阅读备课材料

1、Part 川 Reading Comprehension （ 40 minutes ）Sectio n AA rat or pige on ?p?d? ?n 鸽子 might not be the obvious choice to tend to some one who is sick, but these creatures have some?26 K superior ?skills that could help the treatme nt of huma n diseases.Pigeons are often seen as dirty birds and an urban?

2、27 D nuisanee ?, but they are just the latest in a long line of animals that have bee n found to have abilities to help huma ns. Despite havi ng a brain no bigger tha n the?28 M tip?of your in dex fin ger （食指），pige ons have a very impressive?29 O visual memory. Recen tly it was show n that they coul

3、d be trained to be as accurate ?kj?r?t精确的 as humans at detecting （探测，检查）breast （胸部）cancer in images （影像）.Rats are often?30 A associated?with spreading disease rather than?31 F preventing?it, but this Iong-tailed animal is highly?32 H sen sitive ?. In side a rats nose are up to 1,000 differe nt types

4、 of olfactory receptors （ 嗅觉感受器 ）,whereas humans only have 100 to 200 types. This gives rats the ability to detect 33 I slight ?smells. As a result, some rats are being put to work to detect TB（肺结核）.When the rats detect the smell, they stop and rub （擦，摩擦） their legs to?34 C indicate ?a sample is in

5、fected.Traditi on ally, a hun dred samples would take lab tech nicia ns more tha n two days to?35 B exam ine?, but for a rat it takes less tha n 20 minu tes. This rat detect ion method does nt rely on specialist equipme nt. It is also more accurate the rats are able to find more TB infections and, t

6、herefore, save more lives. 一只老鼠或鸽子可能不是照顾生病的人的明显选 择，但这些生物拥有大约的高级技能，可以帮助治疗人类疾病。鸽子通常被视为肮脏的鸟类和城市的滋扰，但它们只是最近发现的一长串动物，有能力帮助人类。尽管有大脑 不大于28米的食指尖，鸽子有一个非常令人印象深刻的视觉记忆。最近的研究表明，他们可以被训练得和人类一 样精确地在图像中检测乳房。大鼠通常与传播疾病有关，而不是阻碍，但这种长尾动物高度敏感。在老鼠的鼻子里有多达1000种不同类型的奥尔法 而人类只有100到200种类型。这使大鼠有能力检测出轻微的气味。结果，一些老鼠被投入到检测结核 病（肺结核）的工

7、作中。当老鼠发现了气味，他们停下来，把腿摩擦，表明样本被感染了。传统上，一百个样本需要实验室技术人员两天以上的时间来进行检测，但对于一只老鼠，它所需的时间不到 20分钟。这种老鼠检测方法不依赖于专家装备。这也是更准确的-老鼠能够发现更多的结核病感染，因此，拯救更多的生命。Sectio n BDo In -Class Exams Make Students Study Harder?.在课堂上考试使学生学习更努力吗？Research suggests they may study more broadly （完全地; 大体上）for the unexpected rather than sear

8、ch for answers研究表明，他们可能会研究更广泛，以寻找意想不到的答案，而不是寻找答案。我一直是个很差的应试者。所以我 回来了可能有点奇怪44A I have always been a poor test -taker. So it may seem rather strange that I have returned to college to finish thedegree（省略了 that 的定语从句）I left undone some four decades ago. I am making my way through Columbia University,su

9、rroun ded by stude nts who quickly supply the verbal 言语的;口头的 an swer while I am still process in g?pr?ses n.（ 过 程；工序vt.加工；处理）the question.我一直是个很差的考生。因此，我回到大学完成了40年前未完成的学位，这似乎有点奇怪。我要通过哥伦比亚大学在我还在处理这个问题的时候，学生们迅速地提供了口头的答案。40B Since there is no way for me to avoid exams, I am curre ntly （当前，目前） questio n

10、ing what kind are the most taxing （繁重的，费力的）and ultimately beneficial. I have already sweated （流汗；做苦工）through numerous ?nju:m?r?s in-class midterms and finals, and now I have a professor who issues （发布）take-home ones. I was excited when I learnedthis, figuring （算出） I had a full week to do the researc

11、h, read the texts, and write it all up. In fact, I was still rewriting my midterm the morning it was due （应有的权禾U ;应得至U的东西 ;）.To say I had lost the thread is putting it mildly. 由于我没 有办法避免考试，我目前在质疑哪种考试最费钱，最终是有益的。我已经在无数的期中和期末考试中汗流浃背。现在我有一位教授负责给我带回家。当我学到这个的时候，我很兴奋，我想我有整整一周的时间来做研究，阅读课文，然后把它全部写出来。事实上，我还在在

12、我期中考试即将到来的那一天。说我把线弄丢了，这是温和的说法。38C As I was suffering through my week of anxiety, overthinking the material and guessing my grasp （控制; 控制力; 能力所及） of it, I did some of my own polli ng （对进行调查） among stude nts and professors. David Eise nbach, who teaches a popular class on . presidents at Columbia, pre

13、fers the in -class variety （多样化）.He believes students ultimatelylearn more and encourages them to form study groups. “ Thatway they socialize over history outside the class, which would n t happe n without the pressure of an in -class exam, ” he expla in ed, “ Furtheclmss矚xams force stude nts to lea

14、rn how to perform un der pressure, and esse ntial work skill.当我经历了一周的焦虑，过度思考和猜测我对它的掌握时，我在学生和教授中做了一些自己的调查。大卫艾森巴赫，教流行音乐在哥伦比亚大学的美国总统的班级，更喜欢课堂上的各种.。他相信学生最终会学到更多的东西，并鼓励他们组成学习小组。这样，他们就可以在历史上进行社交活动了。他解释道：课堂考试没有压力，课堂考试就不会发生，而且，课堂考试迫使学生学习如何在压力下表演，以及基本的滑雪作业。39D He also says there is less chanee of cheating wi

15、th the in -class variety. In 2012, 125 students at Harvard were caught up in a scandal when it was discovered they had cheated on a take -home exam for a class entitledIntroduction Con gress. ” Some colleges have what they call an“ honor code, ” though if you are smart eno ugh to get into theseyou a

16、re either smart eno ugh to get around ）（绕开） any codes （ 行为准贝 U ; 代码） or hopefully, too ethical ?e（adj. 0 ?kl道德的）to consider doing so. As I sat blocked （圭寸锁的）and clueless （无能的） for two solid?s?l?d（固体的；实心的；结实的，可靠的）days, I momentarily ?m?m?ntr?li（马上）wondered if I couldn t just call an expert on thesubj

17、ect matter which I was tackli ng（解决），or some one who took the class previously, to get me going.他还说，在课堂上作弊的可能性较小。2012,有125名哈佛学生被发现在一次带回家的考试中作弊，从而卷入了一桩丑闻。题为 国会简介”的班级。有些大学有他们所谓的荣誉守则”，但如果你足够聪明进入这些学校，你要么聪明到可以绕过任何一所学校。或者希望是太道德了，不能考虑这么做。当我坐在那里呆了两天，毫无头绪的时候，我突然想，如果我不能找一个专家来研究我所做的事情，我会不会感到困惑？或者是以前上过课的人，让我开始上

18、课。37E Following the Harvard scandal, Mary Miller, the former dean di:n教务长 of students at Yale, made an impassioned appeal to her school s professors to re（am住ro n制止）take-home exams. “ Students risk health andwell being, as well as performance in other end-of-term work, when faculty?f?klti（能力：才能；全体教职

19、员）offers take-home exams without clear, time-limited boundaries, she told me. “ Researchow shows that regular quizzes, short essays, and other assignments over the course of a term better enhance learning and retention r?ten?n（保留; 记忆力）.在 哈佛丑闻之后，耶鲁大学前系主任玛丽米勒（MaryMiller）强烈呼吁该校的教授们不要参加磨练考试。学生的健康和健康受到威胁

20、。她对我说：除了在其他期末工作中的表现外，教师们还会在没有明确、有时间限制的情况下提供带回家的考试。”。现在的研究表明，定期的测验，短文，以及其他学期的作业，更能加强学习和留用。“43F Most college professors agree the kind of exam they choose largely depends on the subject. A quantitative-basedone, for example, is unlikely to be sent home, where one could ask their older brothers and sis

21、ters to help. Vocational-typeclasses, such as computer scienee or journalism?d?:n?I?z?m（新闻学; 新闻工作 ）,on the other hand, are often more research-oriented（定向的）and lend themselves to take-home testing. Chris Koch, who teaches “ Historyof Broadcast Jour nalism ” at Mon tgomery Com mun ity College in Rock

22、ville, Maryla nd, poi nts out that report ing is about in vestigati on rather than the memorization of minute details.In my field, it s not what you know it s what yosays Koch. “ There is way too much in formati on, and more coming all the time, for anyone to remember. I want my stude nts to search

23、out the an swers to questio ns by using all the resources available to them. 大多数大学教授都认为他们选择的考 试类型主要取决于这门学科。例如，一个基于数量的方法不太可能被送回家，在那里你可以问他们的哥哥们。和姐妹们一起帮忙。另一方面，职业类课程，如计算机科学或新闻学，往往更注重研究，并适合于带回家进行测试。克里斯科赫，世卫组织 Teac马里兰州罗克维尔蒙哥马利社区学院的广播新闻史”指出，报道是关于调查的，而不是对细节的记忆。 在我的小说里 科赫说：事实上，这不是你所知道的-而是你知道如何发现。”。有太多的信息， 而且

24、越来越多的时刻到来，任何人都无法记住。我要我的学生去找他利用所有可用的资源来回答问题。42G Students test-form preferences vary, too, often depending on the subject and course difficulty. “ I prefer take-home essays because it is then really about the writing, so you have time to edit ?ed?t（ 编辑; 校订）and do more research, says Elizabeth Dresser,

25、 a junior at Barnard. Then there is the stress factor. Francesca Haass, a senior at Middlebury, says, I find-chasisi ones are more stressful in the short term, but there is immediate relief as you swallow（吞，忍受） information like mad, and then you get to forget it all. Take -homes require thoughtful e

26、ngagement which can lead to Ion ger term stress as there is n ever a mome nt whe n the time is up. Mea nwhile, Olivia Rubi n, a sophomore ?s?f?m?:（r） at Emory, says she hardly even considers take -homes true exams. If you understand the material and have the ability to articulate （说出）your thoughts,

27、they should be a breeze bri:z（微风；轻而易举的事）.学生的考试形式偏好 也各不相同，往往取决于科目和课程难度。我更喜欢带回家的文章，因为它实际上是关于写作的，所以你有时间来编辑和做。更多的研究，” Barnard的一名三年级学生伊丽莎白德雷塞尔说。还有压力因素。米德尔伯里的大四学生弗朗西丝卡哈斯说：我发现课堂上的学生在短期内压力更大。术语，但是当你像疯了一样吞下信息，你就会立刻得到解脱，然后你就会忘记它。带回家需要深思熟虑的参与，这可能会导致长期压力，因为有新的。等时间到了。与此同时，埃默里大学二年级的奥利维亚鲁宾（OliviaRubin）表示，她甚至几乎不考虑参

28、加真正的考试。如果你了解材料，并且有发音的能力（说出）你的想法，应该是轻而易举的。“41H How stude nts ultimately han dle stress may depe nd on their pers onal test-tak ing abilities. There are people whoalways wait until the last minute, and make it much harder than it needs to be. And then there those who, not knowing what questi ons are c

29、oming at them, and havi ng no resources to refer to, can freeze. And the n there are we rare re?（r）folksf?ks（人们；家属）who fit both those descriptions.学生最终如何处理压力可能取决于他们的个人应试能力。有些人总是等到最后一刻，使事情变得比实际需要困难得多。然后在那里，那些不知道有什么问题在向他们提出，而且没有资源可供参考的人，可以冻结。然后，我们也有罕见的人，他们符合这两种描述。36l Yes, my advaneed age must factor （

30、vt. 把因素包括进去） into the equation ?kwe?n（等式）,in part because of my in ability to access the in formatio n as quickly. As ano ther returni ng stude nt at Columbia, Kate Marber, told me, “ We are learning not only all this information, but essentially how to learn again. Our fellow （ 同伴;男子 adj. 同伴 的;同事的）

31、students have just come out of high school. A lot has changed since we were last in school. 是的，我的高龄”必须考虑到方程式（等式），部分原因是我无法快速地获取这些信息。作为哥伦比亚大学的另一名返校学生，凯特马伯告诉我：我们是利亚。不仅是这些信息，而且本质上是如何重新学习。我们的同学刚从高中毕业。自从我们上一次上一所学校以来，已经发生了很多变化。45J If nothing else, the situati on has give n my college son and me someth ing

32、to share, Whe n I asked his opinion onthis matter, he resp on ded,-“assceXams because the time is already reserved, as opposed to using my free time athome to work on a test, he seems to me that a compromise would be receiving the exam questions a day or two in advanee, and then doing the actual tes

33、t in class the ticking ?t?k?（发出滴答声;）clock overhead.如果没有其他的事， 情况已经给我上大学的儿子和我分享的东西，当我问他对这件事的，看来他回答说：我喜欢在课堂考试，因为已经预留了时间，为他回答道：我反对利用我在家的空闲时间去做一个测试。”在我看来，妥协的办法是提前一两天收到考题，然后再做实际的测试。把倒计时的钟记在头顶上。K Better yet, how about what one Hun ter College professor reportedly did recen tly for her final exam: She en co

34、uraged the class not to stress or eve n study, promis ing that,It is going to be a piece of cake.in, sharpened pencils in hand, there was not a blue book in sight. Rather, they saw a large chocolate cake and they each were given a slice.更好的是，据报道一位亨特学院教授最近为期末考试做了什么：她鼓励全班学生不要有压力，甚至不要学习，并承诺说：这将是每一个c级的学

35、生。阿克。学生们进来时，手里拿着铅笔，眼前看不到一本蓝色的书。相反，他们看到了一个巨大的巧克力蛋糕，他们每人都得到了一片。36. Elderly ?eld?li 较老的 stude nts find it hard to keep up with the rapid cha nges in educati on.37. Some believe take-home exams may affect stude nts performa nee in other courses.38. Certain professors believe in -class exams are ultimate

36、ly?lt?m?tli 最后 more helpful to students.39. In- class exams are believed to discourage cheat ing in exams.40. The author was happy to lear n she could do some exams at home.41. Students who put off their work until the last moment often find the exams more difficult than they actually are.42. Differ

37、ent stude nts may prefer differe nt types of exams.43. Most professors agree whether to give an in -class or a take-home exam depends on type of course being taught.44. The author dropped out of 退学 college some forty years ago.45. Some students think take-home exams will eat up their free time.Secti

38、o n CPassage OneQuesti ons 46 and 50 are based on the follow ing passage.That people often experience trouble sleeping in a different bed in unfamiliar surroundings is a phenomenon known as the-firisilht ” effect. If a person stays in the same room the following night they tend to sleep more soundly

39、.Yuka Sasaki and her colleagues at Brown University set out to investigate the origins of this effect.Dr. Sasaki knew the first -night effect probably has something to do with how humans evolved. The puzzle waswhat ben efit would be gained from it whe n performa nce might be affected the followi ng

40、day. She also knew from previous work con ducted on birds and dolph ins that these ani mals put half of their brains to sleep at a time so that they can rest while remai ning alert eno ugh to avoid predators （捕食者）.This led her to won der if people might be doing the same thi ng. To take a closer loo

41、k, her team studied 35 healthy people as they slept in the unfamiliar environment of the university of Psychological Scie nces. The participa nts each slept in the departme nt for two ni ghts and were carefully mon itored with tech niq ues that looked at the activity of their brains. Dr. Sasaki foun

42、d, as expected, the participa nts slept less well on their first night than they did on their second, taking more than twice as long to fall asleep and sleeping less overall. During deep sleep, the participants brains behaved in a similar manner seen in birds and dolphins. On the first night only, t

43、he left hemispheres (半球)of their brains did not sleep n early as deeply as their right hemispheres did.Curious if the left hemispheres were in deed remai ning awake to process in formatio n detected in the surr ounding environment, Dr. Sasaki re-ran the experiment while presenting the sleeping parti

44、cipants with a mix of regularly timed beeps (蜂鸣声)of the same tone and irregular beeps of a different tone during the night. She worked out that, if the left hemisphere was staying alert to keep guard in a strange environment, then it would react to the irregular beeps by stirring people from sleep a

45、nd would ignore the regularly timed on es. This is precisely what she found.46. What did researchers find puzzling about the first -night effect?A) To what exte nt it can trouble people. C) What circumsta nces may trigger it.B) What role it has played in evoluti on. D) In what way it can be ben efic

46、ial.|47. What do we lear n about Dr. Yuka Sasaki doing her research?A) She found birds and dolph ins rema in alert while asleep.B) She found birds and dolph ins sleep in much the same way.C) She got some idea from previous studies on birds and dolph insD) She con ducted studies on birds and dolphi n

47、s sleep ing patter ns.48. What did Dr. Sasaki do when she first did her experiment?A) She mon itored the brain activity of participa nts sleep ing in a new environment.B) She recruited 35 participa nts from her Departme nt of Psychological Scien ces.C) She studied the differences between the two sid

48、es of participants brains.D) She tested her findings about birds and dolph ins on huma n subjects.49. What did Dr. Sasaki do when re -running her experiment?A) She an alyzed the n egative effect of irregular tones on brains.B) She recorded participants adaptation to changed environment.C) She expose

49、d her participa nts to two differe nt stimuli.D) She compared the resp on ses of differe nt participa nts.50. What did Dr. Sasaki find about the participants in her experiment?A) They ten ded to enjoy certa in tones more tha n others.B) They ten ded to perceive irregular beeps as a threat.C) They fe

50、lt sleepy whe n exposed to regular beeps.D) They differed in their toleranee of irregular tones.Passage TwoQuesti ons 51 to 55 are based on the follow ing passage.It s time to reevaluate how women handle conflict at work. Being overworked or over -committed at home and on the job will not get you wh

51、ere you want to be in life. It will only slow you dow n and hin der your career goals.Did you know wome n are more likely tha n men to feel exhausted? Nearly twice as many wome n tha n men ages 18-44 reported feeling“ very tired ” or “ exhausted ” , according to a recent study.This may not be surpri

52、s ing give n that this is the age range whe n wome n have childre n. Its also the age range when many wome n are trying to bala nee careers and home. One reas on wome n may feel exhausted is that they have a hard time saying no. Women want to be able todo it all volunteer for school parties or cook

53、delicious meals -and so their answer to any request is often“ Yes, I can. ”Women struggle to say noin the workplace for similar reasons, including the desire to be liked by their colleagues. Un fortun ately, this in ability to say no may be hurting wome ns heath as well as their career.At the workpl

54、ace, men use conflict as a way to position themselves, while women often avoid conflict or strive to be the peacemaker, because they dont want to be viewed as aggressive or disruptive at work. For example, there as problem that n eeds to be addressed immediately, result ing in a dispute over should

55、be the one to fix it. Men are more likely to face that dispute from the perspective of what ben efits them most, whereas wome n may approach the same dispute from the perspective of whats the easiest and quickest way to resolve the problem -evenif that means doing the bori ng work themselves.This di

56、ffere nee in han dli ng con flict could be the decidi ng factor on who gets promoted to a leadership positi onand who does not. Leaders have to be able to delegate and man age resources wisely- in cludi ng staff expeimore of the workload may not earn you that promoti on. In stead, it may highlight your in ability to delegate effectively.51. What does the author say is the problem with wome n?A) They are ofte n un clear about the career goals to reach.B) They are usually more committed at home th