某五层教学楼设计建筑图、结构图计算书外文翻译开题报告等其他材料

1、论 建 筑由于多种原因，要论述大体上以建筑设计标准为根据的基本原则在近年。其原由主要是目前人们对新技术条件下建筑风格的发展有不同的观面对有一大串可以用来解决结构问题的方法，还有大量可供选择的来日益点；设计建筑材料。结果常常是建筑群杂乱无章，设计详图粗糙。在过去，选择性非常有限，人们通过长期努力提高建筑学学识水平和精确性来避免设计粗糙。在 18 世纪，这个国家时期的居住工程清楚地表明了这些特性。在还保存有这些工程的地方，两百年后的这些工程仍然有很强的适应性和实用性。无疑，乔治式的鳞次节比的房屋在很大程度上符合阿所说的建筑设计应该达到的四个目标。这些目标：改善气候；带来乐趣3、增加4、利于活动当然

2、，他还可以加一条：任何设计必须与投资规模相称。在发生石油的 1974 年，人们的反应是千方百计节省剧烈上涨的室内能源开支。标使倡导了一项设计方案。在这设计方案中如下设计指导目长，能源消耗低，适应范围宽。其目的在与通过降低建筑无的消耗和维修成本，使其更易于适应不断变化的用途来减少建筑物的周转资金。今年来有迹象显示这些原在得到人们的考虑，并且现在有些建筑在很大程度上反映了这些约束条件。运用有限选择建筑材料的指导原则对设计大有好处。虽然在过去的 3 年中仿 种解决办法提不出任何真正的式住房令人惊异地有了小小的复兴，但是这，而且在这种微不足道的规模也不具有任何真实的意义。然而 20 世纪 20 年代文

3、花园城最后应用新式建筑风格却有很大的优点，在建筑比例，建筑形式，建筑色彩和细部的理解上显示出很高的学识水平。曾有一种流行办法显示出这种简洁设计受到人们的高度尊重。她源自讲究轴线和对称性古典装饰风格，放映了对诸如窗户，前门及山墙等标准细部的理解。或显得单调甚至不尽妥当，但绝非粗俗。设计在这个选定的风格范围内，根据方便设计的矩阵布局画出简略的设计图，也认识到一些（简单的）制约，如场地，用途，标准细部以及当时的规范，条例等。剖面图和里面图自然而然地出自总图，由那些在细部基础设计方面技艺娴能工巧匠准确地完成。设计，量度，设计说明书，合同以及建造过程几乎都能得到理解和实施。这一切当然不能持久，虽然一些近

4、代大师埃，以及还有一两位不那么知名的人的作品还留有对这些早期设计方法的信心的痕迹。由于其他许多已对过去 50 年来的设计和建筑进行了诸多论述，因此对最近 20 年的建筑设计史的进一步探讨必须就此停笔总之，为受到良好教育的客户服务的学者型的建筑师的已经随着双方自信心的饿丧失一起了。现在他们得依靠许多其他的特殊技能。深受世界范围的，特别是德国及其邻国的经济的影响，一个新的建筑世界在本世纪 20 至 30 年代发展起来。其中一个明证就是“国际风格”。须在新的要求范围内搞建筑，旧式设计看来已不再合适宜。客户，公众需要，日益增加的都市人口，以及成本核算都对设计产生影响。在更加严格的规则范围内，轻型构架和

5、建筑饰面材料的技术发展显得日益有用。现在的建筑有的新颖时髦，有的还属探索性的，有呈几何图形的，有精雕细刻的，也有毫无特色的，以及组件装配。形形的结构绝技与有待完善的用料革新同时并存。一端是公共建筑大专院校，声名显赫的商业（设计上全都各显千秋），另一端是组件装配的建筑，为社会提供诸如学校，住宅，办公楼，厂房及工业建筑等等需要。仍燃有着设计和施工基本方法的这种对分局面。这一局面突出了这个时代社会的和技术的目标之间的差异。在建筑领域已达到其中一个分水岭处在两难简便住所坚固型实心墙体保护隐秘低密度 车辆用道之中：高性能住所轻便型框架结构利于社交高密度 人行通道现在必须正确处理好设计和使用性能在这种厉害

6、犬牙交错的两难中，两个重点之间的关系。一个可以接受的解决办法似乎是对以前的最佳方案进行辨别和分析，然后再决定是否支持大刀阔斧的改变。很有必要弄清楚深刻的变化对以前的方案的适应性有多大影响，是哪些新的制约使其不能再次使用。持续变化的戏剧性效果并不适应于长的建筑着一人工产品。这就意味着要认识到人类对住处的第一要求是便于人类活动，关键是要能躲避风雨。依沙克。的格言看来很适应的要求：“建筑艺术再重要也不如其实用性重要，对其雄伟的赞美在多也过对其提供的舒适性的赞美。” 为了更加接近这条哲理，就需要发展新的设计方法，以便更有信心地对许多互相的问题找出现在和将来的。在寻找连续性的途中没有现成的方案，而目标必

7、须是连续的一个满意的设计会带来卓有成效的，报偿丰厚的合同。On DesignFor many kinds of reasons, ise increasing difficult in recent yearsto make a sement about the ground rule on which ,in general ,building design criteriashould be based .Its reason mainly is the present people the constructionstyle development has the different v

8、iewpoto the new engineering factor under;Designs thenel facing toe a big string to besible to use for to solve thestructure question method, but also has massively may supply the choice the buildingmaterial. The result is frequently the architectural complex is chaotic, thelayoutis rough. In the pas

9、t, choice was extremely limited, the people through diligently raised the architecture knowledge level and the accuracy for a long time avoid designing roughly. In the 18th century, this national Ge e dynasty time housingproject clear surface understands these characteristics. In also phas theseproj

10、ect place, 200 year after today these projects still had the very strongcompatibility and the usability. In large measure , the Gee dynasty -like scalepartial node ratio house to a great extent conforms to Arab League experience Alex Gordon said the architectural design should achieve four goals.The

11、y are :To modify climate ;To support patterns of activity;To add toTo provide delightCertainly, he also may add one: Any design must relate to an overall finan commitment .lDuring occurred petroleum crisis in 1974, peoples response was saves thefierce rise by any meanssible in the room the energy ex

12、penditure. Gordon hasinitiated a design proal. He set the following design instruction goalhis designproal- long life ,low energy ,loose fit.with theention the followingling directive , Its goal in and through reduthe fuel consumption and the servicecost which the construction does nove, causes its

13、change the use which changesunceasinglyhe adapion to reduce building the revolving fund. Has the sign to demonstrate this year these principles are obtaining peoples consideration, andpresent some constructionse reflected these constracondition to a great extent.Utilizes the limited choice building

14、material the guiding principle to design is of greatadvantage. Although imied the Gee dynasty type housinghe past 3 years to e any true answer,e the small revival amazing, but this solution could not promoreover does nove any real significance nowhis not worthy of mentioningscale. However the 20th c

15、entury 20s Will article garden city finally apps the newGee dynasty type construction style toe the very big merit actually, in theconstruction proportion, the construction form, the construction color andheunderstanding demonstrates the very hig There was an available stock-owledge level.radeeral s

16、imple plan dignity ofsolutions which came from the Beaux Art traditions of axis and symmetry, andheunderstanding of the standards of windows , front doors pediments, whichmighve been dull and even inappropriate but were never vulgar or exhibitionists .The designer , withhis chosen idiom , sketched o

17、ut his plan solutions on the basisof a convenient matrix ofmodation , recognizingthe(simple) constras ofplace , usage and the standard byelaws , codes and regulations of the time . Sections and elevations nearly automatically built up from the resultant plan, and could be veryaccuray worked out by d

18、raftsmen wonderfully skillful in element design in.The whole design , measurement , specification , contract and production , though the work of recent masters, Le Corbusier , Wright , Mies van der Rohe , and one or two others not quite so prominent , retains the vestiges of the confidence resulting

19、from these earr techniques.20thThe tempion to refer further to the more recentcentury history ofbuilding design must be resisted because otherse written with great authorityabout the many sided planning and architectural activities of the last 50 years . Ingeneral , the traditional viof the scholarl

20、y architect serving the cultured cns the thefaded , along with the confident autonomy of both . They now rely uponadditional skills of many spelists. A new world of building developed in1920-30s , much influenced by the world wide collapse of the economy , particularlyin Germany and its neighbours .

21、 One of its manifesions was theernationalStyle .We had to build within a new framework of requirements , for which old styledesigns seemed inappropriate . Offil cnts , the public need , increasing urbanpopulations and cost accounting were all influen. And within more rigidregulations , technical dev

22、elopments of light frameworks and structural facingconcrete wereing available.Now our buildings arefashionable , speculative , and either of geometricand sculpturedricacy , or anonymous andcomponented . There is a multitude ofstructural gymnastics and immature materialinnovations . At one end of the

23、spectrum the public buildings , and university and prestige commerl buildings(allvery self-consciously designed) and at the other , the component assembled building ,providing the so buildings.l needs of schools, housing , offi, work and industrialThis dichotomy of basic approach to design and const

24、ruction remains withus , and highlights some of the disparities of the sol and technical goals of thetimes . Weehe world of building reached one of the great dividesstraddledbetn contradictions:Simple tent enclosures Solid wallPrivacy Low density Vehicleshis kind of fierce jig-saHigh indoor performa

25、nce Light frame work CommunityHigh densityHuman good channeltterned being in a dilemma, we must prosgood design and the operational performance two key bet now.n relations correctlyMay accept the solution as if is carries on the discernment and theysisto beforehand preferred plan, then decided again whether supports the resolute change.Has the nesity to clarify very much the deep transformation toe thetremendous influence to beforehand plan compatibility, is which new restriction factor does enable it to use once more. Changes continually the theatrical effect does not adapt for the long