第十讲非语言沟通与文化(

1、第十讲第十讲 非语言沟通与文化非语言沟通与文化（下）（下）本章知识结构框架本章知识结构框架第一节第一节 非语言沟通的本质非语言沟通的本质第二节第二节 非语言沟通的功能非语言沟通的功能第三节第三节 非语言沟通的种类非语言沟通的种类第四节第四节 非语言沟通与文化的关系非语言沟通与文化的关系第三节第三节 非语言沟通的种类非语言沟通的种类非语言非语言沟通沟通举止动举止动态学态学声调学声调学时间学时间学间距学间距学一、举止动态学一、举止动态学身体语言身体语言(body language)(body language)身体动作身体动作学学(body activities)(body activities)

2、任何与身体有关的动作、饰物，都属于举止动任何与身体有关的动作、饰物，都属于举止动态学的研究范围态学的研究范围常见的身体语言：常见的身体语言：脸部脸部表情表情眼睛接触眼睛接触手势手势触触碰碰长相长相穿着与饰物穿着与饰物1 1、脸部表情、脸部表情人的脸部表情千变万化，内心的情绪很容易在面部人的脸部表情千变万化，内心的情绪很容易在面部呈现出来呈现出来人类情绪的表达与脸部表情的种类，不管任何文化，人类情绪的表达与脸部表情的种类，不管任何文化，都有其一致性。都有其一致性。不同的文化，可能赋予其不同含义不同的文化，可能赋予其不同含义：Facial Expressions: East Doesnt Meet

3、 WestFacial Expressions: East Doesnt Meet WestA study in the journal Current Biology finds that A study in the journal Current Biology finds that Eastern and Western facial expressions related Eastern and Western facial expressions related to emotional states may differ enough for to emotional state

4、s may differ enough for possible nonverbal miscommunication. possible nonverbal miscommunication. Cynthia Cynthia Graber reports.Graber reports.Westerners traveling to Asia may expect some Westerners traveling to Asia may expect some language barriers. Perhaps enthusiastic facial language barriers.

5、Perhaps enthusiastic facial expressions will help them be understood. Well, expressions will help them be understood. Well, not so fast. not so fast. According According to research published August 13th in to research published August 13th in the journal Current Biology, the journal Current Biology

6、, Easterners and Easterners and Westerners might not speak the same facial Westerners might not speak the same facial language.language.University of Glasgow researchers enlisted University of Glasgow researchers enlisted 13 13 Western Caucasians and 13 East Asians. Western Caucasians and 13 East As

7、ians. They They had everyone examine pictures of had everyone examine pictures of expressive faces that were labeled according to a expressive faces that were labeled according to a recognized western system called the Facial recognized western system called the Facial Action Coding System. The face

8、s were purported Action Coding System. The faces were purported to be happy, sad, surprised, fearful, disgusted, to be happy, sad, surprised, fearful, disgusted, angry or neutral, and the participants angry or neutral, and the participants categorized them as such. categorized them as such. Turns Tu

9、rns out the East Asians were less likely to out the East Asians were less likely to categorize the faces by western standards.categorize the faces by western standards.By tracking the subjects eye movements, By tracking the subjects eye movements, researchers concluded that Westerners look at resear

10、chers concluded that Westerners look at whole faces. But Easterners kept their focus whole faces. But Easterners kept their focus mainly on the eye region. mainly on the eye region. So So while Westerners may use their whole faces to while Westerners may use their whole faces to show that theyre ela

11、ted, Easterners may express show that theyre elated, Easterners may express that feeling mainly around their eyes. that feeling mainly around their eyes. Which means that facial expressions are not a Which means that facial expressions are not a universal language. universal language. Thats a fact t

12、hat international travelers are Thats a fact that international travelers are sooner or later forced to face.sooner or later forced to face.2 2、眼睛接触（、眼睛接触（eye contacteye contact）人类的眼睛不仅会说话，而且是：人类的眼睛不仅会说话，而且是：灵魂之窗灵魂之窗情感之镜情感之镜智慧之塘智慧之塘不同文化间，眼睛沟通存在不同文化间，眼睛沟通存在一致性一致性Happiness !Recalling !Contempt !Angry

13、!但是，眼睛沟通也但是，眼睛沟通也存在一定的文化差异存在一定的文化差异。如：。如：Eye Eye Contact: Gaze Contact: Gaze Italy:Italy:Common, ok Common, ok Middle EastMiddle East: :Respect Respect USA:USA:Informal occasionInformal occasion：sexual invitationsexual invitationE EYEYE C CONTACTONTACT: :During a speech:In USA: Engaging in eye conta

14、ct is an indication whether they are listening.Looking down or away from the speaker means ignoring or rejecting.3 3、手势（、手势（Hand gesturesHand gestures）手势是非语言交际的重要方式之一手势是非语言交际的重要方式之一手势所能表达的含义多种多样，因此文化差异也尤手势所能表达的含义多种多样，因此文化差异也尤为凸显。为凸显。如：如：用手指头连续从用手指头连续从1 1数到数到5 5 中国人：中国人：先打开手掌，然后手指往掌心弯曲先打开手掌，然后手指往掌心弯曲

15、 英美人：英美人：先握拳，然后手指一个个伸出来先握拳，然后手指一个个伸出来WWHATHAT DODO THEYTHEY MEANMEAN? ?T THUMBHUMB- -UPUPNo. 1Well done!Biggest insult!Greece Boss, father, husbandMiddle East:Asshole!OKOKGreat Brazil Asshole!Most of European countries: Zero V V S SIGNIGNA pose to act cuteA pose to act cuteV V S SIGNIGNU K:U K:Outwa

16、rd: Outward: victoryvictoryChurchillChurchillInward: Inward: FightFight, insult, insultC CORNAORNA USA: USA: Love OriginalOriginal：Your wife cheats on you.Spain, Portugal, Greece, Spain, Portugal, Greece, Colombia, Brazil, Colombia, Brazil, Czech RepublicCzech Republic:disagree with football referee

17、s match fixing (黑哨)C CURLEDURLED F FINGERINGERUSA, UK:Come hereJapan: RudeSingapore: DeathPhilippines: calling the dog MMOUTZAOUTZA USA, UK:USA, UK:HarmlessGreece:Greece:Eat shitJapan:Japan:Insult 4 4、触碰（、触碰（touchtouch）触触碰包括人体各部位的各种接触。碰包括人体各部位的各种接触。触碰文化触碰文化阿拉伯国家、西班阿拉伯国家、西班牙、俄国、印尼牙、俄国、印尼非触碰文化非触碰文化北欧、

18、中国、日本、北欧、中国、日本、韩国等东南亚国家韩国等东南亚国家T TOUCHOUCH E.g.:Thailand & Malaysia缅甸、越南缅甸、越南泰国泰国人认为认为人认为认为“头部头部”在字义上或在字义上或象徵上是身体上的最高部分，不能随象徵上是身体上的最高部分，不能随便触摸别人的头部，不然则被认为是便触摸别人的头部，不然则被认为是对别人的不恭和蔑视。对别人的不恭和蔑视。 An Arab is talking with an Columbian, An Arab is talking with an Columbian, what will happen?what will h

19、appen? The Arab always wants to touch the other, while the Englishman will try his best to avoid being touched. 有一篇调查报告提供了一些有趣的数字。有一篇调查报告提供了一些有趣的数字。调查者在各地大学里或附近的商店中调查者在各地大学里或附近的商店中观察两人坐着单观察两人坐着单独说话时的情景独说话时的情景，每次至少一小时，每次至少一小时，记下两人触摸对记下两人触摸对方的次数方的次数：英国首都伦敦（英国首都伦敦（0 0）；）；美国佛罗里达州盖恩斯维尔（美国佛罗里达州盖恩斯维尔（2 2）；

20、）；法国首都巴黎（法国首都巴黎（1010）；）；波多黎各首府圣胡安（波多黎各首府圣胡安（180180）。）。 T TOUCHOUCH Touch betweendifferent sexes is strictly forbidden!nSame-gender touch is usually regarded as a symbol of gay!gay!Muslim5 5、长相、长相6 6、穿着饰物、穿着饰物二、间距学二、间距学E.T.HallE.T.Hall 隐藏的空间隐藏的空间空间分为三种：空间分为三种：1 1、固定空间、固定空间2 2、半固定空间、半固定空间3 3、非正式空间、非正式

21、空间3 3、非正式空间、非正式空间指围绕着人们身体的空间，即人们沟通时所占的空指围绕着人们身体的空间，即人们沟通时所占的空间或距离。间或距离。Edward T. Hall: Edward T. Hall: Four spatial zones for different Four spatial zones for different relationsrelations: :亲密距离亲密距离IntimateIntimate个人距离个人距离PersonalPersonal社会距离社会距离SocialSocial公共距离公共距离PublicPublic类型类型距离距离举例举例亲密空间亲密空间个人

22、空间个人空间近距离近距离：远距离远距离：社交空间社交空间近距离近距离：远距离远距离：公共空间公共空间近距离近距离：远距离远距离：类型类型距离距离举例举例亲密空间亲密空间0cm-45cm0cm-45cm父母、恋人、孩子父母、恋人、孩子个人空间个人空间近距离近距离：45cm-45cm-90cm-90cm远距离：远距离：1m-1m-1.2m1.2m朋友聊天朋友聊天社交空间社交空间近距离：近距离：1.2m-1.2m-2m-2m远距离：远距离：2m-4m2m-4m客户谈生意、接见来客户谈生意、接见来访者、谈论公务访者、谈论公务公共空间公共空间近距离：近距离： 4m-8m4m-8m远距离：远距离： 8m8

23、m以上以上教师上课、司法调查、教师上课、司法调查、商业谈判商业谈判PERSONAL SPACE SCALEFUNNY PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING Where do you prefer in the classroom?A. FrontB. BackC. By windowD. By doorE. MiddleCLASSROOM SITTING Front: like the action and be conscious Back: observers, dislike attention, like the security of the back wallBy window: daydreamersBy door: often in a rush & want a quick way outMiddle: li