理解句子、段落之间的逻辑关系

1、理解句子、段落理解句子、段落之间的逻辑关系之间的逻辑关系北京海淀区教师进修学校北京海淀区教师进修学校 何国贵何国贵 逻辑思维能力运用到对文章的深层理解过逻辑思维能力运用到对文章的深层理解过程。这需要对种种逻辑概念有一定的知识程。这需要对种种逻辑概念有一定的知识积累。一般要根据事实、现象或常识，而积累。一般要根据事实、现象或常识，而后进行本质比较和分析进行逻辑推理。要后进行本质比较和分析进行逻辑推理。要搞清常见的逻辑关系。从上下文中看出语搞清常见的逻辑关系。从上下文中看出语意发展的路径。逻辑思维的方向主要指：意发展的路径。逻辑思维的方向主要指：并列、递进、因果、转折、反正、比较、并列、递进、因果

2、、转折、反正、比较、对照、例证、结论等。文章的逻辑性体现对照、例证、结论等。文章的逻辑性体现在结构上层次分明，语意上连贯通顺，前在结构上层次分明，语意上连贯通顺，前后呼应。后呼应。逻辑分析的细节逻辑分析的细节1 1主次关系与要义提炼主次关系与要义提炼2 2事实与逻辑推断：因果、顺序、正反、对应、事实与逻辑推断：因果、顺序、正反、对应、并列、递进、转折、让步、例举、条件、。并列、递进、转折、让步、例举、条件、。3. 3. 立论与解释和说明立论与解释和说明4 4比较与对照比较与对照5 5例证与结论例证与结论6 6主题与支撑主题与支撑7 7包容与被包容包容与被包容8 8总体与具体总体与具体9 9前提

3、与结论的呼应关系前提与结论的呼应关系注意寻找逻辑衔接词语注意寻找逻辑衔接词语1 1。并列与递进：。并列与递进：also, in addition,whats more, moreover, likewise, similarly,2 2。转折：。转折：however, on the contrary, instead of,3 3。因果：。因果：due to, therefore, as a result,2 2。肯定和否定：。肯定和否定：certainly, never,instead,3 3。让步与条件：。让步与条件：although, ,unless, as long as, 4 4。时

4、间与空间：。时间与空间：while, until,afterwards,5 5。顺序推展：。顺序推展：first of all, then, finally,6 6。列举说明：。列举说明：for instanced, for example, such as,8 8。总结概括：。总结概括：generally speaking, in conclusion,注意对句子概念的理解注意对句子概念的理解1。 要搞清楚要搞清楚7 7句话所表达的方向：句话所表达的方向： 哪个是核心句？哪个是核心句？ 哪个是上下文过渡句？哪个是上下文过渡句？ 哪个是总结性句子？哪个是总结性句子？ 句子所处什么位置？句子所处

5、什么位置？2 2。要在文中迅速找到对应部分。要在文中迅速找到对应部分3 3。要把握短文内容的整体理解。要把握短文内容的整体理解4 4。要积累不同文体表述特点。要积累不同文体表述特点5 5。要小心：搞错一个，等于错掉两个。要小心：搞错一个，等于错掉两个2009全国高考宁夏、海南试题全国高考宁夏、海南试题根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。 Getting your children to study can be a little like getting them t

6、o eat their vegetables. 1 Make a study time and have it at the same time every day. This will help your kids to learn to schedule their day and will give them a sense of control over how they spend their time. Allow them to study in blocks of time, such as for half an hour with a five-minute break i

7、n the middle. 2 Ideal (理想的) study times are after dinner or right after school before dinner. Never allow your children to study in front of the television, as that will encourage passive activity. 3 . Youll also need to help your kids find the right place to study. After youre set up a good study t

8、ime for little learners, set up a good place where they can get those creative juices flowing. 4 . Make sure there is a table or a desk and a comfortable chair. 5 . This includes helping them out with their homework sometimes and being there for them with the answer to any questions. The input you g

9、ive your children during study periods will help form a bond and help make studying enjoyable.Pick a place where your children can study properly.Hold them to the schedule they create for themselves.Finally, spend time with your kids when theyre studying.Keep the atmosphere light and offer lots of e

10、ncouragement, too.Instead, use TV as a treat or a reward when the homework is completed.Try to stop this bad habit by offering some sort or reward.One of the best ways to form good study habits for your kids is to design a schedule that they keep to.答案：答案：1. G 2. B 3. E 4. A 5. C判断方法：判断方法： 下文一般都是对上文

11、的解释和说明；或前后呼应。G 上句为题干：One of the best ways to form good study habits for your kids is to design a schedule that they keep to. 养成孩子好的学习习惯最好的方法之一就是设计他们要坚持的时间表。 接下来的一句：Make a study time and have it at the same time every day. 做一个学习时间表，每天在同一时间学习。 其中的关键词：schedule 和 make a study time 2. B 在题干中找上句：Hold them

12、 to the schedule they create for themselves. 坚守他们自己创造的日程安排。与下句能连贯起来：Ideal study times are after dinner or right after school before dinner. 理想的学习时间是饭后或放学后。 3. E 上句：Never allow your children to study in front of the television, as that will encourage passive activity. 千万别让你的孩子在电视前学习，因为那会加剧消极活动。在题干中找到

13、下句：Instead, use TV as a treat or a reward when the homework is completed. 而是要把看电视作为做完功课的奖励。其中关键词语是 Instead 和 Never。_4. A4. A 看题干看题干： Pick a place where your children can study properly. 选择一个适合孩子读书地方。 与下句正好呼应的是：与下句正好呼应的是： Make sure there is a table or a desk and a comfortable chair. 一定要有一张桌子和一把舒适的椅子。

14、5. C 看题干： Finally, spend time with your kids when theyre studying. 孩子做功课时要和他们在一起。（作为最后一段的文字前，通常用Finally作为结束。） 连贯下来： This includes helping them out with their homework sometimes and being there for them with the answer to any questions. The input you give your children during study periods will help

15、form a bone and help make studying enjoyable. 这包括有时要帮助孩子做作业，回答问题。在学习期间你对孩子的倾注将有助于巩固情感并使学习有乐趣。 Getting your children to study can be a little like getting them to eat their vegetables. 1 Make a study time and have it at the same time every day. This will help your kids to learn to schedule their day

16、and will give them a sense of control over how they spend their time. One of the best ways to form good study habits for your kids is to design a schedule that they keep toAllow them to study in blocks of time, such as for half an hour with a five-minute break in the middle. 2 Ideal (理想的) study time

17、s are after dinner or right after school before dinner.Hold them to the schedule they create for themselves.Never allow your children to study in front of the television, as that will encourage passive activity. 3 : Instead, use TV as a treat or a reward when the homework is completed. 4 : 4 : Make

18、sure there is a table or a desk and a comfortable chair.Pick a place where your children can study properly.5. This includes helping them out with their homework sometimes and being there for them with the answer to any questions. The input you give your children during study periods will help form

19、a bond and help make studying enjoyable.Finally, spend time with your kids when theyre studying.20092009辽宁卷辽宁卷 71 Home can be a great place for children to study. Its important to provide a workspace of their own where they can read books or just write a letter to their friends.Location (位置) 72 Kitc

20、hen and dining room are not so well suited for regular study, since books and pens get in the way of the day-to-day uses of those areas. Set up a place where a child can settle in and leave papers and pens at hand without having to clear everything away each night. For a child that likes being alone

21、, set aside a corner of his bedroom, but keep it separate from things like games, music and other hobbies not related to studying.Keeping Things in Order Parents should encourage their child to spread out, but to leave it neat and orderly when it isnt using his workspace. Ownership is very important

22、 for self-respect. 73 The workplace should be personal, but not another part of the playroom.74 Encourage the whole family to help build a supportive environment that children need for success in school. Give them a good example of how to manage time and get things done in the right way. 75 Study wi

23、ll be more enjoyable and effective when supported by the whole family.Attitude Is Everything.Bring Organization into Your Home.Here are several ways to choose a location.Building a Good Home Learning Environment.Hold a can-do attitude and your child will follow your example.Setting up a space in a c

24、ommon area of your home can be a good idea for children.A child who learns to organize his space will carry organization into every corner of his life.71 Home can be a great place for children to study. Its important to provide a workspace of their own where they can read books or just write a lette

25、r to their friends.根据后文：根据后文：Home can be a great place for children to study. 家园是孩子们学习的理想场所。家园是孩子们学习的理想场所。D D项：项：“建设一个好的家庭学习环境。建设一个好的家庭学习环境。” ” 作为本文的标题，即主旨要义。作为本文的标题，即主旨要义。D: Building a Good Home Learning Environment.Location (位置) 72 Kitchen and dining room are not so well suited for regular study,

26、since books and pens get in the way of the day-to-day uses of those areas. Set up a place where a child can settle in and leave papers and pens at hand without having to clear everything away each night. For a child that likes being alone, set aside a corner of his bedroom, but keep it separate from

27、 things like games, music and other hobbies not related to studying._安排一个固定的地方让孩子们可以手中拿纸笔不用每晚清理。安排一个固定的地方让孩子们可以手中拿纸笔不用每晚清理。 F:Setting up a space in a common area of your home can be a good idea for children.安排一个共用的地方给孩子是个好主意安排一个共用的地方给孩子是个好主意Keeping Things in Order Parents should encourage their chil

28、d to spread out, but to leave it neat and orderly when it isnt using his workspace. Ownership is very important for self-respect. 73 The workplace should be personal, but not another part of the playroom.上文：家长应鼓励孩子把东西铺开，还能在不用上文：家长应鼓励孩子把东西铺开，还能在不用的时候摆放有序。对于自尊来说所有权是很重要的时候摆放有序。对于自尊来说所有权是很重要的。接下来：的。接下来：

29、一个学会安排空间的孩子必将把这一个学会安排空间的孩子必将把这种条理性带如他人生的每个角落。种条理性带如他人生的每个角落。G: A child who learns to organize his space will carry organization into every corner of his life._74 Encourage the whole family to help build a supportive environment that children need for success in school. Give them a good example of ho

30、w to manage time and get things done in the right way. 75 Study will be more enjoyable and effective when supported by the whole family.从下文知道：态度的重要性。从上文知道：有从下文知道：态度的重要性。从上文知道：有“能做到能做到”的态度，孩子会以你为榜样。的态度，孩子会以你为榜样。 Attitude Is Everything.E. Hold a can-do attitude and your child will follow your example.

31、20102010年北京卷考试说明样题年北京卷考试说明样题 Life Story of Dave Thomas Since 1989, Dave Thomas, who died of cancer at age 69 in his Fort Lauderdale home, was one of the most recognizable faces on TV. 71 “As long as it works,” he said in 1991, “Ill continue to do those commercials.” 72 “He still wont let anyone see

32、his feet, which are out of shape because he never had proper-fitting shoes,” Wendy said in 1993. Born to a single mother, he was adopted as a baby By Rex and Auleva Thomas of Kalamazoo in Michigan. After Auleva died when he was 5, Thomas spent years on the road as Rex traveled around seeking constru

33、ction work. “He fed me,” Thomas said, “and if I got out of line, hed beat me.” Moving out on his own at 15, Thomas worked, first as a waiter, in many restaurants. 73 “I thought if I owned a restaurant,”He said, “I could eat for free.” A 1956 meeting with Harland Sanders led Thomas to a career as a K

34、entucky Fried Chicken restaurant owner that made him a millionaire in 1968. In 1969, after breaking with Sanders, Thomas started the first Wendys Old Fashioned Hamburgers, in Columbus, Ohio, which set itself apart by serving made-to-order burgers. 74 Although troubled by his own experience with adop

35、tion, Thomas, married since 1954 to Lorraine, 66, and with four grown kids besides Wendy, felt it could offer a future for other children. He started the Dave Thomas Foundation(基金会) for Adoption in 1992. In 1993, Thomas, who had left school at 15, graduated from Coconut Creek High School in Florida.

36、 75 The kids voted him Most Likely to Succeed. “The Dave you saw on TV,” says friend Pat Williams, senior vice president of the Orlando Magic, “was the real Dave. He wasnt a great actor or a great speaker. He was just Joe Everybody.”But he had something much better in mind.He even took Lorraine to t

37、he graduation dance party.Even though he was successful, Thomas remained troubled by his childhood.By using his experience and determination, Thomas turned the restaurants around.With 6,000 restaurants worldwide, the chain now makes $6 billion a year in sales.He appeared in more than 800 commercials

38、 for the hamburger chain named for his daughter, now 40.He dropped out of school to work full-time. This decision to drop out haunted him until he went back to school 45 years later.补全后看连贯补全后看连贯 Since 1989, Dave Thomas, who died of cancer at age 69 in his Fort Lauderdale home, was one of the most re

39、cognizable faces on TV. 71 “As long as it works,” he said in 1991, “Ill continue to do those commercials.”F: He appeared in more than 800 commercials for the hamburger chain named for his daughter, now 40.: “He still wont let anyone see his feet, which are out of shape because he never had proper-fi

40、tting shoes,” Wendy said in 1993. Born to a single mother, he was adopted as a baby By Rex and Auleva Thomas of Kalamazoo in Michigan. After Auleva died when he was 5, Thomas spent years on the road as Rex traveled around seeking construction work. “He fed me,” Thomas said, “and if I got out of line

41、, hed beat me.”C: Even though he was successful, Thomas remained troubled by his childhood.Moving out on his own at 15, Thomas worked, first as a waiter, in many restaurants. 73 “I thought if I owned a restaurant,”He said, “I could eat for free.” A 1956 meeting with Harland Sanders led Thomas to a c

42、areer as a Kentucky Fried Chicken restaurant owner that made him a millionaire in 1968.A: But he had something much better in mind. In 1969, after breaking with Sanders, Thomas started the first Wendys Old Fashioned Hamburgers, in Columbus, Ohio, which set itself apart by serving made-to-order burge

43、rs. 74 E: With 6,000 restaurants worldwide, the chain now makes $6 billion a year in sales. In 1993, Thomas, who had left school at 15, graduated from Coconut Creek High School in Florida. 75 The kids voted him Most Likely to Succeed.B: He even took Lorraine to the graduation dance party.（2010北京海淀区北

44、京海淀区1月模拟题月模拟题-E篇）篇） Warren Buffett For someone who is such a successful investor, Warren Buffett comes off as a pretty ordinary guy. He was born on August 30, 1930. 71 He used to door-to-door and sell soda water. When his family moved to Washington, Buffett became a paperboy for The Washington Post.

45、 Buffett ran his five paper routes and even added magazines to round out his product offerings. While still in school, he was making $175 a month, a full-time wage for many men. 72 He spent $1,200 on 40 acres of farmland in Nebraska. He and a friend also made $50 a week by placing pinball machines i

46、n barber shops. They called their venture (企业) Wilson Coin Operated Machine Co. Already a successful small-time businessman, Buffett wasnt interested in going to college but ended up at the university of Pennsylvania - his father encouraged him to go. 73 But he was turned down in what had to be one

47、of the worst admission decisions in Harvard history. The outcome affected Buffetts life, for he ended up attending Columbia Business School, where he studied under Professor Benjamin Graham, the father of securities analysis who provided the foundation (基础) for Buffetts investment strategy. From the

48、 beginning, Buffett made his fortune from inveting. He started with all the money he had made from selling soda water, delivering papers, and operating pinball machines. Between 1950 and 1956, he grew his $9,800 to $14,000. 74 And then he gradually drew in other investor through word of mouth and ve

49、ry attractive terms. 75 He doesnt collect houses or cars or works of art, and he disdains (鄙视) companies that waste money on expensive cars, private dining rooms, and high-priced real villas. He is a creature of habit - same house, same office, same city, same soda water.Then Buffett applied to Harv

50、ard Business School.Buffett is more likely to be found in a four-star restaurant.When he was 14, Buffett still kept great interest in investment.Even as a young child, Buffett was serious about making money.One thing is for sure about Buffett: he is happy doing what he is doing.Buffetts investment s

51、trategy mirrors his lifestyle and his overall philosophy.From there, he organized investment partnerships with his family and friends. For someone who is such a successful investor, Warren Buffett comes off as a pretty ordinary guy. He was born on August 30, 1930. 71 He used to door-to-door and sell soda water. When his family moved to Washing