起重机的安全使用

1、 * IPMT Site Safety PracticeHSE DOCUMENT健康、安全和环保文件*公司* Team*项目*地点Document Title文件名Safe Use of Cranes起重机的安全使用A00Approved 审批P02For Review 供审核MJT01/07/02P01For IPMT Review 供IPMT审核12/04/02LYB01/05/02P00For Review 供审核P.G19/03/02LYB12/04/02Issue RevIssue or Revision DescriptionOrigin byDateCheck byDateApp

2、rovebyDateApprove byDateThis Document is Owned by Michael Tousignant IPMT AuthoritySite Safety Practice现场安全惯例forSafe Use of Cranes起重机的安全使用INDEX目录1 SCOPE AND GENERAL范围和综述2 PLANNING计划3 SELECTION OF CRANES起重机的选择4 PLACEMENT/LOCATION布置/定位5 PERSONNEL人员6 ERECTION AND DISMANTLING安装和拆除7 OPERATION操作8 MAINTENA

3、NCE, INSPECTION AND REPAIR维护、检查和修理9 ROPES, HOOKS吊索和吊钩10 ATTACHMENTS附件1. SCOPE AND GENERAL范围和综述1.1 SCOPE This Standard specifies the general requirements for cranes, hoists and winches.范围 - 本标准规定了吊车、绞车和卷扬机的总体要求。NOTE: Where this Standard uses the word crane it shall be taken to mean hoist or winch as

4、applicable.注：本标准中所使用的吊车“Cranes”这个字包括了适用范围内的绞车和卷扬机。1.2 DEFINITIONS For the purpose of this safety practice.定义 - 仅适用于本安全规定1.2.1 Competent person a person who by reasons of qualifications and experience has the knowledge and skill necessary to perform the duties with respect to which the expression is

5、used. All of these people will possess the required certification of special trade as issued by local authority.合格的人员 - 一个有资质和经验，对执行所描述的工作有知识和技能的人。所有的这些人员具有当地官方颁发的特殊工种证。1.2.2 Management persons responsible for the direction of all activities associated with the operation of a crane.管理 - 人员，对与操作吊车有关的

6、所有的工作负责1.2.3 Managements instructions shall include the manufacturers latest instructions, recommendations and specifications. Where any of these instructions, recommendations and specifications are not available from the manufacturer, they shall be drawn-up by a competent person.管理指令 - 应包括制造商最新的指令、

7、建议和规格。在没有制造商的指令、建议和规格时，应从合格的人员那里获得。1.2.4 Shall indicates that a statement is mandatory.必须 - 是指必须执行的一个声明。1.2.5 Should indicates a recommendation.应该 - 是指一种建议。2. PLANNING计划MATTERS TO BE CONSIDERED At appropriate stages during planning, the following matters shall be considered, where applicable:要考虑的事宜

8、- 在制订施工计划时要考虑下列事宜：(a) Establishment of a management plan.确立管理计划(b) Selection of cranes (see Section 3).选择吊车（见第3节）(c) Obtaining authorizations.获得授权(d) Requirements of regulatory authorities.法规当局的要求(e) Site access and crane sitting.现场进入和吊车就位(f) Protection and safety of public.公众的保护和安全(g) Proximity of

9、power lines and other services.接近电源线和其它辅助服务(h) Procedures for the setting up and dismantling of the crane and the method of lift.吊车设定和拆除的程序和起吊方法(i) Make up of the crane crew, which may include 吊车班组人员的组成，可以包括 - (i) Erection crew; 安装人员(ii) Crane operator; 吊车操作员(iii) dogmen and crane chasers; 套钩员和吊车解索员

10、(iv) Spotters; 观察员(v) Riggers; 套索员(vi) Power line observers; and 电源线观察员，和(vii) Persons under training or instruction. 接受培训或指令的人员(j) Communication system.沟通系统(k) Weather conditions.气候条件(l) Ground conditions.地面条件(m) Proximity of excavations.接近挖掘体(n) Selection of lifting gear.起吊传动装置的选择(o) Personal safe

11、ty equipment.个人安全用品(p) Emergency procedures.应急程序(q) Inspection, maintenance, and repair.检查、维护和修理(r) Lightning protection.闪电保护(s) The documentation of work procedures where the lifting operation is not of a routine type, e.g. multiple crane lifting.非日常工作（例如多个吊车起吊）型起吊操作的工作程序文件(t) Consultation and coor

12、dination with other groups working in the area.有其它班组在该区域工作时的咨询和协调(u) Night operations.夜间操作3. SELECTION OF CRANES选择GENERAL Before selecting a crane for a particular operation, the following information shall be ascertained:综述 - 在为特定操作选择吊车前，必须明确下列信息：(a) The mass of the load to be lifted.起吊负荷质量(b) The

13、nature of the load to be lifted.起吊负荷性质(c) The speed and frequency of operation.操作速度和频率(d) The maximum load that will be imposed on the crane.吊车的最大承受负荷(e) The nature of the rigging or slinging to be used.所使用吊索具的性质(f) The position from which the load is to be lifted.起吊负荷吊起的位置(g) The position to which

14、the load is to be placed.负荷放下的位置(h) The movement limitations of the crane and the load.吊车和负荷的运动限制(i) Other limitations of the crane.对吊车的其它限制(j) Where multiple crane lifting is involved 使用多个吊车起吊的地方 - (i) how the load is to be proportioned;负荷如何被分担(ii) how the load proportioning is to be maintained;如何维

15、持分担的负荷(iii) whether the cranes have the appropriate additional capacity over the proportioned load to be lifted; and对于起吊分担负荷，吊车是否有合适的额外能力(iv) the operating characteristics of the crane, e.g. speed of hoisting.吊车的操作特性，例如卷扬速度(k) The environmental factors.环境因数The danger of instability due to loss of in

16、flation of a tyre should be considered. For example, foam-filled tyres should be used for rough terrain.应该考虑轮胎泄气所造成的不稳定性危险。例如，对粗糙地形，应使用发泡材料填充的轮胎。4. PLACEMENT/LOCATION放置和定位4.1 GENERAL Where applicable, particular attention shall be give to the following factors:综述 - 在适用时，必须特别注意下列因数：(a) Crane standing

17、 (see Clause 4.2).吊车稳定支撑（见4.2条）(b) Proximity hazards and visibility (see Clause 4.3).附近危害物和可见度（见4.3条）(c) Environmental factors, e.g. noise and noxious fumes (see clause 4.4).环境因数，例如，噪音和有害烟雾（见4.4条）(d) Clearances (see Clause 4.5).安全距离（见4.5条）4.2 CRANE STANDING吊车稳定支撑4.2.1 General The analysis of the for

18、ces imposed by a crane on the crane standing is a vitally important factor. The crane standing shall conform to the crane manufactures recommendations and shall be of sufficient strength to withstand both the in-service conditions and the out-of-service conditions.综述 - 对吊车施加在吊车支撑上的受力分析是至关重要的因数。吊车支撑必

19、须与吊车制造商的建议相符合，必须有足够的强度来支撑在服务时的条件和不在服务时的条件。Where a crane is to be supported on, or tied to, a permanent or temporary structure, the design of the structure shall be checked to confirm that it is capable of withstanding the forces likely to be imposed by the crane. In the assessment of the surface-bea

20、ring capacity, seasonal variations shall be considered.在吊车的支撑地或联系地，永久的或临时的结构、结构的设计必须被检查，以确认它能够承受可能加在吊车的力。在表面承载能力评估时，必须考虑季节变化因数。NOTE: Guidance on outrigger safe-bearing capacity on soils should be provided by the competent person.注：应该由合格的人员提供土壤对支腿承载能力的指导。4.2.2 Wind force The wind forces on cranes may

21、 have a considerable influence on the stability and strength requirements of the supports and foundations. Therefore, care is necessary in the installation of holding-down devices, rail clamps, temporary connections and anchorages.Where there is a likelihood of the maximum wind speed specified by th

22、e manufacturer being exceeded, the managements operating instructions shall include positive directions to ensure that the crane is stowed in a safe position, and not operated during the period when the wind speed exceeds the manufacturers specifications.风力 - 风力会成为吊车支撑和基础稳定性和强度要求的一个需要考虑的因数。因此，在安装抑制设

23、备、道轨夹、临时连接和锚定时必须注意这点。在风力可能会超过制造商规定的最大速度时，制造商的操作指南必须有明确的说明，以保证吊车被安装在一个安全的地方，并在风速超过制造商规定的数值时，不要操作吊车。4.2.3 In-service conditions During in-service conditions, the loads imposed on the crane standing are usually due to the combined effects of the following:在服务时的条件 - 在服务期间，施加在吊车支撑上的负荷通常是由于下列综合因数给出的：(a) M

24、ass of the crane including the counterweight.包括压重的吊车质量(b) Mass of the load and attachments.负荷和附件的质量(c) Dynamic forces caused by the crane and load movements during operation.操作期间由吊车和负荷运动所造成的动态力(d) Wind forces, resulting from operation in wind speed up to the maximum permitted for in-service conditio

25、ns, acting in any direction on the crane and load.风力，即由风速对操作造成的力量，它可高达在服务时的条件所允许的最大速度，可以从任何方向作用在吊车和负荷上。4.2.4 Out-of-service conditions When the crane is in an out-of-service condition, the loads expected to be imposed on the crane standing are usually due to the combined effects of the following:不在服

26、务时的条件 - 当吊车不在工作时，施加在吊车支撑上的负荷预计是由于下列综合因数给出的：(a) Mass of the crane including the counterweight.包括压重的吊车质量(b) Wind forces, acting in any direction on the crane, due to the maximum wind speeds expected on the particular site.风力，由于在特定现场预计所有的最大的风速，从任何方向作用在吊车和负荷上。4.2.5 Underground services Where a check rev

27、eals the existence of underground services, adequate precautions shall be taken to ensure the stability of the crane and to prevent damage to the underground services.地下服务设施 - 当检查到有地下服务设施时，必须采取足够的预防措施，保证吊车的稳定性和不损坏地下设施。4.2.6 Stability on crane standing Where a crane is required to work in the vicinit

28、y of an excavation or an embankment, particular care and appropriate precautions shall be taken. The mass of the crane and the load may affect the excavation or the embankment, and a slip may occur causing the crane to tip.吊车支撑的稳定性 - 当吊车需要在挖掘体或堤坝附近工作时，要特别当心，并采取适当的预防措施。吊车和负荷质量会影响挖掘体或堤坝，并造成塌方，使吊车倾倒。4.

29、2.7 Uphill / downhill travel If cranes are to travel uphill or downhill, the following methods must be adopted:上升/下降移动 - 如果吊车要上升或下降，要采取下列方法：(a) Ensure the crane manufacturers specifications are strictly adhered to regarding gradients.保证吊车在倾斜度上严格遵守制造商的规定。(b) Spotters must be used and are to be on the

30、 uphill side of the crane and in full view of the crane driver at all times.必须使用观察员，观察员须处于吊车的上升一侧，始终能被吊车驾驶员完全看得见。(c) Before commencing all personnel in the radius zone are to be moved clear.在开始前，须撤走工作半径内的所有人员。4.3 PROXIMITY HAZARDS AND VISIBILITY附近的危害物和能见度4.3.1 Proximity hazards Consideration shall b

31、e given to the presence of proximity hazards such as 附近的危害物 - 要考虑附近是否存在危害物，诸如(a) overhead power lines;高空电源线(b) nearby built structures or other cranes; and附近的构筑物或其它吊车，和(c) public access areas including roadways, railways, rivers and aircraft flight paths.公众进入通道地区，包括道路、铁路和飞机飞行道路In some situations, ai

32、rcraft warning lights are required to be fitted to the top of cranes and the jib and the boom sections are required to be painted specific colors. The recommended colors for maximum visibility are alternating bands of international orange and white.在有些情况下，要求在吊车的顶部安装飞机警示灯，起重臂和吊杆涂上特别的色彩。能提供最大能见度的建议色彩是

33、国际通用的橙色和白色的相间条纹。4.3.2 Visibility The crane should be sited in such a way that the crane driver always has optimum visibility.能见度 - 吊车所坐落的位置应该使吊车司机始终具有最好的能见度。4.4 CLEARANCES When setting up a crane, the clearance for persons between moving parts of the crane and fixed structures or other natural or bu

34、ilt objects shall be as follows:安全距离 - 在设定一台吊车时，吊车移动物件和固定结构或其它自然或建筑物和人员之间的距离必须如下：(a) Clear width .not less than 500 mm.净宽 不小于500毫米(b) Vertical clearance not less than 2000 mm.垂直距离 不小于2000毫米Where these clearances cannot be maintained, then suitable provisions shall be made to exclude persons from any

35、 potential trapping spaces.在这些安全距离不能满足的地方，必须制定合适的规定，以避免使人员陷于可能的危险空间之中。Clearance between two or more cranes working within a site, or sharing the same air space shall be included in a procedure to ensure contact between parts of the cranes does not occur. Agreement shall be reached on adjoining sites

36、.在同一个现场工作或使用相同空间的两个或两个以上吊车之间的安全距离必须在程序中规定，以保证吊车之间的物件不互相碰撞。必须与临近的现场达成协议。5. PERSONNEL人员5.1 CRANE OPERATORS吊车操作5.1.1 Qualifications The qualifications of crane operators shall confirm to the requirements of the applicable regulatory authority.资质 - 吊车操作员必须符合国家有关管理机构的要求。5.1.2 Authorization Each crane ope

37、rator shall be in possession of a certificate of competency where applicable, and be authorized by a responsible representative of the crane user or hiring contractor to operate the particular crane.授权 - 每个吊车操作员必须拥有适用的操作合格证书，获得吊车使用方或操作该特定吊车的雇佣承包商责任代表的授权。5.1.3 Physical and mental fitness of crane ope

38、rator The crane operator shall not operate a crane unless he or she is physically and mentally capable, medically fit, with particular regard to eyesight, hearing and reflexes. In the event of a crane operator becoming unwell when in control of a crane, the operator shall render the crane out-of-ser

39、vice and report the matter to the supervisor. When the operator is in the control cabin of a crane and is too incapacitated to descend safely from the crane, the operator should indicate his or her condition and wait in the crane cabin for help to arrive.吊车操作员体力和智力的合格性 - 吊车操作员必须在体力和智力上合格，身体健康、视力、听力良

40、好、反应能力强，否则不能操作吊车。万一吊车驾驶员在控制吊车时不舒服，操作员必须使吊车处于停止工作状态，并向主管报告此事。当操作员在驾驶舱内时，无法从吊车上安全地下来时，操作员应该指示以说明状况，在驾驶舱内等待救援。5.2 CRANE CHASERS AND DOGMEN吊车解索员和套钩员5.2.1 Qualifications The qualifications of the crane chasers and the dogmen shall comply with the requirements for certification of the applicable regulator

41、y authority.资质 - 吊车解索员和套钩员的资质必须符合国家适用法规授权的规定。5.2.2 Authorization Each crane chaser and dogman shall be in possession of an appropriate certificate of competency and be authorized by a responsible representative of the crane user or hiring contractor to work with the particular crane.授权 - 每个吊车解索员和套钩员

42、必须拥有适用的操作合格证书，获得吊车使用方或操作该特定吊车的雇佣承包商的责任代表的授权。5.2.3 Identification The person directing the crane movement (crane chasers and dogmen) should be readily identifiable to the crane operator.识别 - 指引吊车移动的人员（吊车解索员和套钩员）应该容易地被吊车操作员所识别。6. ERECTION AND DISMANTLING安装和拆卸6.1 IDENTIFICATION OF CRANE COMPONENTS Wher

43、e necessary, components of cranes subject to frequent erection and dismantling shall be clearly marked to prevent incorrect site assembly. Any component with a mass greater than 250 kg should be marked with its mass.吊车元件的识别 - 在必要时，根据安装和拆卸的频率，必须清晰地标刷吊车的元件，以防现场安装错误。任何质量大于250公斤的元件必须标刷其质量。The materials

44、of construction of the major components and special fasteners involved in site assembly shall be recorded. Where practicable, this information should be marked on the components.必须记录现场安装的主要元件的施工材料和特别紧固件。在条件许可时，这些信息应该标刷在元件上。6.2 INSTRUCTIONS (see Clause 7.1) Managements instructions shall be strictly

45、followed. Any departure from the specified procedures may impose excessive loading on structural and mechanical parts. Adherence to the following is required:指令（见7.1条） - 管理指令必须被严格遵守。任何偏离规定的程序可能会对结构物和机械零件施加过度的负荷。要求遵循下列规定：(a) Managements instruction book shall be available to the erection staff.安装员工必须

46、拥有管理指导书。(b) The erection or dismantling operation shall be supervised by a competent person.必须由合格人员监督安装或拆卸工作。(c) The prescribed procedures for the assembly of components shall be followed in the correct sequence, using the correct equipment and tools.元件安装的规定程序必须被按照正确的程序被遵守，使用正确的设备和要求。(d) Only parts

47、and components meeting the manufacturers performance and strength requirements shall be used.只能使用满足制造商性能和强度要求的零件和元件。(e) It is recommended that jib or boom jointing pins be assembled so that they can be removed by a person standing on the outside of the jib or boom. Jibs and booms may collapse if inc

48、orrectly assembled.建议必须将起重臂或吊杆的连接销安装好，这样，它们就能由站在起重臂或吊杆外面的人员来拆除。如果连接错误，起重臂和吊杆会倒塌。6.3 CORRECT FUNCTION OF SAFETY DEVICES During erection and dismantling operations, it is sometimes necessary to disconnect or bypass load moment systems, overload cutouts or motion limit switches. Before the crane is put

49、 into service, the person supervising erection of the crane shall ensure that all safety devices are functioning correctly.安全设备的正确功能 - 在安装和拆卸操作期间，有时必须解脱或旁通负荷力矩系统、超载终止或运动限位开关。在将吊车投入运行前，监督吊车安装的人员必须保证所有的安全设备运行功能正常。7. OPERATION操作7.1 OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS The employers operating instructions for each cr

50、ane shall incorporate the manufacturers latest recommendations and be clearly identified to the crane by reference to the manufacturers serial number, or the owners plant number, or by a clear description, which identifies the crane. Where the manufacturers operating instructions are not available,

51、then suitable operating instructions shall be compiled by a competent person. The operating instructions manual shall be readily available to the operator.操作指令 - 每个吊车的雇佣方操作指令必须包括制造商最新的建议，并与吊车制造商的制造系列号、或与业主的装置编号、或与一个明确的说明相符合，这些都说明了吊车的身份。在没有明确的制造商操作指令的地方，则应该由合格的人员编写合适的操作指导。操作员应该拥有操作指导手册。7.2 PRE-OPERAT

52、ION CHECKS Before commencing operations, the crane operator or other authorized person shall carry out routine checks in accordance with the operating instructions which shall be sufficient to ensure the safe operation of the crane.预操作检查 - 在开始操作前，吊车操作员或其他合格的人员必须根据合适的操作指令对吊车进行例行检查，保证吊车的安全操作。NOTE: A t

53、ypical checklist is given in the Attachments. 注：附件中给出了典型的检查清单。Before placing a crane in service, the crane operator shall review the logbook and be satisfied about 在将一台吊车投入使用前，吊车操作员必须审核记录本，是否对下列情况满意 -(a) The absence of all unauthorized personnel on the crane, e.g. maintenance personnel;吊车上没有未经授权的人员，

54、例如维修人员。(b) The safe working condition of the crane;吊车的安全工作条件(c) The safe operation of each motion of the crane; and吊车每个动作的安全操作，和(d) The satisfactory condition and inflation of tyres, where applicable.满意的条件和轮胎冲气，在适用的地方。Where any adjustments or alterations are necessary to ensure the safe operation an

55、d functional operation of the crane, these shall be carried out by authorized personnel.在需要做任何调整或变更时，必须保证吊车的安全操作和功能正常，这些必须由已有授权的人员执行。7.3 COMMUNICATION OF IRREGULARITIES When going off duty any operator shall communicate and enter into the logbook all pertinent details of the cranes performance, particularly any irregularities concerning the operation of the crane and of all incidences concerning the safe operation of the crane in any way whatsoever.不正常情况的沟通 - 任何操作员离开岗位后，应该沟通并在记录本上记录任何吊车性能的相关细节、特别是任何吊车操作不正常的状况以及任何与吊车安全操作相关的事件。7.4 LEAVING THE CRANE UNATTENDED A crane shall not be