专八作文讲解 3

1、 优秀专八作文标准文章力求做到观点清楚、例证充分、结构严谨、层次清楚、合乎逻辑、语言得体、无重大语法错误。要想写好一篇文章，考生应该注意以下几点： 卷面 结构 表达 行文的统一性和连贯性 语言的规范性和准确性经常犯的错误： 概括起来有以下几点： l）作文中的论点未展开。 2）作文结构不严谨，段落没有主题句，且句际段落关系不明显。 3）作文首尾不一致。作文开头与结尾部分内容衔接不上，或自相矛盾。 4）作文缺乏连贯性攻略很多学习者翻开作文书籍，就如同想打开一本武功秘籍，只希望看到5个字母trick(技巧) 。技巧固然十分重要，但在应试准备中，常常需要70%的基础和30%的技巧。这里要提醒大家的是，

2、不可高估技巧的作用，犹如在武打片中，要想得到某某宝典和剑法，是需要付出惨痛的代价的。 一. 消除汉式英语： 汉式英语(Chinglish)是受汉语语言模式或思维模式影响而产生的不地道的英语。英语专业学生(尤其是基础阶段的学生)的英语习作中常常会出现许多汉式英语。这些汉式英语的表现形式各异，大都削弱了书面交际的效果，有些甚至严重地影响了书面交际的顺利进行。因此，我们有必要对其产生的原因作出分析，然后制订相应的对策以帮助学生在英语写作中尽可能地减少或避免汉式英语的出现。 1.1 词汇层面的汉式英语 例如在一篇题为“My favorite cat”的习作中，某位学生想说他家里养了一只可爱的猫，于是他

3、写道“My home raises a lovely cat.”这完全是英汉词汇的“对号入座”。另一名学生在一篇题为“My beloved campus”的习作中有的同学把“落后”与“backward”等同起来，在表达“我要加倍努力,否则就要落后”时，写成“I should work much harder, otherwise, I would be backward.”而这句里的“落后”应为“lag behind”或“fall behind”才对。只有在“经济落后”或“地区落后”的情况下才用“backward”。类似的例子不胜枚举。 1.2 惯用短语层面的汉式英语 惯用短语层面的汉式英语主

4、要表现为两类：一是在应该用某个英语的惯用短语来表达一个语义单位时没有用，而是将汉语的惯用短语生搬硬套地逐词翻译出来；二是误用意思貌似的另外一个英语惯用短语。如某位同学在习作“the day I was admitted by collage”对自己未能进入理想的大学学习而遗憾的同时，鼓励自己“不管怎么说,我已经是一名大学生了”。她的英文表达为“No matter how to say, I am already a collage student.”完全是逐词对译，并不能表达“不管怎么说”这种让步关系。地道的英语应该是“Anyway, I am already a collage studen

5、t.” 另一个同学在同样题目的习作中，在历数了高考没发挥好的几个原因后说“你们可不要学我”时，英文表达为“Never learn from me.”这里“learn from sb”“学某某”一般是指向好的榜样学习，而习作者想表达的是“吸取教训”，故地道的英语说法应该是：“Dont follow my example.”有的同学更是把“昨天我们玩得很愉快”写成“We played very happily yesterday.”指“度过了一段愉快的时光”，英语的习惯用法是“We had a good time yesterday.” 1.3 句子层面的汉式英语例如,有同学将“不知不觉,期末考试

6、已经来临了”写成“I didnt know the final examination had fallen.”“不知不觉”的含义是起先不知道，后来觉察到了，而不是根本不知道。因此，原句应改为“The final examination came before I realized it.” CE指汉式英语，IE为地道英语或规范英语。 (1) My study was very busy at that time. (CE) I was very busy with my study at that time. (IE) (2) His age is very young. (CE) He i

7、s very young. (IE) (3) My exam didnt pass. (CE) I failed in the exam. (IE) (4) My study was very much better than that of hers. (CE) I did much better than she did in study. (IE) (5) Today is Sunday. (CE) It is Sunday today. (IE)1.4 语篇层面的汉式英语学生习作中语篇层面的汉式英语较为复杂，突出地表现在以下3个方面.1.4.1 学生不习惯英语篇章及段落的写作模式。英语

8、文章习惯于把重要的思想放在首段，而段落的主要意思放在首句，即文章首段应该有篇题句(thesis statement)，段落首句应该是主题句(Topic sentence)。这样文章会开门见山，一语破的，而后用细节逐层阐述篇题句和主题句。中国学生受汉语散文的“形散而神不散”影响，在英语写作时段落一般都缺少主题句，整篇文章没有篇题句，因而他们的英语文章段落结构较为松散，逻辑性不强，缺乏连贯性和整体性，文章中心不突出。1.4.2 学生写作时没有意识到英语语言高度“形合”的特点。他们所写段落中常常缺乏必要的衔接手段，比如句与句之间没有过渡性的连接副词或介词短语等，是并列或主从句的小句之间却没有并列或从

9、属连词，因而常常出现一逗到底的粘连句(run-on sentences)。 1.4.3 在某一特定文体的写作时，学生会不自觉地套用汉语的思路，结果出现不伦不类的英语段落。下面是某同学的书信习作中的一个片段： I havent received your letter for a long time. How are your conditions? Is your work busy? Please reply me early. Life here is very nervous becaused we dont have enough time. The teacher gives us

10、too many exercises, so we cant read when class is over. We have no method. 试修改如下： It is a long time since I received your last letter. How are you getting on recently? Are you busy with your work? Hope to hear from you soon. Weve been hard pressed for time. Our teachers are always assigning so much

11、homework that we can hardly have any time for our out side reading. We have no way out. 写作中文章句式多样化的具体方法：1. 改变句子开头 许多学生在写作中倾向于用与人有关系的词性，用名词和代词作为句子的开头，如 People，We，I，He，They，She等。但这种开头见多了，难免让人厌倦。 试比较： A. People throughout the country have greatly demanded all kinds of nutritious food. B .There is a gre

12、at demand across the country for all kinds of nutritious food. 第一句改用非人称名词作为主语开头，第二句则用there be句型开头。这样既改变了主语谓语宾语单调句型，又把想强调的意思突出出来。 为了把文章写得生动活泼，除了用主语开头外，还可以用句子的其他成分开头。 用副词开头 Too often，students stray into the habit of cheating on tests. 用同位语开头 Air，water and oxygen，everything that is necessary for life.

13、用状语开头 Dark and empty，the house looked very different from the way I remembered it. 用表语开头 Equally essential to the highest success in learning a language are intense interest plus persistent effort. 用宾语开头 My advice you would not listen to；my helps you laughed at. Now you will have what you asked for.

14、 以短语修饰语开头 A. 以介词短语开头 To me the news was very interesting，but to my wife very boring. B. 以分词短语开头 Disturbed by the discord of American life in recent decades，Menchester took flight for the pacific islands. C. 以不定式短语开头 To pass the exam，you should work very hard. 2. 巧用连接词 有的学生在作文中使用过多简单句，成了简单句堆砌；有的写复杂句时

15、，动辄用so， and，then，but，or，however，yet等非但达不到丰富表达方式的目的，反而使句子结构松散、呆板。为了避免这种现象，可以通过使用连接词，尤其是一些表示从属关系的连接词，如 who，which，that，because，since，although，after，as，before，when，whenever，if，unless，as if等，不仅能够丰富句型，而且还能够把思想表达得更清楚，意义更连贯。 例如： Natural resources are very limited. They will be exhausted in the near future.

16、It is not true. But it becomes a major concern around the world. This is a widely accepted fact. 这段文字用简单句表达，它们之间内在的逻辑关系含糊不清，意思支离破碎。如果使用连接词，将单句与其前后合并，形成主次关系，就把一个比较复杂的内容和关系表达得层次清楚、结构严谨。例如： It is a widely accepted fact that there is a major concern around the world for the exhaustion of limited natural

17、 resources in the near future，though it is unlikely to be true. 再如： The Mississippi River is one of the longest rivers in the world，and in spring time it often overflows its banks，and the lives of many people are endangered. 此句用and把三个分句一贯到底，既乏味又可笑。如果使用了关系代词which，语义就会更连贯，语言也会更流畅： The Mississippi Rive

18、r，which is one of the longest rivers in the world，often overflows its banks in the spring time，endangering the lives of many people. 3. 长短句交插 长句和短句各有其优点和缺点。长句，因为使用的定语、状语较多，限制了概念的外延，增大了概念的内涵，所以比较精确、严密，但使用起来不够活泼简便。短句，由于字数少，直截了当，一般比较简洁、明快、有力，但不利于表达复杂的语义内容。在具体语言活动中，最好长短句交替使用。这既体现了节奏上的要求，也是意义上的需要。例如： （1）

19、We can imagine the beautiful surroundings.（2）There are many trees along the streets.（3）There is a clean river in the city.（4） There are many fishes in the river.（5）There are willow trees on the one side.（6）There are some pieces of grassland on the other side.（7）There are many flowers on them. 下面是修改后

20、的段落： （1）Just imagine the beautiful surroundings if we make our cities greener.（2）Green trees line the streets.（3）A clean river winds through the city，in which a lot of fishes abound.（4）On the one side stand rows of willow trees.（5）On the other side lies a stretch of grassland sprinkled with many yel

21、low and red flowers. 4. 利用倒装结构 英语的基本句型是SVO，如果偶尔打破常规，改变某一成分的位置，不仅可以丰富句型，而且能强调、突出被倒装的部分，收到意想不到的表达效果。例如： 1）In no other place in the world can one find such enthusiasm for applying for hosting the 2008 Olympic Games. 2）Faith in the Chinese economic reforms the majority of people will never lose. 四. 增强英语

22、语句表现力的有效方法 1. 避免使用语意弱的“be”动词。 A. 把句中的表语转换为不同的修饰语。例如： Weak: The trees are bare. The grass is brown. The landscape seems drab. Revision:The brown grass and bare trees form a drab landscape. （转换为前置定语） Or: The landscape, bare and brown, begged for spring green. （转换为并列结构作后置定语） B. 将作表语用的形容词或名词变为行为动词。例如： 1

23、） Weak: The team members are good players. Revision: The team members play well. 2） Weak: One workers plan is the elimination of tardiness. Revision: One workers plan eliminates tardiness. 3）在以“here”或“there”开头的句子中，把“be”动词后的名词代词变成句子的主语。例如： * Weak: There is no opportunity for promotion. Revision: No o

24、pportunity for promotion exists. * Weak: Here are the books you ordered. Revision: The books you ordered have arrived. 2. 多用语意具体的动词，保持句意简洁明了。例如： A. Poor: My supervisor went past my desk. Better: My supervisor sauntered （=walked slowly） past my desk. B. Poor: She is a careful shopper. Better: She com

25、pares prices and quality. 3. 防止使用语意冗长累赘的词语。例如： A. Wordy: My little sister has a preference for chocolate milk. Improved: My little sister prefers chocolate milk. B. Wordy: We are in receipt of your letter and intend to follow your recommendations. Improved: We have received your letter and intend to

26、 follow your recommendations. 4. 用抽象名词作句子中心（主语）： The rapid expansion of urban areas has in many cases encroached on valuable cultivatable land, and led to a general recognition that development must not be carried at the cost of agriculture. The government has attached greater importance to the prob

27、lem and an increasing number of redundant projects are being terminated. 五.注意巧妙运用英语写作结构及用语： 1. 文章开头句型 1-1 对立法: 先引出其他人的不同看法, 然后提出自己的看法或者偏向于某一看法, 适用于有争议性的主题. e.g. When asked about., the vast/overwhelming majority of people say that . But I think/view a bit differently. . When it comes to ., some peopl

28、e believe that . Others argue/claim that the opposite/reverse is true. There is probably some truth in both arguments/statements, but (I tend to the prefer/latter .)1-2 现象法：引出要剖析的现象或者问题, 然后评论.e.g Recently the rise in problem of / (phenomenon of) . has cause/aroused public/ popular/ wide/ worldwide c

29、oncern. 1-3 观点法：开门见山, 直接了当地提出自己对要讨论的问题的看法.e.g: Never in history has the change of . been as evident as .Nowhere in the world/China has the issue/ idea of . been more visible/popular than. Now people in growing/significant numbers are beginning/coming to realize/accept/(be aware) that. 1-4 引用法：先引出名人名言或者有代表性的看法, 来引出文章要展开论述的观点!e.g: Knowledge is power. such is the remark made by Bacon. This remark has been shared by more and more people . Education is not complete with graduation. Such is the opinion of a great American philosopher. Now more and more people share his opinion. 1-5 比较法：通过对过去,现在 两种