chapter 1 (UK)Geography,people and language

1、A Survey of ContentsGeographyIPeopleIIThe EnglishLanguageIIIGeographical location The UK is an _ country. The UK is located in the _ Europe.The UKislandnorthwesternThe UK is country of island surrounded between the_ ( to its east) and _ (to its north)._(to its west and between Great Britain and Irel

2、and)_(to its south).North seaIrish seaAtlantic oceanEnglish Channel and Strait of Dover英吉利英吉利- -多佛尔海峡多佛尔海峡由英吉利海峡和多佛尔海峡组成，位于欧洲大陆和由英吉利海峡和多佛尔海峡组成，位于欧洲大陆和大不列颠岛之间，是沟通北海和大西洋的重要海上通道，大不列颠岛之间，是沟通北海和大西洋的重要海上通道，是国际航运量是国际航运量最大的水道最大的水道。以朴茨茅斯港为界，西南是英吉利海峡，东北为多佛尔海。以朴茨茅斯港为界，西南是英吉利海峡，东北为多佛尔海峡。海峡东窄西宽呈喇叭形峡。海峡东窄西宽呈喇叭形.

3、. Official name/ Full name The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. 全称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。全称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。缩称：缩称：The United Kingdom or The UK简称：简称：Britain 代称：代称：England其他称号其他称号：Great Britain, the British IslandsNickname: John Bull 约翰牛约翰牛 英国人和狗的关系非常密切，特别是斗牛犬 (bulldog) .十八世纪初，作家Dr. Arbuthn

4、ot写了一本约翰牛传(The History of John Bull)，主张英、法和平相处，书中主角的名字就叫作John Bull，作者用他来代表英国。The Definition of The UK., Great Britain and EnglandEngland, Scotland, WalesNorthern Ireland.Great Britain IrelandNumerous smaller islandsThe UKGreat BritainThe British Isles不列颠诸岛不列颠诸岛 :England, Scotland, Wales.90% landmass

5、The UKEngland, Scotland, Wales.North IrelandThe British IslesGreat Britain Irelandseveral islands1）The British Isles a geographic term which includes two large islands, and , and 5,000 small islands. 2）Great Britain: comprises only England , and _.3）Ireland island: includes Northern Ireland and sout

6、hern Ireland. Northern Ireland is a part of , while southern Ireland became an independent country . 4）The UK: is made up of and . is made up of , , _ and_ Ex1: Fill in the blanks below.Great BritainIreland islandScotlandWalesThe UKRepublic of IrelandGreat BritainNorthern IrelandEnglandScotlandWales

7、Northern IrelandEx2: What is the reference of each picture? British Isles, the UK, Great Britain, Scotland, England, or Wales?123456The UKScotlandGreat BritainEnglandBritish IslesWalesEx3: What are people called in the UK? People in the UK are called British although they have different nationalitie

8、s.The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland大大不不列列颠颠岛岛爱爱尔尔兰兰岛岛东东北北部部英英格格兰兰苏苏格格兰兰威威尔尔士士北北爱爱尔尔兰兰领土组成 旗中带白边的红色正十字代表英格兰守护神圣乔治，白色交叉十字代表苏格兰守护神圣安德鲁，红色交叉十字代表爱尔兰守护神圣帕特里克。 God save our gracious Queen/King. Long live our noble Queen/King. God save the Queen/King. Send her victorious, Happy and gl

9、orious, Long to reign over us, God save the Queen/King. O Lord, our God, arise, Scatter thine (her) enemies, And make them fall: Confound their politics, Frustrate their knavish tricks, On thee our hopes we fix: God save us all.天佑女王，天佑女王，祝她万寿无疆，祝她万寿无疆，天佑女王！天佑女王！常胜利，沐荣光；常胜利，沐荣光；孚民望，心欢畅；孚民望，心欢畅；治国家，王运

10、长；治国家，王运长；天佑女王！天佑女王！扬神威，张天网，扬神威，张天网，保王室，歼敌人，保王室，歼敌人，一鼓涤荡。一鼓涤荡。破阴谋，灭奸党，破阴谋，灭奸党，把乱盟一扫光；把乱盟一扫光；让我们齐仰望，让我们齐仰望，天佑女王天佑女王National anthem ：天佑吾王 “god save the queen” “god save the king”National bird: redbreast /robin 知更鸟 National flower: RoseBritish dollar: pound 1人民币元人民币元=0.1049英镑英镑1英镑英镑=9.5297人民币元人民币元 Engl

11、andMajor Cities: London（伦敦）、Birmingham（伯明翰）、Manchester（曼彻斯特）、Liverpool（利物浦）、Newcastle（纽卡斯尔） The largest part of Britain.Lies in southeast of the islandEngland England - The capital is London. (60% landmass) Highly urbanized都市化都市化 -80% of population living in cities -only 2% working in agriculture Ph

12、ysically largest with largest populationDept.of Foreign StudiesThe second longest and the most important river: Thames泰晤士河泰晤士河 (332 kilometers)Thames泰晤士河泰晤士河Why take England for UK ? England is the most populous and wealthiest part of the country, so people sometimes refer to the whole country as En

13、gland, a name that people of Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland do not like very much.P2. Para2. Lake District lies in the north-west England and North Wales.Dept.of Foreign Studies The Lake District, also known as The Lakes or Lakeland, is a rural area in North West England. A popular holiday de

14、stination, it is famous for its lakes and its mountains and its associations with the early 19th century poetry and writings of William Wordsworth and the Lake Poets.Dept.of Foreign StudiesLake Poets William Wordsworth Samuel Taylor Coleridge Robert SoutheyDept.of Foreign StudiesScotland The capital

15、 is Edinburgh爱丁堡爱丁堡The second largest of the island. Located in northern portion of Britain. Traditional language: 盖尔语盖尔语 GaelicThe Clyde River克莱德河蓟j花苏格兰国花 苏格兰猎鹿犬 kilts bagpipesWales: The capital is Cardiff 威尔士由于早期已经被英格兰爱德华一世征服并被认为是英格兰的一部分，他不是和英格兰处于同等地位的一个联邦，而只是其下属的一个诸侯国之类的罢了。因此并没有出现在当时的英国国旗上。 Wales

16、 in the west of Great Britain. It is very close to the most densely populated parts of central England.非常接近于人口最稠密的英格非常接近于人口最稠密的英格兰中部兰中部 Traditional language: Welsh威尔士语威尔士语 20%.taking up less than 9% of the whole islandDept.of Foreign StudiesThe longest river: Severn River 塞文河塞文河(354 kilometers long)

17、威尔士小型马Northern Ireland The capital is Belfast贝尔法斯特贝尔法斯特. The smallest of the four regions, both in population and in area. 人口和领土都是最小的. 1/6Traditional language:盖尔语盖尔语 Gaelic 10%Mostly rural主要是农村low hills低山丘陵 , beautiful lake in the south-west, rugged coastline崎岖的海岸线 Lough Neagh 讷湖/内伊湖The largest lake

18、 in the United Kingdom, is located in Northern Ireland. 396 square kilometers. of North Ireland2. ClimateMain characteristics: Temperate, with warm summers, cold winters and plenty rainfall温和温和的气候的气候,夏天温暖夏天温暖,冬天寒冷并有大量的降冬天寒冷并有大量的降雨雨.Three major features: Winter fog冬雾冬雾 Rainy days Instability/changeab

19、ility反复无常反复无常/多变的多变的 3. Major Cities Londonv the capital of vthe political center of the Commonwealth英联邦英联邦 v a major port港口港口 v one of the worldsleading banking and financial centers.Guildhall市政厅市政厅(City Hall)ST Pauls Cathedral-圣保罗大教堂 center of church of Englandovers ThamesTotal length 244 metersOp

20、ened 30 June 1894The Tower Bridge of London 伦敦塔桥伦敦塔桥伦敦大学伦敦大学 University of London Public School英国国家博物馆（英国国家博物馆（British Museum），），又名不列颠博物馆，位于英国伦敦新牛津大街北面的大罗素广场，成立于1753年. 英国国家美术馆（The National Gallery，又译为国家艺廊），相当于北京天安门广场故宫博物院。成立于1824英国皇家歌剧院The Royal Opera House全部用原文演唱原文演唱的方式的方式，是该院的一大特点 皇家节日音乐厅皇家节日音乐厅Ro

21、yal Festival Hall Cardiff威斯敏斯特宫威斯敏斯特宫国会大厦国会大厦The Palace of Westminster / House of ParliamentWestminster Abbey 威斯敏斯特教堂威斯敏斯特教堂 where the King or Queen crowned 加冕加冕the tombs of royal families and celebrities王室成员和社会名人的墓碑王室成员和社会名人的墓碑 Big Ben大本钟大本钟 the largest four- faced clock钟楼高95米，钟直径2.7432米，重13.5吨。每15

22、分钟响一次，敲响威斯敏斯特钟声。 2012年6月26日，英国政府宣布为庆祝伊丽莎白二世登基60周年，将大本钟所在的钟楼正式改名为伊丽莎白塔伊丽莎白塔。 Hyde Park海德公园海德公园 Tower of London 伦敦塔伦敦塔Used to be the National prisonBuilt by William the conqueror, first used as military fortress, then as the kings palace, then as the prison, now as the museum displaying weapons.Buckin

23、gham Palace白金汉宫白金汉宫where the King or Queen live1710年年 维多利亚女王，1837年登基后搬入，成为第一位入主白金汉宫的英王 London Eye 1999年年底开幕，总高度135米.每个乘坐舱可载客约25名，回转速度约为每秒0.26米，即一圈需时30分钟 Major CitiesEdinburgh爱丁堡爱丁堡 administrative, financial, legal, medical and insurance center of Scotland 行政行政,金融金融,法律法律,医药医药,保险中心保险中心 beautiful scene

24、ry美丽的景色美丽的景色 renowned architecture著名的建筑著名的建筑 Castles in EdiburghMajor CitiesCardiff 加的夫加的夫 Enormous amount of urban regeneration and restoration and has recently become one of the most fashionable cities in Britain.大量的大量的城市重建和复原复原,近来近来成为英国最最时尚的城市时尚的城市之一.Landmarks & Symbols of CardiffCardiff City

25、 Hall市政厅 Millennium Stadium加迪夫千年球场加迪夫千年球场 Cardiff Castle加的夫城堡加的夫城堡 Major CitiesBelfast 贝尔法斯特贝尔法斯特 v the largest city v capital of Northern Irelandv an important historic cityDept.of Foreign StudiesCity HallDept.of Foreign StudiesBelfast Castle1. The capital city of Scotland , Wales and Northern Irel

26、and are _, _, _. EdinburghCardiffBelfast2. The British Isles are made up of_ A. two large islands and hundreds of small ones B. two large islands and Northern Ireland C. three large islands and hundreds of small ones D. three large islands and Northern Ireland A3. There are three divisions on the is

27、land of Great Britain. They are_ A. Britain， Scotland and Wales B. England， Scotland and Wales C. Britain， Scotland and Ireland D. England， Scotland and Ireland B1. Describe the geographical position (features) of Britain.2. Whats the differences between Britain and the British Isles, Great Britain,

28、 England, the UK? 3. What is the climate like in Britain?Tell the characteristics of Britains climate. 1 The UK is bordered by four seas: to the south by the English Channel, which separates it from continental Europe. to the east by the North Sea. to the west by the Irish Sea and the Atlantic Ocean

29、. Dept.of Foreign Studies2. The Definition of The UK., Great Britain and EnglandEngland, Scotland, WalesNorthern Ireland.Great Britain North IrelandNumerous smaller islandsThe UKGreat BritainThe British Isles不列颠诸岛不列颠诸岛 :3. ClimateMain characteristics: Temperate, with warm summers, cold winters and p

30、lenty rainfall温和温和的气候的气候,夏天温暖夏天温暖,冬天寒冷并有大量的降冬天寒冷并有大量的降雨雨.Three major features: Winter fog冬雾冬雾 Rainy days Instability/changeability反复无常反复无常/多变的多变的 II People Overall population: over 60 millions6千万千万Distribution: England: about 50 million 5千万千万 Scotland:over 5 million 超过超过5百万百万 Wales: around 3 million

31、 大约大约3百万百万 Northern Ireland: about 1.7million 大约大约一百七十万一百七十万Administrative DivisionPopulation(mid 2004) Area Size(sq km) Population density (people per sq km)England 50,093,800 130,281 383 Northern Ireland 1,710,300 13,576 125 Scotland 5,078,400 77,925 65 Wales 2,952,500 20,732 142 United Kingdom 59

32、,834.900 242,514 246 unequally distributed population EthnicityThe majority of this population are descendents of the Anglo-Saxons大部分大部分人口人口的祖先都是的祖先都是” 盎格鲁盎格鲁-撒克逊人撒克逊人” Most people in Wales and Scotland are descendents of the Celtic people凯尔特人凯尔特人 The Irish people were also Celtic凯尔特人凯尔特人 in origin

33、immigrants Percentage of total UK Population Ethinc Groups of totalWhite British 85.7%White Irish 1.2%White (other) 5.3%Mixed race 1.2%Indian 1.8%Pakistani 1.3%Bengali 0.5%Other Asian (non-Chinese) 0.4%Black Caribbean 1.0%Black African 0.8% Black (others) 0.2%Chinese 0.4%Other 0.4%III The English La

34、nguage 1. Old English 2. Middle English 3. Modern English 4. Standard English The English LanguageThe English Language-the Indo-European Language Family （印印欧语系）欧语系）日耳曼语族日耳曼语族,罗曼语族罗曼语族,凯尔特语族凯尔特语族,波罗地语族波罗地语族,斯拉夫语族斯拉夫语族,印度印度-伊朗语族伊朗语族This group began as a common language about 3000 year ago.大约3000年前日耳曼语

35、成为共同的语言.English is in the of this familyAround the 2nd century BC, Germanic language split into 3 distinct sub-groups : East Germanic ,North Germanic and West Germanic 日耳曼语言分西支、北支和东支日耳曼语言分西支、北支和东支 West High German 高地德语高地德语 German 德语德语 Germanic (西部) Low German 低地德语低地德语 -Frisian弗里斯兰弗里斯兰语 -Flemish佛兰德语佛

36、兰德语 -Dutch 荷兰语荷兰语 - -Celtic（凯尔特语族）凯尔特语族） -Gaelic (Scotch) -Irish -Welsh -Breton 布列塔尼语布列塔尼语 -Classic Greek （古希腊语）古希腊语） -Modern Greek -Latin （拉丁语族）拉丁语族） -Romanian -Portuguese -Spanish -Italian -French -Swedish 瑞典语瑞典语 -Danish 丹麦语丹麦语 -Icelandic 冰岛语冰岛语 -Norwegian 挪威语挪威语 （北支）（北支） North Germanic-Balto-Slav

37、onic （波罗的斯拉夫语族） Baltic -Lettish 列托语列托语 -Lithuanian 立陶宛语立陶宛语Eastern Germanic （东支）东支）北日耳曼语支（斯堪北日耳曼语支（斯堪的纳维亚语支）的纳维亚语支） 伦巴底语 西斯堪的纳维亚语言新挪威语冰岛语法罗语诺恩语（已消亡） 东斯堪的那维亚语言丹麦语书面挪威语瑞典语西日耳曼语支西日耳曼语支盎格鲁-弗里西语盎格鲁-撒克逊语英语英语低地苏格兰语弗里西语西弗里西语北弗里西语东日耳曼语支（已消亡）东日耳曼语支（已消亡）哥德语1. Old English (5th 12th)“日耳曼人征服”: 盎格鲁（盎格鲁（Angles）、撒）、

38、撒克逊（克逊（Saxons）和朱特人（）和朱特人（Jutes） 随着人类社会的发展，盎格鲁、撒克逊和朱特人逐渐形成统一的英吉利民族，他们各自使用的方言也逐渐融合，出现了一种新的语言：盎格鲁盎格鲁撒克逊语撒克逊语（AngloSaxon）这就是古代英语。 The first period of the English language-also called Anglo-SaxonInfluenced byOld Norse挪威语挪威语Latin and Greek words 拉丁与拉丁与 希腊语希腊语Danish words 丹麦语丹麦语The old English ended with t

39、he Norman Conquest in 1066 古代英语在诺曼征服后结束古代英语在诺曼征服后结束Beowulf： It is one of the oldest “Old English” literary works in British literature. Beowulf 贝奥武夫贝奥武夫 The most famous work from the OldEnglish period is the epic poem史诗 ”Beowulf”(approximately AD 900)Hwt! We Gar-Dena in geardagum,eodcyninga, rym gef

40、runon,hu a elingas ellen fremedon.Oft Scyld Scefing sceaena reatum2. Middle English (11th 15th ) 威廉一世 William（10281087年），英格兰诺曼王朝诺曼王朝第一任国王（10661087年在位），绰号“征服者威廉 William the Conqueror”诺曼征服（诺曼征服（Norman Conquest） 以诺曼底公爵威廉为首的法国封建主对英国的征服。1066年初，英王忏悔者爱德华（10421066在位）死后无嗣，威塞克斯伯爵哈罗德二世被推选为国王。威廉以爱德华曾面许继位为理由，要求获

41、得王位。 1066年9月末，威廉召集诺曼底、布列塔尼、皮卡迪等地封建主进行策划，率兵入侵英国。英王哈罗德迎战。10月14日，双方会战于黑斯廷斯。英军战败，哈罗德阵亡，伦敦城不战而降。12月25日，威廉在伦敦威斯敏斯特教堂加冕为英国国王，即威廉一世(征服者)。诺曼王朝（10661154）开始对英国的统治。残存的英国贵族顽强抵抗，均遭残酷镇压。1071年，威廉一世巩固了他的统治，获得征服者的称号。Status: French replaced English as the official language, and English became the Language of lower cla

42、ss big pork sheep mutton cattle beef hearty-cordial yearly-annual body -corpsaskdemand reply- answer wish-desire ghost -spirit room - chamber bullbeef calf-veal pig-porkDevelopment失去诺曼底后失去诺曼底后,在英国的诺曼贵族疏远法在英国的诺曼贵族疏远法国亲戚并接受改进的英语作为母语国亲戚并接受改进的英语作为母语.黑死病后黑死病后,工人和商人阶级在经济和社会工人和商人阶级在经济和社会上发挥重要性上发挥重要性,英语也随之越

43、发重要英语也随之越发重要. English increased in importance after the Black Deathwritten by Geoffrey Chaucer 14th 乔叟：one of the greatest English poets The Canterbury Tales“ 坎特伯雷故事集坎特伯雷故事集 内容提要： 4月的一天，一群香客去坎特伯雷朝圣，投宿在泰巴旅店。次日，店主、香客与在此住宿的作者一起出发。店主提议在去坎特伯雷的路上每人讲两个故事，回来时再讲两个，被大家公认为最佳的讲故事者可以在回来时白吃一顿丰盛的晚餐。 3. Modern Engl

44、ish (15th ) The printing pressThe printing pressbrought brought standardization of Englishstandardization of English 印刷印刷术传术传入英入英国国, ,为为英英语带来语带来了了标标准化准化/ /规规格化格化. . Samuel Johnsons dictionarySamuel Johnsons dictionaryestablished established a standard form of spellinga standard form of spelling塞塞缪缪尔

45、尔 约约翰翰逊逊对对英文英文拼写标拼写标准化的建立有影准化的建立有影响响力力. . RenaissanceRenaissanceassimilated foreign words assimilated foreign words throughout the Renaissance throughout the Renaissance 文文艺复兴艺复兴 吸收外吸收外国国文字文字Renaissance 文艺复兴（意大利语：Rinascimento，由ri-“重新”和nascere“出生”构成）是14世纪中叶至17世纪初在欧洲发生的思想文化运动。在中世纪晚期发源于佛罗伦萨，后扩展至欧洲各国。“文

46、艺复兴”一词亦可粗略地指代这一历史时期，但由于欧洲各地因其引发的变化并非完全一致，故“文艺复兴”只是对这一时期的通称。文艺复兴的心脏佛罗伦萨一、物质基础：中世纪的欧洲，贸易中心集中在地中海沿岸，意大利最早产生资本主义的萌芽，资产阶级希望冲破教会神学的束缚。二、文化基础：意大利保有大量古希腊、罗马文化典籍。三、阶级基础：新兴资产阶级的壮大。四、人才优势：14-17世纪（文艺复兴时期）意大利人才济济，汇集一处。五、地理位置：意大利处于丝绸之路的重要路段，较早接受了东方文化。（造纸术，印刷术）六、导火索：黑死病在欧洲流行。七、直接原因：教会严格控制人们思想，激起资产阶级与平民的不满。 欧洲代表欧洲代表文学三杰文学三杰 但丁 彼特拉克 薄伽丘 美术三杰美术三杰 达达芬奇芬奇 拉斐尔 米开朗基罗 英国英国在英国：诗歌和戏剧空前的繁荣。代表人物：代表人物：作家莎士比亚等。哲学家：托马斯莫尔其中，莎士比亚、但丁、达芬奇，被称为“文艺复兴三巨人”。 William Shakespeare (1564-1616)Four Tragedies :Four Comedies :哈姆莱特(Hamlet), 奥赛罗(Othello),李尔王(King Lear),麦克白(Macbeth,)威尼斯商人(The Merchant of Venice) ，第