母题专题05阅读理解(科普类)

1、专题 05 阅读理解（科普类）【母题来源一】【2019 全国卷I, C】As data and identity theft becomes more and more common, the market is growing for biometric（ 生物测 量）tech no logies like fin gerpri nt sea ns to keep others out of private e-spaces. At prese nt, these tech no logies are still expensive, though.Researchers from Geor

2、gia Tech say that they have come up with a low -cost device（ 装置 ）that gets around this problem: a smart keyboard. This smart keyboard precisely measures the cade nce（节奏）with which one types and the pressure fingers apply to each key. The keyboard could offer a strong layer of security by analyzing t

3、hings like the force of a users typing and the time between key presses. These patterns are unique to each person. Thus, the keyboard can determine peoples identities, and by extension, whether they should be given access to the computer its connected toregardless of whether someone gets the passwor

4、d right.It also doesnt require a new type of technology that people arent already familiar with. Everybody uses a keyboard and everybody types differently.In a study describing the technology, the researchers had 100 volunteers type the word “touch”four times using the smart keyboard. Data collected

5、 from the device could be used to recognize different participants based on how they typed, with very low error rates. The researchers say that the keyboard should be pretty straightforward to commercialize and is mostly made of inexpensive, plastic -like parts. The team hopes to make it to market i

6、n the near future.28. Why do the researchers develop the smart keyboard?A. To reduce pressure on keys.B. To improve accuracy in typingC. To replace the password system.D. To cut the cost of e-space protection.29. What makes the invention of the smart keyboard possible ？A. Computers are much easier t

7、o operate.B. Fingerprint scanning techniques develop fast.C. Typing patterns vary from person to person.D. Data security measures are guaranteed.30. What do the researchers expect of the smart keyboard？all 1o soisgitieoco oll.A. Itll be environment -friendly.B. Itll reach consumers soon.C. Itll be m

8、ade of plastics.D. Itll help speed up typing.31. Where is this text most likely from?A. A diary. B. A guidebook C. A novel. D. A magazine. 【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。数据和身份盗窃变得越来越普遍，目前，向指纹扫描等这些技术仍然 是昂贵的。 本文介绍了一种新的科技智能键盘， 它能给 e-space 用户带来安全， 而且这项技术也不贵。28. D【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段的 At present, these technologies are still

9、expensive, though. 和第二段的 Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a low-cost device that gets around this problem: a smart key board.可知，研究者们开发智能键盘是为了降低e-space保护的成本。故选D。29. C【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段的 The key board could offer a strong layer of security by analyzing things like the force o

10、f a user s typing and the time between key presses. These patterns are unique to each perso，n.thTehus keyboard can determine people s可entities为每个人的打字方式不同，使智能键盘能够识别人的身份。故选 C。30. B【解析】细节理解题。根据最后一段的 The team hopes to make it to market in the near future. 可知，研究者们 希望智能键盘能早日面世。故选 B。31. D【解析】推理判断题。本文介绍了一种新

11、的科技一一智能键盘，它能给e-space用户带来安全，由此可知，本文是关于科技，结合所给选项可知，本文可能来自于一本杂志。故选D。【母题来源二】【2019 全国卷III , D】Monkeys seem to have a way with numbers.A team of researchers trained three Rhesus monkeys to associate 26 clearly different symbols consisting of numbers and selective letters with 0 -25 drops of water or juice

12、 as a reward. The researchers then tested how the monkeys combined or added the symbols to get the reward.Heres how Harvard Medical School scientist Margaret Livingstone, who led the team, described the experiment: In their cages the monkeys were provided with touch screens. On one part of the scree

13、n, a symbol would appear, and on the other side two symbols inside a circle were shown. For example, the number 7 would flash on one side of the screen and the other end would have 9 and 8. If the monkeys touched the left side of the screen they would be rewarded with seven drops of water or juice;

14、if they went for the circle, they would be rewarded with the sum of the numbers 17 in this example.After running hundreds of tests, the researchers noted that the monkeys would go for the higher values more than half the time, indicating that they were performing a calculation, not just memorizing t

15、he value of each combination.When the team examined the results of the experiment more closely, they noticed that the monkeys tended to underestimate（ 低估 ）a sum compared with a single symbol when the two were close in value sometimes choosing, for example, a 13 over the sum of 8 and 6. The underesti

16、mation was systematic: When adding two numbers, the monkeys always paid attention to the larger of the two, and then added only a fraction（ 小部分 ）of the smaller number to it.This indicates that there is a certain way quantity is represented in their brains, Dr. Livingstone says. “ But in this experim

17、ent what theyre doing is paying more attention to the big number than the little one. ”32. What did the researchers do to the monkeys before testing them?A. They fed them. B. They named them.C. They trained them. D. They measured them.33. How did the monkeys get their reward in the experiment?A. By

18、drawing a circle.B.By touching a screen.C. By watching videos.D.By mixing two drinks.34. What did Livingstones team find about the monkeys?A. They could perform basic addition.B.They could understand simple words.C. They could memorize numbers easily.D.They could hold their attention for long.35. In

19、 which section of a newspaper may this text appear?A. Entertainment. B. Health. C. Education. D. Science. 【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。研究发现：猴子可以进行基本的加法运算。文章对研究的经过和结论 做了介绍和分析。32. C【解析】纟田节理解题。根据第二段中的A team of researchers trained three Rhesus mon keys The researchesthen tested how”可知，在对这些猴子进行测试之前，研究者们对它们进行了培训。故C选项正确。

20、33. B【解析】纟田节理解题。根据第三段中的In their cages the mon keys were provided with touch scree n If themon keys touched the left side of the scree n, they would be rewarded with seve n drops ;if they went for the circle, they would be rewarded with”可知，当猴子触摸屏幕左边时，它们会得到7滴水或者果汁的奖励；当它们触摸屏幕的另一端（即画着圆圈的部分）时，它们会得到 17滴水或

21、果汁的奖励。由此可知，猴子是通过触 摸屏幕得到奖励的。 B 选项正确。34. A【解析】田节理解题。 根据第四段“ The monkeys would go for the higher values more than half the time, indicating that they were performing a calculation, not just memorizing the value of each combination ”和第五段中的“ When adding two numbers”可知，猴子会在超过一半的时间内选择更高的值，这意味着它们在进行计算，而不 仅仅

22、是记住每一个组合的值。由此可知， A 选项正确：猴子能够进行基本的加法计算。由此亦可以排除C选项。35. D 【解析】推理判断题。通读整篇文章可知，该文介绍的是哈佛医学院的科学家Margaret Livingstone 领导的一个研究团队对猴子进行实验得出的研究结果。 这属于“科学研究”范畴， 故该文应出现在报纸的“科学” 板块。故 D 选项正确。【母题来源三】【2019 北京卷，C】The problem of robocalls has gotten so bad that many people now refuse to pick up calls from numbers they

23、dont know. By n ext year, half of the calls we receive will be scams（欺诈）.We are fin ally wak ing up to the severity of the problem by supporting and developing a group of tools， apps and approaches intended to prevent scammers from getting through. Unfortunately , its too little , too late. By the t

24、ime these解决方案&s）become widelyavailable， scammers will have moved onto cleverer means. In the near future， its not just going to be the number you see on your screen that will be in doubt. Soon you will also question whether the voice youre hearing is actually real.Thats because there are a number of

25、 powerful voice manipulation （ 处理 ） and automation technologies that are about to become widely available for anyone to use .At this years I/O Conference ,a company showed a new voice tech no logy able to produce such a convincing huma n sounding voice that it was able to speak to a recepti onist ab

26、ook a reservation without detection.These developments are likely to make our current problems with robocalls much worse. The reason that robocalls are a headache has less to do with amount than precision A decade of data breaches（数据侵入 ）of personal information has led to a situation where scammers c

27、an easily learn your mother s name ， and far more. Armed with this knowledge. theyre able to carry out individually targeted campaigns to cheat people. This means. for example ， that a scammer could call you from what looks to be a familiar number and talk to you using a voice that sounds exactly li

28、ke your bank teller s ， ricking you into confirming your address ， mothers name， and card number. Scammers follow money ，so companies will be the worst hit. A lot of business is still done over the phone ，and much of it is based on trust and existing relationships. Voice manipulation technologies ma

29、y weaken that gradually.We need to deal with the insecure nature of our telecom networks. Phone carriers and consumers need to work together to find ways of determining and communicating what is real. That might mean either developing a uniform way to mark videos and images, showing when and who the

30、y were made by. or abandoning phone calls altogether and moving towards data -based communications using apps like Face Time or WhatsApp, which can be tied to your identity.Credibility is hard to earn but easy to lose, and the problem is only going to harder from here on out.38. How does the author

31、feel about the solutions to problem of robecalls?A. Panicked. B. Confused. C. Embarrassed. D. Disappointed.39. taking advantage of the new technologies ， scammer can.A. aim at victims preciselyB. damage databases easilyC. start campaigns rapidly D. spread information widely40. What does the passage

32、imply?A. Honesty is the best policy.B. Technologies can be double-edited.C. There are more solutions than problems.D. Credibility holds the key to development.41. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?A. Where the Problem of Robocalls Is RootedB. Who Is to Blame for the Prob

33、lem of RoboeallsC. Why Robocalls Are About to Get More DangerousD. How Robocalls Are Affecting the World of Technology【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。语音操作与自动化技术 出现使得机器人电话可以以假乱真。语音操 作和自动化技术发展会使得机器人电话产生的问题更加严重。38. D【解析】 观点态度题。 根据第一段中的“ We are finally waking up to the severity of the problem by supporting and developing

34、 a group of tools, apps and approaches intended to prevent scammers from getting through. Unfortunately, its too little, too late. By the time these “ solutions ” become widely available, scammers will have moved onto clever means”可知，最后，我们通过支持和开发一组旨在防止欺诈者通过的工具、应用程序和方法，认识 到了问题的严重性。不幸的是，我们的努力太少了，也太晚了。

35、在这些“解决方案”被广泛使用的时候， 骗子将转移到更巧妙的手段上。由此推知，作者认为这些“解决办法”对于解决问题起不了什么作用，因 此作者感到很“失望”。故 D 选项正确。39. A【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段中的“ The reason that robocalls are a headache has less to do with amount than precision. A decade of data breaches of personal information has led to a situation where scammers can easily learn y

36、our mother s name, and far more. Armed with this knowledge, they re able to carry out individually targeted campaigns to cheat people. This means, for example, that a scammer could call you from what looks to be a familiar number and talk to you using a voice that sounds exactly like your bank telle

37、r s, tricking you into “ confirming ” your address, mother s name, and card number”可知，机器人通话之所以令人头痛，与其说与数量有关，不 如说与精确度有关。长达十年的个人信息泄露已经导致了这样一种情况：骗子可以轻易地知道你母亲的名 字，甚至更多。有了这些知识，他们就能够开展有针对性的运动来欺骗人们。根据这些可知，利用这种新 的技术，欺诈者们可以精确的确定他们行骗的目标。故 A 选项正确。40. B 【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段最后一句可知，这项语音技术可以产生一个听起来和人类非常相似的声 音，它可以和接待员进行

38、交谈， 进行预订。由此可知，这项新技术有其好的方面。 根据第三段的叙述可知， 欺诈者们可以利用这项新技术来进行欺诈行为。由此推知，这项新技术既可以发挥好的作用，也可能为坏 人所利用，产生不好的作用，因此可以说它是一把双刃剑。故B 选项正确。41. C【解析】主旨大意题。第一段提到：robocalls （机器人电话：自动拨号播放录音信息的推销电话）在未来变得会越来越严重，不仅仅是出现在你的手机屏幕上的电话号码令人怀疑，而且你会质疑听到的声音是否是 真的。第二段介绍原因：语音操作与自动化技术的出现使得机器人电话可以以假乱真。第三段介绍了语音 操作和自动化技术发展会使得机器人电话产生的问题更加严重。

39、最后两段提出我们该如何应对这些问题。 综上，文章第一段点明文章中心：机器人电话问题在未来会变得越来越严重。下文都是围绕这一话题展开的。故 C 选项适合作标题。【命题意图】 阅读理解从能力的角度来讲，考查学生运用英语的能力，具体地说，就是通过阅 读有关文章提取有用信息的能力。【考试方向】 科普类文章是高考英语的常考题材。文章中词汇的意思比较单一、稳定、简明， 不带感情色彩，具有单一性和准确性的特点。 为了描述一个客观事物， 严密地表达自己的观点， 作者经常会使用集多种语法现象于一体的长句。 所以，文中出现的句子结构通常较复杂， 语法 分析较困难。1结构严谨，逻辑性强。科普类文章属于接四类说明文，

40、一般由导语(introduction)、背景(background)、主体(main body)和结尾(end)四部分构成，在句首和句尾常出现主题句。 这类文章通常有明确的主题，并且论证主题的事实逻辑结构严谨，层次分明，段落清晰。2. 从词汇角度来看，在科普类文中，词汇的意义比较单一、稳定、简明，不带感情色彩，具有 单一性和准确性的特点。 由于科普类文章读者对象是大众，所以语言上力求浅显易懂，用通俗 的语言解释某种科学现象和科学道理， 但其中有些词汇仍带有很强的术语性的烙印。 但通过上 下文解释考生可以推定词义，从而顺利解题。因此，科普类文章中尽管有专业词汇和术语，但 可以通过上下文、构词法等

41、来理解题目，猜出题意。3. 从语法和句子结构方面看，句子结构较复杂，长难句较多，语法分析较困难，为了描述一个 客观事实，严密地表达自己的思想，作者经常会使用及多种语法现象与一体的长句。 常用被动 语态、定语从句等【得分要点】 1、学生需先通读短文，把握文章大意，了解该短文是解释何种科学现象或科学道 理的，抓住体现本文主题的关键词和关键句，提高阅读速度。2、要做好科普类文章试题，考生还要掌握这类文章的特点和结构，真正读懂并理解它。在阅 读这类文章时要遵循此类文章的一般结构：导语、背景、主体和结尾。阅读时要注意开头和结 尾，往往可以归纳出文中的中心思想。3、在了解全文大意和结构的基础上，学会解决

42、what/how/why 等一类的问题，他们是文章的关 键，如果能够带着这些问题去阅读，则会更迅速地抓住文章的主题。另外，还要通过读书看报等多普及科普知识，比如：太空与海洋、环境与污染、科技与创造发 明、医疗卫生，动物世界等。这样长期坚持，既开阔了视野又能正确迅速地做好此类题。【精准对接】文章和高考题相似度很高【母题1】【河南省实验中学2019届高考全真模拟最后一卷】Solar en ergy systems & power pla nts do not produce air polluti on, water polluti on, or gree nhouse gases. Using

43、solar en ergy can have a positive, in direct effect on the environment, whe n solar en ergy replaces or reduces the use of other en ergy sources that have larger effects on the en vir onment.However, some poisonous materials and chemicals are used to make the photovoltaic （ 光电池的）cells that convert s

44、un light into electricity. Some solar thermal （ 保热的）systems use pote ntially hazardous liquids to tran sfer heat. Leaks of these materials could be harmful to the environment. U. S. environmental laws regulate the use and settlement of these types of materials.As with any type of power pla nt, large

45、 solar power pla nts can affect the environment n ear their locatio ns. The placement of the power plant may have long -term effects on the habitats of native plants and animals. Some solar power pla nts may require water for clea ning solar collectors and concen trators or for cooli ng turb ine gen

46、 erators. Usi ng large volumes of gro und water or surface water in some dry locati ons may affect the ecosystems that depe nd on these water resources. In additi on, the beam of concen trated sun light a solar power tower creates can kill birds and in sects that fly into the beam.The amount of sola

47、r en ergy that the earth receives each day is many times greater tha n the total amount of all energy that people consume each day. However, on the surface of the earth, solar energy is a variable and irregular en ergy source. The amount of sun light and the inten sity of sun light varies by time of

48、 day and locati on. Weather and climate con diti ons affect the availability of sun light daily and on a seas onal basis. The type and size of a solar en ergy collect ion and con vers ion system determ ines how much of the available solar en ergy we can con vert into useful en ergy.1. Which of the f

49、ollow ing best expla ins hazardous un derl ined in paragraph 2?A. in expe nsiveB. dan gerousC. in effectiveD. abno rmal2. What in flue nee can large solar power pla nts have on the locati ons?A. Polluting the ground water.B. Protect ing the habitats of pla nts and ani mals.C. Damaging the local natu

50、ral balance.D. Attracting birds and insects to the area.3. What does the last paragraph mainly tell us?A. Different areas receive different amount of solar energy.B. How to convert solar energy into useful energy.C. The relationship between solar energy collection and the sunlight.D. Some factors th

51、at influence the amount of solar energy collection. 【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了太阳能发电的潜在弊端以及影响太阳能收集量的几个因素。1. B【解析】词义猜测题。根据画线词前的“ However, some poisonous materials and chemicals are used to make the photovoltaic （ 光电池的 ） cells that convert sunlight into electricity. ”可知，然而，一些有毒的材料和化学物质 被用来制造将阳光转化为电能的光伏电池，一些太阳能

52、保温系统使用潜在危险的液体来传递热量，由此可 知画线词词义为“危险的”，故 B 项正确。2. C【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段中的“ The placement of the power plant may have long -term effects on the habitats of native plants and animals.”可知，大型太阳能发电厂的选址可能会对当地动植物的栖息地产生长期 的影响，也就是会破坏当地自然平衡，故 C 项正确。3. D【解析】主旨大意题。根据最后一段中的“ However, on the surface of the earth, solar e

53、nergy is a variable and irregular energy source. The amount of sunlight and the intensity of sunlight varies by time of day and location. Weather and climate con diti ons affect the availability of sun light daily and on a seas onal basis. ” 可知，在地球表面， 太阳能是一种可变的和不规则的能源，阳光的数量和强度随着一天的时间和地点而变化，天气和气候条件 影

54、响每日和季节性的阳光供应，由此可知，本段主要介绍的是影响太阳能收集量的几个因素，故D项正确。【母题 2】【江西省名校（临川一中、南昌二中）2019 届高三联合考试】Have you ever spent an afternoon in the backyard, maybe grilling or enjoying a basketball game, when suddenly you notice that everything goes quiet? There is an old phrase“ calm before the stormsituation-a quiet period

55、 just before a great activity or excitement. According to our own experience, we know there is actually calm before the storm. But what causes this calm? And is it always calm before the storm?A period of calm happe ns in a particular kind of storm, the simplest kind of storm -a sin gle-cell thu nde

56、rstorm.eveIn this type of thun derstorm, there is usually on ly one main stream of curre nt, which is warm, damp air and draw n from places near the ground. Storms need warm and damp air as fuel, so they typically draw that air in from surro unding environment. Storms can draw in the air that fit th

57、eir n eed from all direct ions which the storm is traveli ng.As the warm, damp air is pulled into a storm system, it leaves a low -pressure vacuum（真空）coming after. The risi ng air meets the cold dry air that has already existed in the storm clouds, thus the temperature of the warm, damp air drops, a

58、nd the water vapor inJi cha nges into tiny drops that are a prec on diti on of rain. These drops accumulate and build on larger particles（颗粒）like dust, un til they grow large eno ugh to form rain drops.This warm, damp air keeps moving upwards, but it becomes cooler and drier duri ng its trip through cloud. When it reaches the top of the cloud, the air is squeezed out at the top. This air is sent rolli ng out over the big thun derclouds. From there, the air goes dow n. Warm and dry air i