领域的交往大幅增加。adding connective wordsHe comes with a rough mandate to cool inflation, cut back Big Government and stand up to the Russian, with no clear consensus as to how.

54、他肩负着降低通货膨胀、精简庞大的政府机构和迎接俄国人的挑战等艰巨使命，然而，至于怎样完成，却没有明确的一致意见。completing the meaningIt was only when Sadat introduced his “Open Policy” (enshrined in the famous Law of 1974) that the climate began to change.直到萨达特实行了“开放政策”（这项政策被郑重地写进著名的“1974年法律”中），投资环境才开始改变。completing the meaningThe old man said, They say

55、his father was a fisherman. Maybe he was as poor as we are.“Version 1老人说：“人们说，他爸是个打鱼的。他也许和我们一样穷。”Version 2那老头说：“听说他爹过去是个打鱼的。他以前八成跟咱家现在一样穷。”completing the omitted partNew York was a financial superpower: the number of banks and markets shot up, as did GDP.Version 1纽约成为一个超级金融中心。银行和市场的数量激增，国内生产总值也是如此。V

56、ersion 2纽约成长为超级金融中心：银行遍地开花，各种交易市场如雨后春笋，国内生产总值也节节攀升。completing the expressionOften, however, tariffs are protective and are designed to carry out a particular economic policy.然而，关税经常具有保护性质，旨在贯彻具体的经济政策。completing the meaningAlone, Roosevelt could have accomplished little.罗斯福若是单枪匹马，很可能一事无成。Completing t

57、he structureA stock market bubble requires the cooperation of everyone.股市泡沫需要人人参与才能产生。Providing backgroundIn April, there was the ping heard around the world. In July, the ping panged.四月，全世界听到中国“乒”的一声把球打了出去，到了七月，美国“乓”的一声又把球打了回来。Case for discussionDepositors across the country began runs on their ban

58、ks. Sensing imminent collapse, states declared emergency holidays. Those that remained open limited withdrawals.全国各地的储户都开始去银行挤兑。各州感觉到大祸将临，纷纷宣布银行暂时休业。照常营业的银行则限制了提款金额。Chapter 9 Omission & mergingOmission is often used after conversion toReduce or eliminate words that are regarded as redundant in Chine

59、seStreamline expressions so as to enhance the fluency and lucidity in translation Note: omission does not mean any loss of the original message.Omitting redundant wordsWhat are often omitted in E-C translation:Particles, including pronouns, connectives, articles, prepositions, a large number of pron

60、ouns, and words or phrases that are regarded as redundant in terms of idiomatic expression or after structural merging omitting pronounsWe assure you of our prompt attention to this matter.我方（）保证（）立即处理此事。omitting connectivesHowever, such change is not easy and can be accomplished only when leaders o