四级阅读笔记

1、四级阅读笔记一.综合阅读部分(共两篇阅读,每篇五道选择P.S.想要高质量地完成阅读,就要先知道文章的论述方式。四级考试的文章其叙述方式可以分为三种:“开门见山”,“峰回路转”,“滚来滚去”。“开门见山”:文章一开头就摆明了观点,或说明了文章主旨。在下面的段落里都是为了支持这个主旨的论述及论据。最后在结尾处再次点名主旨,或小小升华一下主题。“峰回路转”:文章前面部分在表明一种观点A(一般篇幅较小,紧接着一个态度180度大转弯,表达另一种观点B。这个B才是作者真正想表达的观点。“滚来滚去”:文章观点比较混乱,这种文章一般是一坨人(XX先说A好,然后另一坨人(ZZ说A不好。紧接着,XX反驳ZZ,说A

2、真的多么多么地好以及具体好的表现。再而, ZZ开始反驳XX说A在那些方面怎么不好。XX和ZZ两方人马不停地“厮杀”,然后文章在没有中心的情况下结束了。四级的文章以第一种“开门见山”为主,而且具体到每一个段落都是习惯以“论点-论据”或者“论点-论据-论点”的方式进行论述。(但是不排除后两者出现的可能哈(一.题型介绍:(虽然都是选择题,但是根据题目类型不同,可以分为五类1.细节题:“疑问代词”+具体信息(例如大写的人名,地名,数字,年代等等2.语义题:标志物就是引号“”,问题是引号内的句子或者单词是什么意思。3.主旨题:问你文章的大意是什么,或者是最能概括全文大意的选项是哪个4.推理题:题目通常为

3、什么“what you can infer from,indicated from”,总之就是带疑问代词,但是找不到具体信息的题目。5.态度题:问作者或者某类人对某个事物的attitude. 选项一般为四个表示态度的单词。(此类型的题,考察相对较少(二.错误选项类型:1.“混”:答非所问,或者对错参半。2.“偏”:张冠李戴,或者放大缩小(比如原文是some money, 选项是many money.3.“反”:选项和题目对应的原文相互矛盾,注意原文中双重否定和虚拟语气的真意。4.“无”:无中生有。先入为主,自我意淫。(以下皆以YY表达。(三.阅读总纲及总体战略及总体方针总纲:原文重现,不要YY

4、!总战略:先题后文,不读全文!总方针:出题顺序和行文顺序一致!P.S.这三点非常之,及其之,特别之重要!记不住就刻脑门儿上(四解题技巧1.语义题语义题大致分类两种,根据引号内具体的内容引申为:A.考单词:考查一个超纲词的意义,或者是熟词生意。B.考句子:引某个段落中具体的某个句子,考查它的引申意。解题技巧:A.单词:(1代入法。把选项的词分别代入考查词所在的句子,看哪个词语义贴大意以及切合感情色彩。(用的比较少,不是四级考查的重点(2词根词缀法。也就是根据考查词语的词根或者词缀猜词义。例如”Unicom”.词缀uni-表示统一,词根”-com”表示联合。所以unicom这个词的意思大概就能猜出

5、是“把什么统一联合在一起”。单词本身意思为“联通”。(P.S.这个方法建议大家在平日背单词的时候就可以使用,记住一些词根词缀的大意,会帮助大家理解记忆单词B.句子:(1相邻句子法。也就是联系,回读所考查句子前后12句的内容。(2感情色彩法。四级考试的议论型文章(开门见山型,作者的感情色彩肯定是保持一致的!所以我们要把握住作者的感情是积极的,还是消极的,从而排除一些错误选项。2.细节题细节题考查的是文章主旨的细节和事实,它包括用来支持主旨的例子,数据,证据等等。做这种题要学会根据题干信息,准确定位到原文中。基本上是读12句话就能做一道题。解题技巧:题干具体信息+标示词=两点定一线。(1具体信息

6、A.题干中出现的数字,人名,地名等。B.代词(题干中主语,宾语(2标示词:用逻辑发放定位读得更少,对得更多。A.快行道:并列关系(and, as well as, such as等直接跳过不用读。B. 中行道:递进关系(even though 有“甚至”意思的词,考点为递进的内容。C. 慢行道:转折关系。But, However,这类词出现时,考点基本上就在这里了。D. 停止行道:在有下结论的地方,Finally, hence等词语出现时。考点肯定是考察这次结论词后面的内容。P.S.定位到原文后,如果发现关于这个问题讲了两个,甚至三个方面时,正确答案一定是包含了所有方面的选项。3.主旨题主题词

7、:全文讲述的重点,并且能高度概括全文的特点,内容的词。而且这个主题词还不停地重复出现在下面的段落里。解题技巧不同的论述方式,做题方法也不同。A.开门见山型:文章一开始作者就表明了写作的目的和中心,所以读完第一段就可以做这类题。也可以根据主题词法来做题。B.峰回路转型:注意作者真正想表达的意思,确定了表达意思后,做法和前者一样啦。主旨一般在最后C.滚来滚去型:这类文章的中心是没有中心,也就是说没有一个明确的定论。选项中如果有肯定某个说法的,直接排除。而选择那种类似“关于这个问题还没有一个明确的定论”的选项。如何找主题词(1主题词在正确答案中出现,并且全部出现。(2在首段中有重复出现的几率(3在各

8、段主题句中(首句或者尾句有重复出现的几率(4其他题目中也有重复出现的几率(5在主题句中如果包含有感情色彩,这种感情色彩一定是主题词。注意下下:主旨题可以在做其他题目之前最先完成(议论文,主旨题有指导作用,可以帮助排除其他题目中与主旨相悖的选项。4.态度题做题时,一定要注意题目中问的是谁的态度,还要注意态度的变化关系(先负后正解题技巧:(1先判断感情基调贬义?褒义?中性?(2判断深浅程度。下面是一些常用的态度:积极的:positive, supporting, praising, admiring, interesting, humorous, appreciative,消极的:disguste

9、d, critical, negative, suspicious, worried, pessimistic, depressed, ridiculous中性的:indifferent, impassive, impersonal, impartial, apathetic, objective.大家可以自己再积累一些词,扩充下下5.推理题推理题的提醒和细节题很像,都是疑问词开头的,但是我们无法准确地定位到文章中某句话。问题一般也是“可以从中推出什么?暗示了什么”之类的。解题技巧:A.排除法。找到每个选项对应回原文,看看是不是和原文有出入。B.直接找到题点(根据细节题中的逻辑标示词的方法做题

10、,特别注意“慢行道”和“停止行道”C.利用正确答案错误答案特征排除选项。(后述D.利用前面题目的提示做题。P.S.(1推理题是比较难处理的一类题,但是所有的推理题都可以通过标示词,特定的选项信息而转化为细节题。通常以排除法使用比较多,但是希望大家可以试试其他的方法。(2正确,错误答案特征A.照抄原文的选项必错,同义转换的选项对。B. 过于绝对的选项错,含糊饱受的选项对。C. 反映文章主旨的选项对,不反映主旨的选项错。D. 两个选项形似,神似,答案往往在其中。E.两个选项意相反,答案往往在其中。实战演练:(2009年6月阅读The January fashion show, called Fut

11、ureFashion , exemplified how far green design has come. Organized by the New York-based nonprofit Earth Pledge, the show i nspired many top designers to work with sustainable fabrics for the first time. Several have since made pledges to include organic fabrics in their lines.The designers who under

12、take green fashion still face many challenges. Scott Hahn, cofounder with Gregory of Rogan and Loomstate, which uses all-organic cotton, says high-quality sustainable materials can still be tough to fine . “Most designers with existing labels are finding there arent comparable fabrics that can just

13、replace what youre doing and shat your customers are used to,” he says. For example, organic cotton and non-organic cotton are virtually indistinguishable once woven into a dress. But some popular synthetics, like stretch nylon, still have few eco-friendly equivalents.Those who do make the switch ar

14、e finding they have more support. Last year the influential trade show Designers & Agents stopped charging its participation fee for young green entrepreneurs(企业家 who attend its two springtime shows in Los Angeles and New York and gave special recognition to designers whose collections are at le

15、ast 25% sustainable . It now counts more than 50 green designers, up from fewer than a dozen two years ago. This week Wal-Mart is set to announce a major initiative aimed at helping cotton farmers go organic: it will buy transitional(过渡型的 cotton at higher prices , thus helping to expand the supply o

16、f a key sustainable material . “Mainstream is about to occur,” says Hahn.Some analysts(分析师 are less sure . Among consumers, only 18%are even aware that ecofashion exists, up from 6% four years ago. Natalie Hormilla, a fashion writer, is an example of the unconverted consumer, when asked if she owned

17、 anysustainable clothes, s he replied: “Not that Im aware of.”Like most consumers, she finds little time to shop, and when she does, shes on the hunt for “cute stuff that isnt too expensive.”By her own admission, green just isnt yet on her mind. But thanks to the combined efforts of designers, retai

18、lers and suppliers one day it will be.57. What is said about FutureFashion? (AA It inspired many leading designers to start going green.B It showed that designers using organic fabrics would go far.C It served as an example of how fashion shows should be organized.D It convinced the public that fash

19、ionable clothes should be made durable.58. According to Scott Hahn, one big challenge to designers who will go organic isthat . (DA much more time is needed to finish a dress using sustainable materials .B they have to create new brands for clothes made of organic materials .C customers have difficu

20、lty telling organic from non-organic materials .D quality organic replacements for synthetics are not readily available .59. We learn from Paragraph 3 that designers who undertake green fashion .A can attend various trade shows free . (DB are readily recognized by the fashion worldC can buy organic

21、cotton at favorable prices .D are gaining more and more support .60. What is Natalie Hormillas attitude toward ecofashion? (AA She doesnt seem to care about it. C She is doubtful of its practical value.B She doesnt think it is sustainable D She is very much opposed to theidea61. What does the author

22、 think of green fashion? (BA Green products will soon go mainstream.B It has a very promising future.C Consumers have the final say.D It will appeal more to young people.(2008年12月真题High-quality customer service is preached(宣扬 by many ,but actually keeping customers happy is easier said than done Sho

23、ppers seldom complain to the manager or owner of a retail store, but instead will alert their friends, relatives, co-workers, strangers-and anyone who will listen. Store managers are often the last to hear complaints, and often find out only when their regular customers decide t frequent their compe

24、titors, according to a study jointly conducted by Verde group and Wharton school “ Storytelling hurts retailers and entertains consumers,” said Paula Courtney, President of the Verde group.” the store loses the customer, but the shopper must also find a replacement.” On average, every unhappy custom

25、er will complain to at least four other, and will no longer visit the specific store for every dissatisfied customer, a store will lose up to three more due to negative reviews. The resulting “snowball effect” can be disastrous to retailers. According to the research, shoppers who purchased clothing

26、 encountered the most problems. ranked second and third were grocery and electronics customers. The most common complaints include filled parking lots, cluttered (塞满了的 shelves, overloaded racks, out-of-stock items, long check-out lines, and rude salespeople. During peak shopping hours, some retailer

27、s solved the parking problems by getting moonlighting（业余兼职的）local police to work as parking attendants. Some hired flag wavers to direct customers to empty parking spaces. This guidance eliminated the need for customers to circle the parking lot endlessly, and avoided confrontation between those eye

28、ing the same parking space. Retailers can relieve the headaches by redesigning store layouts, pre-stocking sales items, hiring speedy and experienced cashiers, and having sales representatives on hand to answer questions. Most importantly, salespeople should be diplomatic and polite with angry custo

29、mers. “Retailers whore responsive and friendly are more likely to smooth over issues than those who arent so friendly.” said Professor Stephen Hoch. “Maybe something as simple as a greeter at the store entrance would help.” Customers can also improve future shopping experiences by filing complaints

30、to the retailer, instead of complaining to the rest of the world. Retailers are hard-pressed to improve when they have no idea what is wrong. 62. Why are store managers often the last to hear complaints? （B） A Most customers wont bother to complain even if they have had unhappy experiences. B Custom

31、ers would rather relate their unhappy experiences to people around them. C Few customers believe the service will be improved. D Customers have no easy access to store managers. 63. What does Paula Courtney imply by saying “ the shopper must also find a replacement” (Line 2, Para. 4? （C） A New custo

32、mers are bound to replace old ones. B It is not likely the shopper can find the same products in other stores. C Most stores provide the same D Not complaining to the manager causes the shopper some trouble too. 64. Shop owners often hire moonlighting police as parking attendants so that shoppers_ （

33、B） A can stay longer browsing in the store B wont have trouble parking their cars C wont have any worries about security D can find their cars easily after shopping 65. What contributes most to smoothing over issues with customers? A Manners of the salespeople B Hiring of efficient employees C Huge supply of goods for sale D Design of the store layout. 66. To achieve better shopping experiences, customers are advised to _（C） A exert pressure on stores to improve their service B settle their disputes with stores in