第二讲实用文体与翻译

1、Lesson 2 Practical Writing and Its Translation 第二讲第二讲 实用文体与翻译实用文体与翻译李国玉李国玉2013笔译基础知识笔译基础知识 20132013 武汉东湖学院武汉东湖学院n实用文体与文体学实用文体与文体学n实用文体的体系实用文体的体系n实用文体的主要特征实用文体的主要特征n实用文体的翻译要求实用文体的翻译要求笔译基础知识笔译基础知识 20132013 武汉东湖学院武汉东湖学院Practical Writing Style and Stylisticsn 文体学文体学 StylisticsStylistics is the study and

2、 interpretation of texts from a linguistic perspective. As a discipline it links literary criticism and linguistics, but has no autonomous domain of its own. The preferred object of stylistic studies is literature, but not exclusively high literature but also other forms of written texts such as tex

3、t from the domains of advertising, pop culture, politics or religion.文体学是从语言学角度研究和阐释文本的学科。这门学科将文学批评和文体学是从语言学角度研究和阐释文本的学科。这门学科将文学批评和语言学联系起来，它没有自己独立的领域。文体学的研究对象通常是语言学联系起来，它没有自己独立的领域。文体学的研究对象通常是文学作品，但并非无一例外总是文学作品，但并非无一例外总是“高雅文学高雅文学”，它也研究其他形式的，它也研究其他形式的文本，比如广告、通俗文学、政治或宗教文本。文本，比如广告、通俗文学、政治或宗教文本。笔译基础知识笔译基

4、础知识 20132013 武汉东湖学院武汉东湖学院Stylistics attempts to establish principles capable of explaining the particular choices made by individuals and social groups in their use of language.Other features of stylistics include the use of dialogue, descriptive language, the use of grammar, the distribution of sen

5、tence lengths, the use of particular language registers, etc. 文体学的目的是要找出一些规律，这些规律可以用来解释个人或群体在文体学的目的是要找出一些规律，这些规律可以用来解释个人或群体在使用语言的过程中所作出的特定的选择。使用语言的过程中所作出的特定的选择。文体的其他特征还包括对话的使用，描述性语言的使用，语法的使用，文体的其他特征还包括对话的使用，描述性语言的使用，语法的使用，长短句的分布，对某个特定语体的使用，等等。此外，长短句的分布，对某个特定语体的使用，等等。此外，笔译基础知识笔译基础知识 20132013 武汉东湖学院武汉

6、东湖学院文体学的研究在于：文体学的研究在于：（1）分析各种语言习惯，以便确定哪些特征经常地或仅仅应用于某些）分析各种语言习惯，以便确定哪些特征经常地或仅仅应用于某些场合；场合；（2）尽可能地说明为什么某种文体具有这些特征，而不具备另一些特）尽可能地说明为什么某种文体具有这些特征，而不具备另一些特征；征；（3） 以语言功能为依据，对这些特征进行分类。以语言功能为依据，对这些特征进行分类。这里，这里，“特征特征”是指任何可以从语流中挑选出来进行归纳的现象。它们是指任何可以从语流中挑选出来进行归纳的现象。它们存在于语言的任何平面存在于语言的任何平面词、词组、句子、段落及篇章词、词组、句子、段落及篇章

7、。凡是适用。凡是适用有限场合的特征，均可视为具有文体意义或在文体上可资区别的特征。有限场合的特征，均可视为具有文体意义或在文体上可资区别的特征。笔译基础知识笔译基础知识 20132013 武汉东湖学院武汉东湖学院实用文体的体系实用文体的体系n 科技英语科技英语 （English for Science and Technology）Medicine, Engineering, Computer, Chemistryn 商业经济英语商业经济英语 (English for Business and Economy)Economics, Business, Accountingn 社会科学英语社会科

8、学英语 (English for Social Science)Law, Journalism, Library Science学术英语学术英语 （English for Academic Purposes）职业英语职业英语 （English for Occupational Purposes）笔译基础知识笔译基础知识 20132013 武汉东湖学院武汉东湖学院实用文体的主要特征实用文体的主要特征 Main Features of Practical Stylen 信息性信息性 Informativen 劝导性劝导性 Persuasiven 匿名性匿名性 Anonymous笔译基础知识笔译基础

9、知识 20132013 武汉东湖学院武汉东湖学院信息性信息性 Informativen 实用文体的基本功能是荷载人类社会的各种信息：叙事明实用文体的基本功能是荷载人类社会的各种信息：叙事明理、传旨达意、立法布道。理、传旨达意、立法布道。The major function of practical writings are to convey various information of the human society, namely, to narrate a story, to illustrate an argument, to give a notice, to make an a

10、nnouncement, to issue a law, to set a rule, and so on. 笔译基础知识笔译基础知识 20132013 武汉东湖学院武汉东湖学院n The main building of the hotel, 12 stories high, has 659 rooms and suites, a variety of restaurants, bars, banquet rooms and function rooms as well as a complete set of service facilities including business ce

11、nters, shopping arcade and in-door swimming pool.n 饭店主楼12层，拥有客房659间，各式餐厅、酒吧、宴会厅等多功能厅齐备，并有商务中心、商场、室内游泳池等多项服务设施。笔译基础知识笔译基础知识 20132013 武汉东湖学院武汉东湖学院聘请保姆 我处有几个孩子（一岁半至两岁）需人照顾。每周约工作5天，每天上午9点至12点。如有愿者，请与圣保罗大街3号楼2单元202联系。电话WANTEDlook after children (1 to 2 years)in my flat5 days a wk.9 to 12 a

12、.m.St. Paul Street 3-2-2020532-85239278笔译基础知识笔译基础知识 20132013 武汉东湖学院武汉东湖学院劝导性劝导性 Persuasiven 实用文本劝导受众去相信什么或不相信什么，劝导人们去实用文本劝导受众去相信什么或不相信什么，劝导人们去认可或否定什么。作者力图表述客观、文字确凿，使自己认可或否定什么。作者力图表述客观、文字确凿，使自己提供的信息可被验证或追本溯源。提供的信息可被验证或追本溯源。n Practical writings persuade the audience to believe or disbelieve things, to

13、 approve or disapprove things. The author tries to be objective and unambiguous, so that the information that he conveys is verifiable or traceable.笔译基础知识笔译基础知识 20132013 武汉东湖学院武汉东湖学院科技文本、知识普及类文本诉诸理性。科技文本、知识普及类文本诉诸理性。n The previously unknown Koichi Tanaka became the countrys second youngest Nobel win

14、ner, and the only recipient of the chemistry prize to have no more than a bachelors degree.从前默默无闻的田中耕一成为日本第二位最年轻的诺贝尔奖得主。他是唯一的一位只有本科学历的化学奖获得者。n Higher temperature are associated with greater melting rates.温度越高，熔化速度就越快。笔译基础知识笔译基础知识 20132013 武汉东湖学院武汉东湖学院旅游文本或广告文体诉诸想象或愿望。旅游文本或广告文体诉诸想象或愿望。n 九寨沟是个童话的世界。冬天

15、的九寨沟，童话的意味更长。Nine-Village Valley is a world of fairy tales. In winter, it has a lot more to tell.n Coke refreshes you like no other can.没有别的食品能像可口可乐那样使您精神豪爽；没有别的罐装饮料像可口可乐那样使您清新。夺“罐”清爽，唯有可口可乐！可口可乐，清爽一“冠”！笔译基础知识笔译基础知识 20132013 武汉东湖学院武汉东湖学院匿名性匿名性 Anonymousn 匿名性主要指实用文体的各类语篇缺乏、甚至没有作者或译者个性，匿名性主要指实用文体的各类语篇

16、缺乏、甚至没有作者或译者个性，而是按一定的（约定俗成的）程式行事，其次是指许多语篇不署作者、而是按一定的（约定俗成的）程式行事，其次是指许多语篇不署作者、译者姓名。对于译者来说，作者因素并不重要，重要的是语篇提供的译者姓名。对于译者来说，作者因素并不重要，重要的是语篇提供的信息及信息传递的效果。信息及信息传递的效果。n Practical writings either lack or avoid the authors or the translators individuality, written according to given （conventional）formulas. A

17、lot of these texts are unsigned. For the translator, what is important is not who writes the text, but what information is conveyed and how.笔译基础知识笔译基础知识 20132013 武汉东湖学院武汉东湖学院合同合同 contractn This contract is made by and between the authorized representatives of HASTINGS Ltd. (hereinafter called the Bu

18、yer) and the TAIHUA Industries Corporation (hereinafter called the Seller) through friendly discussion according to the terms and conditions stipulated thereunder.赫斯汀有限公司（以下简称买方）授权的代表与泰华工业公赫斯汀有限公司（以下简称买方）授权的代表与泰华工业公司（以下简称卖方）通过友好协商根据以下条款签订本合司（以下简称卖方）通过友好协商根据以下条款签订本合同。同。 笔译基础知识笔译基础知识 20132013 武汉东湖学院武汉

19、东湖学院广告广告 ad有一套未配置家具的公寓，内有三间卧室和两个卫有一套未配置家具的公寓，内有三间卧室和两个卫生间，有一个可停放两辆汽车的车库，公寓内有壁生间，有一个可停放两辆汽车的车库，公寓内有壁炉和电冰箱，有意者可通过电话联系面谈，电话号炉和电冰箱，有意者可通过电话联系面谈，电话号码为码为0532-850701680532-85070168。 UNF. APT 3 bdrm. 2 ba. 2car gar fplc., frig. call for appt.笔译基础知识笔译基础知识 20132013 武汉东湖学院武汉东湖学院实用文体的翻译要求实用文体的翻译要

20、求n 1. Correctnessn 2. Fluencyn 3. Appropriatenessn 4. Efficiency笔译基础知识笔译基础知识 20132013 武汉东湖学院武汉东湖学院1. 正确性正确性 Correctness有些单词或词组在专业英语中，与在日常生活中常用的意思不一有些单词或词组在专业英语中，与在日常生活中常用的意思不一样，翻译的时候要注意正确理解，选用相应的行业术语或常用样，翻译的时候要注意正确理解，选用相应的行业术语或常用语。语。n Notices or other communications required to be given by one Party

21、 pursuant to this Agreement shall be written in Chinese.一方根据本协议要求发出的通知或其它书信应以中文书写。n The foreign investor has acquired more than 10 PRC domestic enterprises engaging in related industries within a year.外国投资者一年内并购中国境内关联行业的企业超过10个。笔译基础知识笔译基础知识 20132013 武汉东湖学院武汉东湖学院1. 正确性正确性 Correctness在表达空间、时间、位置、价值等概念

22、时需精确，切忌主观臆断。在表达空间、时间、位置、价值等概念时需精确，切忌主观臆断。n 如贵方能将尿素报价降至每吨1200法郎，我们可订购150至180吨。If you can reduce your price of urea to 1,200 French francs per ton, we may be able to place an order of 150-180 metric tons.笔译基础知识笔译基础知识 20132013 武汉东湖学院武汉东湖学院2. 通达通达 FluencyAny person not putting litter in this basket will

23、 be liable to a fine of $5.任何不把凌乱的东西放入这个筐内而任意乱扔的人将处以罚款5美元。废物入筐，违者罚款5美元。大碗喝茶解渴，却说不上茶是怎样的好。One can get rid of thirst by drinking tea with a bowl but he cannot tell how wonderful the tea is.To drink at a gulp is a quick way to quench thirst, but it gives no taste of the high grade tea.当时上海行路难、乘车难成为突出的社

24、会问题。Then people in Shanghai found great trouble in getting to their destinations on foot or by car and it became a top social problem.笔译基础知识笔译基础知识 20132013 武汉东湖学院武汉东湖学院3. 适切适切 Appropriateness政治语境、文化氛围、方针政策、技术规范政治语境、文化氛围、方针政策、技术规范香港特别行政区将保持自由港和独立关税地区的地位。The Hong Kong Special Administration Region wil

25、l retain the status of a free port and a separate customs territory.“五讲四美三热爱”the movement of five stresses, four beauties, and three love五个重点，四个美女，三个情人？Stress on decorum, manners, hygiene, discipline and morals; beauty of the mind, language, behavior, and the environment; love of the motherland, soc

26、ialism and the Communist Party笔译基础知识笔译基础知识 20132013 武汉东湖学院武汉东湖学院3. 适切适切 Appropriatenessn 2010年被评为“先进工作者”。was rewarded as “Advanced Employee” in 2010.被评为“高阶员工”？“老年员工”？n The weather in Wuhan is sunny and the temperature is 84 F.武汉晴，温度84度。F=Fahrenheit F=32+Cx1.8C=Centigrade C=（F-32）1.81.8武汉晴，温度武汉晴，温度30

27、30摄氏度。摄氏度。笔译基础知识笔译基础知识 20132013 武汉东湖学院武汉东湖学院3. 适切适切 Appropriatenessn 实用语篇，无论书信、合同、报告、标书，甚至论文、新闻报道等都实用语篇，无论书信、合同、报告、标书，甚至论文、新闻报道等都有一定的程式。程式不仅指格式（表格、报告、论文、文摘等），也有一定的程式。程式不仅指格式（表格、报告、论文、文摘等），也指文字式样。指文字式样。 We claim: What is claimed is: What I (we) claim is: Claims: 请求权项：/专利权要求范围：/本专利的权项范围是：Having thus d

28、escribed the invention, we claim:The claims defining the invention are as follows:What I claim as my invention and desire to secure by Letters Patent is:笔译基础知识笔译基础知识 20132013 武汉东湖学院武汉东湖学院4. 快捷快捷 Efficiencyn 翻译速度是委托人或客户的要求之一。由于市场经济的运转速度加快，翻译速度是委托人或客户的要求之一。由于市场经济的运转速度加快，各行各业都重视时效，没有速度就没有翻译任务。过去各行各业都重视

29、时效，没有速度就没有翻译任务。过去“慢工出细活慢工出细活”的做法已不可行。现在的要求是既要质量好，又要译得快。的做法已不可行。现在的要求是既要质量好，又要译得快。笔译基础知识笔译基础知识 20132013 武汉东湖学院武汉东湖学院Homework 2 There are two main types of training that a profession can provide for its members: vocational training and academic training. Vocational courses provide training in practica

30、l skills but do not include a strong theoretical component. A good example would be a course in plumbing or typing. At the end of a typing course, a student is able to type accurately and at speed and has a piece of paper to prove it. But that is the end of the story; what s/he acquires is a purely

31、practical skill which is recognized by society as skilled work but is not generally elevated to the level of a profession. Like vocational courses, most academic courses set out to teach student how to do a particular job such curing certain types of illness, building bridges, or writing computer pr

32、ograms. But they do more than that: an academic course always includes a strong theoretical component. The value of this theoretical component is that it encourages students to reflect on what they do, how they do it, and why they do it in one way rather than another. This last exercise, exploring t

33、he advantages and disadvantages of various ways of doing things, is itself impossible to perform unless one has a thorough and intimate knowledge of the objects and tools of ones work. A doctor cannot decide whether it is better to follow one course of treatment rather than another without understanding such things as how the human body works, what side effects a given medicine may have, what is available to counteract these effects, and so on.笔译基础知识笔译基础知识 20132013 武汉东湖学院武汉东湖学院 Theoretical training does not necessarily guarantee success in