资源和贸易赫克歇尔俄林模型双语PPT课件

1、1International Economics国际经济学主讲：余道先第1页/共55页2Chapter 4Resources and Trade:The Heckscher-Ohlin Model资源和贸易：赫克歇尔俄林模型第2页/共55页3IntroductionA Model of a Two-Factor Economy（两要素经济模型）Effects of International Trade Between Two-Factor Economies（国际贸易对两要素经济的影响）Empirical Evidence on the Heckscher-Ohlin Model （赫克歇尔

2、俄林模型的实证检验）SummaryChapter Organization第3页/共55页4Introduction In the real world, while trade is partly explained by differences in labor productivity, it also reflects differences in countries resources.（在现实世界中, 劳动生产率之间的差异可以部分地解释贸易产生的原因，而贸易的产生同样反映了国家间资源禀赋的差异。 ）第4页/共55页5Introduction The Heckscher-Ohlin

3、theory argues that differences in labor, labor skills, physical capital, land or other factors of production across countries create productive differences that explain why trade occurs. Countries have a relative abundance of factors of production. Production processes use factors of production with

4、 relative intensity. 第5页/共55页6 The Heckscher-Ohlin theory: Emphasizes resource differences as the only source of trade（强调要素禀赋差异是贸易产生的唯一动因） Shows that comparative advantage is influenced by: Relative factor abundance (refers to countries)相对要素充裕度（就国家而言） Relative factor intensity (refers to goods)相对要素密

5、集度（就产品而言） Is also referred to as the factor-proportions theory（要素比例理论）第6页/共55页7Assumptions of the ModelAn economy can produce two goods, cloth and food.The production of these goods requires two inputs that are in limited supply; labor (L) and land (T).Production of food is land-intensive and produc

6、tion of cloth is labor-intensive in both countries.A Model of a Two-Factor Economy第7页/共55页8A Model of a Two-Factor Economy Lets define two factors of production, labor services and land.aTC = hectares of land used to produce one m2 of clothaLC = hours of labor used to produce one m2 of clothaTF = he

7、ctares of land used to produce one calorie of foodaLF = hours of labor used to produce one calorie of foodL = total amount of labor services available for productionT = total amount of land (terrain) available for production第8页/共55页9A Model of a Two-Factor Economy Production possibilities are influe

8、nced by both land and labor (requirements):aTFQF + aTCQC TaLFQF + aLCQC LTotal amount of land resourcesLand required for each unit of food productionTotal units of food productionLand required for each unit of cloth productionTotal units of cloth productionTotal amount of labor resourcesLabor requir

9、ed for each unit of food productionLabor required for each unit of cloth production第9页/共55页10A Model of a Two-Factor Economy When there is more than one factor of production, the opportunity cost in production is no longer constant and the PPF is no longer a straight line. Why?第10页/共55页11/Input comb

10、inations that produce one calorie of foodUnit land input aTF ,in acres per calorieUnit land input aLF ,in hours per calorieA Model of a Two-Factor EconomyFigure 4-1: Input Possibilities in Food Production第11页/共55页12A Model of a Two-Factor Economy Lets assume that each unit of cloth production uses l

11、abor intensively and each unit of food production uses land intensively: aLC / aTC aLF / aTF Or aLC / aLF aTC / aTF Or, we consider the total resources used in each industry and say that cloth production is labor intensive and food production is land intensive if LC / TC LF / TF. This assumption inf

12、luences the slope of the production possibility frontier第12页/共55页13 Factor Intensity（要素密集度） In a world of two goods (cloth and food) and two factors (labor and land), food production is land-intensive, if at any given wage-rental ratio the land-labor ratio used in the production of food is greater t

13、han that used in the production of cloth: TF / LF TC / LC （在两产品（棉布和粮食），两要素（劳动和土地）的世界中，如果在任何给定的实际工资率条件下，粮食生产中所使投入的土地-劳动比率都高于棉布生产的相应比率，那么粮食的生产是土地密集型的）A Model of a Two-Factor Economy第13页/共55页14 Example: If food production uses 80 workers and 200 acres, while cloth production uses 20 workers and 20 acre

14、s, then food production is land-intensive and cloth production is labor-intensive. 如果粮食的生产使用80个单位劳动力和200英亩土地，而棉布的生产使用20单位劳动和20英亩土地，那么我们就说粮食的生产是土地密集型的，而棉布的生产是劳动密集型的。第14页/共55页15CCFFWage-rental ratio, w/rLand-laborratio, T/LA Model of a Two-Factor EconomyFigure 4-2: Factor Prices and Input Choices第15页/

15、共55页16Factor Prices and Goods Prices In competitive markets, the price of a good should be reduced to the cost of production, and the cost of production depends on the wage rate and the renting rate. The effect of changes in the wage rate depend on the intensity of labor in production. The effect of

16、 changes in the renting rate of land depend on the intensity of land usage in production. An increase in the renting rate of land should affect the price of food more than the price of cloth since food is the land intensive industry. With competition, changes in w/r are therefore directly related to

17、 changes in PC / PW .A Model of a Two-Factor Economy第16页/共55页17 Factor Prices and Goods Prices Stolper-Samuelson Theorem (effect):斯托尔珀-萨缪尔森定理（效应） If the relative price of a good increases, holding factor supplies constant, then the nominal and real return (in terms of both goods) to the factor used

18、intensively in the production of that good increases, while the nominal and real return (in terms of both goods) to the other factor decreases. The reverse is also true. 在要素供给保持不变的条件下，若产品的相对价格上升，那么无论用哪种产品衡量，生产该产品所密集使用的要素的名义和实际收入就会提高，而其它要素的名义和实际收入就会减少。反之亦然。A Model of a Two-Factor Economy第17页/共55页18SS

19、Relative price ofcloth, PC/PFWage-rentalratio, w/rA Model of a Two-Factor EconomyFigure 4-3: Factor Prices and Goods Prices第18页/共55页19FFCCSSLand-labor Ratio, T/LRelativeprice ofcloth, PC/PFWage-rentalratio, w/r(PC/PF)1(TC/LC)2(TC/LC)1(TF/LF)2(TF/LF)1(w/r)2(w/r)1IncreasingIncreasingA Model of a Two-F

20、actor EconomyFigure 4-4: From Goods Prices to Input Choices(PC/PF)2第19页/共55页20 An increase in the price of cloth relative to that of food, PC/PF ,will: Raise the income of workers relative to that of landowners, w/r. Raise the ratio of land to labor, T/L, in both cloth and food production and thus r

21、aise the marginal product of labor in terms of both goods. （在棉布和粮食的生产中，提高土地相对于劳动的投入比率，从而提高劳动相对于土地的边际产出。 ） Raise the purchasing power of workers and lower the purchasing power of landowners, by raising real wages and lowering real rents in terms of both goods.（由于用两种产品衡量的实际工资的提高和实际地租的减少，增强了工人的购买力而减弱土地

22、所有者的购买力。 ）A Model of a Two-Factor Economy第20页/共55页21 Resources and Output How is the allocation of resources determined? Given the relative price of cloth and the supplies of land and labor, it is possible to determine how much of each resource the economy devotes to the production of each good.（在棉布

23、的相对价格和土地劳动供给给定的条件下，就可以确定如何把这两种资源分配到两种产品的生产中去。 ）A Model of a Two-Factor Economy第21页/共55页22LFTFLCTCLabor used in food productionLabor used in cloth productionOFIncreasingIncreasingIncreasingIncreasingLand used in cloth productionLand used in food production1FCOCA Model of a Two-Factor EconomyFigure 4-

24、5: The Allocation of Resources第22页/共55页23CL2FL2CT1FT1CF1L1FL1CT2FT2C1A Model of a Two-Factor EconomyFigure 4-6: An Increase in the Supply of LandLabor used in food productionLabor used in cloth productionIncreasingIncreasingIncreasingIncreasingLand used in cloth productionLand used in food productio

25、nF2O1FO2F2OC第23页/共55页24TT1TT2Output offood, QFOutput ofcloth, QCSlope = -PC/PFSlope = -PC/PF2Q2FQ2C1Q1FQ1CA Model of a Two-Factor EconomyFigure 4-7: Resources and Production Possibilities第24页/共55页25 An increase in the supply of land (labor) leads to a biased expansion of production possibilities tow

26、ard food (cloth) production. The biased effect of increases (decreases) in resources on production possibilities is the key to understanding how differences in resources give rise to international trade. （资源供给的变动对生产可能性边界的偏向性效应是理解资源差异如何导致国际贸易的关键） An economy will tend to be relatively effective at pro

27、ducing goods that are intensive in the factors with which the country is relatively well-endowed.（一个国家如果生产密集使用该国相对充裕要素的产品会更有效率）A Model of a Two-Factor Economy第25页/共55页26 How do the outputs of the two goods change when the economys resources change? Rybczynski Theorem (effect):雷布津斯基定理 If a factor of

28、production (T or L) increases, then the supply of the good that uses this factor intensively increases and the supply of the other good decreases for any given commodity prices.（在商品价格既定条件下，如果一种生产要素量增加(T 或L) ，那么密集使用该要素的产品的供给会增加，而其他产品的供给会减少） The reverse is also true.A Model of a Two-Factor Economy第26页

29、/共55页27 Assumptions of the Heckscher-Ohlin model: There are two countries (Home and Foreign) that have: Same tastes Same technology Different resources Home has a higher ratio of labor to land than Foreign does Each country has the same production structure of a two-factor economy.Effects of Interna

30、tional Trade Between Two-Factor Economies第27页/共55页28 Relative Prices and the Pattern of Trade Factor Abundance Home country is labor-abundant compared to Foreign country (and Foreign is land-abundant compared to Home) if and only if the ratio of the total amount of labor to the total amount of land

31、available in Home is greater than that in Foreign.当且仅当本国可获得的劳动总量与土地总量的比率高于外国的对应比率时，即： L / T L*/ T*就可以说相对外国而言，本国是一个劳动力充裕的国家（相对本国而言，外国是一个土地充裕的国家）Effects of International Trade Between Two-Factor Economies第28页/共55页29 Relative Prices and the Pattern of Trade Factor Abundance Example: if America has 80 m

32、illion workers and 200 million acres, while Britain has 20 million workers and 20 million acres, then Britain is labor-abundant and America is land-abundant.（如果美国有8000万劳动力和2亿英亩土地，而英国有2000万劳动力和2000万英亩土地，那么英国是劳动充裕的而美国是土地充裕的。） In this case, the scarce factor in Home is land and in Foreign is labor.Effe

33、cts of International Trade Between Two-Factor Economies第29页/共55页30 When Home and Foreign trade with each other, their relative prices converge（趋同）. The relative price of cloth rises in Home and declines in Foreign. In Home, the rise in the relative price of cloth leads to a rise in the production of

34、 cloth and a decline in relative consumption, so Home becomes an exporter of cloth and an importer of food. Conversely, the decline in the relative price of cloth in Foreign leads it to become an importer of cloth and an exporter of food.Effects of International Trade Between Two-Factor Economies第30

35、页/共55页31RDRSRS*123Effects of International Trade Between Two-Factor EconomiesFigure 4-8: Trade Leads to a Convergence of Relative PricesRelative price of cloth, PC/PFRelative qualityof cloth, QC + Q*C QF + Q*F第31页/共55页32 Heckscher-Ohlin Theorem: A country will export that commodity which uses intens

36、ively its abundant factor and import that commodity which uses intensively its scarce factor. （一个国家会出口密集使用该国充裕要素的产品，进口密集使用该国稀缺要素的产品。）Effects of International Trade Between Two-Factor Economies第32页/共55页33 Trade and the Distribution of Income Trade produces a convergence of relative prices. Changes in

37、 relative prices have strong effects on the relative earnings of labor and land in both countries: In Home, where the relative price of cloth rises:Laborers are made better off and landowners are made worse off. In Foreign, where the relative price of cloth falls, the opposite happens: Laborers are

38、made worse off and landowners are made better off.Effects of International Trade Between Two-Factor Economies第33页/共55页34 Trade and the Distribution of Income As a result, owners of a countrys abundant factors gain from trade, but owners of a countrys scarce factors lose. （国内充裕要素的所有者从贸易中获利，而稀缺要素的所有者因

39、贸易而受损。）Effects of International Trade Between Two-Factor Economies第34页/共55页35 Difference between the specific factors model and the Heckscher-Ohlin model in terms of income distribution effects（特定要素模型与赫克歇尔-俄林模型在收入分配效应方面存在差异）: The specificity of factors to particular industries is often only a tempor

40、ary problem. （生产要素对某个产业的特定性通常是一个短期问题）Effects of International Trade Between Two-Factor Economies第35页/共55页36 Example: Garment makers cannot become computer manufactures overnight, but given time the U.S. economy can shift its manufacturing employment from declining sectors to expanding ones. （例如: 棉布的

41、生产商不会一夜之间成为计算机生产商, 但是只要有足够的时间，美国经济可以使衰落产业部门的工人转移到新兴产业部门中去。 ） In contrast, effects of trade on the distribution of income among land, labor, and capital are more or less permanent.（相反，贸易对土地、劳动和资本收入分配的影响基本上是长期且持久的。 ）Effects of International Trade Between Two-Factor Economies第36页/共55页37 Factor Price Eq

42、ualization In the absence of trade: labor would earn less in Home than in Foreign, and land would earn more. （在没有贸易的情况下，本国的劳动力的收益会比国外的劳动力的收益少，而本国土地的收益会比国外土地的收益多）Effects of International Trade Between Two-Factor Economies第37页/共55页38 Factor Price Equalization Factor-Price Equalization Theorem: Interna

43、tional trade leads to complete equalization in the relative and absolute returns to homogeneous factors across countries.（国际贸易会使国家间同类要素的相对和绝对收益实现完全均等化。 ） It implies that international trade is a substitute for the international mobility of factors.（这意味着国际贸易可替代要素的国际流动性。）Effects of International Trade

44、 Between Two-Factor Economies第38页/共55页39 Has international trade equalized the returns to homogeneous factors in different countries in the real world?（在现实世界中，国家贸易已经使不同国家间同类要素的价格实现均等化了吗？） Even casual observation clearly indicates that it has not. Example: Wages are much higher for doctors, engineers

45、, technicians, mechanics and laborers in the United States and Germany than in Korea and Mexico. Under these circumstances, it is more realistic to say that international trade has reduced, rather than completely eliminated, the international difference in the returns to homogeneous factors.（与其说国际贸易

46、完全消除了，还不如说国际贸易减弱了国家间同类要素收益的差异来的更实际一点。）Effects of International Trade Between Two-Factor Economies第39页/共55页40Effects of International Trade Between Two-Factor EconomiesTable 4-1: Comparative International Wage Rates (United States = 100)第40页/共55页41 Three assumptions crucial to the prediction of facto

47、r price equalization are in reality untrue: Both countries produce both goods Both countries have the same technologies in production Both countries have the same prices of goods due to tradeEffects of International Trade Between Two-Factor Economies第41页/共55页42 Testing the Heckscher-Ohlin Model Test

48、s on U.S. Data Leontief paradox（里昂惕夫悖论） Leontief found that U.S. exports were less capital-intensive than U.S. imports, even though the U.S. is the most capital-abundant country in the world.（里昂惕夫发现，虽然美国是世界上资本最充裕的国家，但是美国的出口产品的资本密集度要低于美国进口产品的资本密集度。）Empirical Evidence on the Heckscher-Ohlin Model（实证检验

49、）第42页/共55页43Table 4-3: Factor Content of U.S. Exports and Imports for 1962Empirical Evidence on the Heckscher-Ohlin Model第43页/共55页44 Testing the Heckscher-Ohlin Model Tests on Global Data A study by Bowen, Leamer, and Sveikauskas tested the Heckscher-Ohlin model using data for a large number of coun

50、tries. This study confirms the Leontief paradox on a broader level. （该项研究在世界范围证实了里昂惕夫悖论）Empirical Evidence on the Heckscher-Ohlin Model（实证检验）第44页/共55页45Empirical Evidence on the Heckscher-Ohlin ModelTable 4-4: Testing the Heckscher-Ohlin Model第45页/共55页46 Tests on North-South Trade North-South trade

51、in manufactures seems to fit the Heckscher-Ohlin theory much better than the overall pattern of international trade. （尽管国际贸易的整个模式并不能很好地由赫克歇尔-俄林模型来解释，但南北制造品贸易看起来比较符合这一理论）Empirical Evidence on the Heckscher-Ohlin Model第46页/共55页47Empirical Evidence on the Heckscher-Ohlin ModelTable 4-5: Trade Between t

52、he United States and South Korea, 1992 (million dollars)第47页/共55页48 The Case of the Missing Trade A study by Trefler in 1995 showed that technological differences across a sample of countries are very large.（样本国家间的技术差异非常大）Empirical Evidence on the Heckscher-Ohlin Model第48页/共55页49Empirical Evidence o

53、n the Heckscher-Ohlin ModelTable 4-6: Estimated Technological Efficiency, 1983 (United States = 1)第49页/共55页50 Implications of the Tests（实证检验的意义） Empirical evidence on the Heckscher-Ohlin model has led to the following conclusions: It has been less successful at explaining the actual pattern of interna