考研英语句法翻译

1、Courseware 14 for Postgraduate Entrance ExaminationHuanggang Normal University Liu Shenghua考研英语翻译考研英语翻译句法翻译法句法翻译法 之之名词性从句名词性从句LiuShenghuaSchool of Foreign StudiesHuanggang Normal UniversitySeptember,2012一、主语从句一、主语从句l（一）以what, whatever, whoever, whether, when, where, how, why 等词引导的主语从句，在翻译的时候，一般可以按照英

2、语原文顺序来翻译。lWhatever is worth doing should be done well.l任何值得做的事情都应该做好。lWhether he comes or not makes no difference.l他来不来都没有关系。lHow he is going to do it is a mystery.l他准备怎么做这个事情是个迷。l（二）用it 作形式主语的主语从句，可以把主语从句放到汉语句子最前面去翻译。为了强调起见，it 一般可以译出来；如果不需要强调，it 也可以不译出来。lIt doesnt make much difference whether he at

3、tends the meeting or not.l他参加不参加会议没有多大关系。（It 没有翻译）lIt seemed inconceivable that the pilot could have survived the crash.l驾驶员在飞机坠毁之后，竟然还能活着，这看来是不可想象的。（It 翻译为“这”）l有时候，如果主语从句仍然按照英语原来的顺序翻译的话，it 一般不需要译出来。在汉语译文的开始，一般可以用“.的是，.”这样的结构来翻译。lIt is strange that she should have failed to see her own shortcomings.

4、l真奇怪，她竟然没有看出自己的缺点。（It 不用翻译，还可以用“奇怪的是.”这样的结构来翻译）l（一）用that, what, how, when, which, why, whether, if 等引起的宾语从句，翻译成汉语的时候，一般不需要改变它在原句中的顺序。lI told him that because of the last condition, Id have to turn it down.l我告诉他，由于那最后一个条件，我只得谢绝。l有时可加“说”字，再接下去翻译译英语原文宾语从句的内容。二、宾语从句二、宾语从句lHe would remind people again th

5、at it was decided not only by himself but by lots of others.l他再三提醒大家说，决定这件事的不只是他一个人，还有其他许多人。l（二）用it 作形式宾语的句子，在翻译的时候，that 所引导的宾语从句一般可按英语原文顺序翻译；it 有时候可以不用翻译。lI made it clear to them that they must hand in their papers before 10 oclock in the morning.l我向他们讲清楚了的，他们必须在上午十时前交卷。（it 没有翻译）l但有时候，也可以在译文中将that

6、引导的宾语从句提前到句子最前面翻译。lI regard it as an honor that I am chosen to attend the meeting.l我被选参加会议，感到光荣。（it 没有翻译）lWe consider it absolutely necessary that we should open our door to the outside world.l打开国门，实行开放，我们认为这是绝对必要的。（it 翻译为“这”）lIt seems that it is going to snow.l看起来要下雪了。lThat is why Jack got scolded.

7、l这就是杰克受到训斥的原因。三、表语从句三、表语从句lThe question remains whether we can win the majority of the people.l问题是我们能否赢得大多数人民群众的支持。lHis view of the press was that the reporters were either for him or against him.l他对新闻界的看法是，记者们不是支持他，就是反对他。l能接同位语从句的名词主要有：belief（相信），fact（事实），hope（希望）， idea（想法，观点），doubt（怀疑），news（新闻，消息）

8、，rumor（传闻），conclusion（结论），evidence（证据），suggestion（建议），problem（问题），order（命令），answer（回答）四、同位语从句四、同位语从句ldecision（决定），discovery（发现），explanation（解释），information（消息），knowledge（知识），law（法律），opinion（意见，观点），truth（真理，事实），promise（承诺），report（报告），thought（思想），statement（声明），rule（规定），possibility（可能）等。l（一）一般来说，同位语从句可

9、以直接翻译在主句后面。lHe expressed the hope that he would come over to visit China again.l他表示希望再到中国来访问。l（二）有时候在翻译同位语从句时，可以将其放在所修饰的名词前面，相当于前置的修饰语，但不一定使用定语的标志词“的”。这种情况下，同位语从句都是比较简单。lWe know the fact that bodies possess weight.l我们都知道物体具有重量这一事实。lThe rumor that he was arrested was unfounded.l关于他被捕的传闻是没有根据的。l（三）增加“

10、即”（或者“以为”）这样的词来连接，或用冒号、破折号直接分开主句和同位语从句。lBut this does not in any way alter the fact that they are now, from a practical point of view, irrational.l但这却丝毫改变不了这样一个事实，即从实用的观点来看，他们今天仍是不合理的。lWe have reached the conclusion that practice is the criterion for testing truth.l我们已经得出这样的结论：实践是检验真理的标准。lNot long a

11、go, the scientists made an exciting discovery that this waste material could belturned into plastics.l不久前，科学家们获得一个令人振奋的发现可以把这种废物变成塑料。句法翻译法句法翻译法 之之定语从句定语从句LiuShenghuaSchool of Foreign StudiesHuanggang Normal UniversitySeptember,2012l一、前置法：把定语从句翻译到所修饰的先行词前面，可以用“的”来连接。lHe who has never tasted what is b

12、itter does not know what is sweet.l没有吃过苦的人不知道什么是甜。lSpace and oceans are the new world which scientists are trying to explore.l太空和海洋是科学家们努力探索的新领域。lHis laughter, which was infectious, broke the silence.l他那富有感染力的笑声打破了沉寂。l二、后置法：把定语从句翻译在所修饰的先行词后面，翻译为并列分句。l（一）重复先行词。lAlthough he lacks experience, he has en

13、terprise and creativity, which are decisive in achieving success in the area.l他虽然经验不足，但很有进取心和创造力，而这正是在这一领域获得成功的关键。l（二）省略先行词。lHe received the letter that announced the death of your uncle.l是他接到那封信，说你的叔叔去世了。lThey worked out a new method by which production has now been rapidly increased.l他们制定出一种新方案，采用

14、之后生产已迅速得到提高。l三、状译法l（一）译成表示“时间”的分句lA driver who is driving the bus mustnt talk with others or be absent-minded.l司机在开车时，不许和人谈话，也不能走神。l（二）译成表示“原因”的分句lHe showed no further wish for conversation with Mrs. Smith, who was now more than usually insolent and disagreeable.l他似乎不愿再和史密斯太太讲话，因为她现在异常无礼，令人厌烦。l（三）译成

15、表示“条件”的分句lMen become desperate for work, any work, which will help them to keep alive their families.l人们极其迫切地要求工作，不管什么工作，只要它能维持一家人的生活就行。l（四）译成表示“让步”的分句lHe insisted on buying another house, which he had no use forl尽管他并没有这样的需要，他坚持要再买一幢房子。l（五）译成表示“目的”的分句lHe wishes to write an article that will attract

16、the public attention to the matter.l为了引起公众对这一事件的注意，他想写一篇文章。l（六）译成表示“结果”的分句lThey tried to stamp out the revolt, which spread all the more furiously throughout the country.l他们企图镇压反抗，结果反抗愈来愈烈，遍及全国。l（七）译成表示“转折”的分句lShe was very patient towards the children, which her husband seldom was.l她对孩子们很有耐心，而她丈夫却很少

17、这样。l定语从句翻译法定语从句翻译法:l1) 定语从句较短l 通常把较短的定语从句译成带“的”的前置定语,放在先行词的前面. l2) 定语从句较长l 此时如果放在先行词的前面的话,会显得定语太臃肿,甚至无法叙述清楚.通常把较长的定语从句译成并列句. l由于替代先行词的关系代词在定语从句中充当句子成分,单独把定语从句翻译出来时,常常需要重复先行词, 或用代词代替先行词.l例1. 2003. 62lSocial science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors

18、 in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomenon.lintellectual adj. 智力的, 理智的, 知识的lenquiry 询问, 探究lendeavor 努力, 尽力lsystematic 系统的, 体系的, 有规律的ldispassioned 冷静的, 公正的lSocial science is that branch of intellectual enquiry /

19、which seeks to study humans and their endeavors / in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner / that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomenon.lSocial science is that branch of intellectual enquiry / which seeks to study humans and their endeavors / in the sam

20、e reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner / that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomenon.l词义的选择词义的选择: intellectual 智力的 or 知识的? l enquiry 询问 or 探究?l词性转换词性转换:lmanner / natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomenon.l自然科学家使用自然科学家使用, 为了自然现象的研究的方式为了自然现象的研究的方式

21、 orl自然科学家自然科学家使用来研究使用来研究自然现象的的方式自然现象的的方式 ? lSocial science is that branch of intellectual enquiry / which seeks to study humans and their endeavors / in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner / that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomenon.l1. 定语从句较长时定语从句较长

22、时,通常通常把较长的定语从句译成把较长的定语从句译成并列句并列句. 而且而且,单独把定单独把定语从句翻译出来时语从句翻译出来时,常常常常需要重复先行词需要重复先行词,或用代或用代词代替它词代替它. l社会科学是知识探求的分支, 它试图以一种合理的, 有序的, 系统的, 且冷静的方式来寻求研究人类及其行为, 而这种方式而这种方式如同自然科学家用来研如同自然科学家用来研究自然现象一样究自然现象一样. l2. 定语从句较短定语从句较短, 通常它通常它译成带译成带“的的”的前置定语的前置定语,放在先行词的前面放在先行词的前面. l社会科学是知识探求的分支, 它像自然科学家用来像自然科学家用来研究自然现

23、象那样研究自然现象那样, 试图以一种合理的, 有序的, 系统的, 且冷静的方式来寻求研究人类及其行为. lSocial science is that branch of intellectual enquiry / which seeks to study humans and their endeavors / in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner / that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomenon.lSocial

24、science is that branch of intellectual enquiry /0.5分分 which seeks to study humans and their endeavors /0.5分分 in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner /0.5分分 that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomenon. /0.5分分l社会科学是知识探求的分支, 它试图以一种合理的, 有序的, 系统的, 且冷静的方式来寻求研

25、究人类及其行为, 而这种方式如同自然科学家用来研究自然而这种方式如同自然科学家用来研究自然现象一样现象一样.l社会科学是知识探求的分支, 它像自然科学家用来像自然科学家用来研究自然现象那样研究自然现象那样, 试图以一种合理的, 有序的, 系统的, 且冷静的方式来寻求研究人类及其行为.l社会科学是知识探索的一个分支, 它力图像自然科学家研究自然现象那样, 用理性的, 有序的, 系统的和冷静的方式研究人类及其行为. (官方参考译文) 可接受译法可接受译法不可接受译法不可接受译法intellectual 智力, 知识enquiry 探究, 探寻能力查询seek 试图, 致力于, 寻求寻找endeav

26、or 努力, 活动耐力, 尝试, 工作, 行动reasoned 推理的原因的, 理由的, 理智的orderly 有序的, 有条理的序列的dispassioned 不带感情(色彩)的, 理性的, 客观的无激情的, 消极的, systematic 系统的, 体系的制度的l例2. 2003. 63 lThe emphasis on data gathered first-hand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this st

27、udy a unique and distinctly important social science. lperspective 观点, 视角, 远景, 透视ldistinctly 明显地, 确定无疑地, lThe emphasis on data gathered first-hand, /combined with a cross-cultural perspective / brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, / makes this study a unique and distinctly important

28、 social science. lThe emphasis on data gathered first-hand, /combined with a cross-cultural perspective / brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, / makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science. l词义的选择词义的选择: ldistinctly 清楚地, 确定无疑地 or 极为, 非常 l词性转换词性转换: l收集第一手资料的强调使该研

29、究 or l强调收集第一手资料使该研究?l过去和现在文化的分析or l分析过去和现在的文化?lThe emphasis on data gathered first-hand, /combined with a cross-cultural perspective / brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, / makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science. l定语从句翻译法定语从句翻译法: l定语从句较长时定语从句较长时,通常把较长的定语从

30、句译成通常把较长的定语从句译成并列句并列句. 而且而且,单独把定语从句翻译出来时单独把定语从句翻译出来时,常常常需要重复先行词常需要重复先行词,或用代词代替它或用代词代替它.l强调收集第一手资料, 结合跨文化视角,使该研究成为一门独特的且极为重要的社会科学. lThe emphasis on data gathered first-hand, /combined with a cross-cultural perspective / brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, / makes this study a unique

31、 and distinctly important social science. l定语从句翻译法定语从句翻译法: l定语从句较短定语从句较短, 通常它译成带通常它译成带“的的”的前置定语的前置定语,放放在先行词的前面在先行词的前面. l强调收集第一手资料,结合分析过去和现在的文化所带来的跨文化视角, 使该研究成为一门独特的且极为重要的社会科学. lThe emphasis on data gathered first-hand, /0.5分分 combined with a cross-cultural perspective /0.5分分 brought to the analysis

32、of cultures past and present, /0.5分分 makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science. /0.5分分l强调收集第一手资料, 结合分析过去和现在的文化所带来的跨文化视角, 使该研究成为一门独特且极为重要的社会科学. (正确) l强调收集第一手资料, 加上在分析过去和现在文化形态时采用采用跨文化视角, 使得这种研究成为一门独特并且非常重要的社会科学. (官方参考译文) 可接受译法可接受译法不可接受译法不可接受译法emphasis 注重, 强调, 对于的重视重点是, 重点在于com

33、bined with 结合, 联同, 联系, 合成, 汇合cross-culture 跨文化, 文化交汇, 交叉文化多文化culture past and present过去和现在的文化, 古今文化文化过去和现在unique 独一无二的, 与众不同的distinctly important非常/极为/特别 重要的句法翻译法句法翻译法 之之状语从句状语从句LiuShenghuaSchool of Foreign StudiesHuanggang Normal UniversitySeptember,2012l例1. 2000. 75lAdditional social stresses may

34、also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport. ladditional adj. 附加的, 额外的lexplosion 爆炸, 爆发, 激增 larise from 由引起, 由产生 lmigration 移民, 迁移, 移动lAdditional social stresses may also occur

35、because of the population explosion or problems / arising from mass migration movements themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport .l整个句子的主语是 additional social stresses, 谓语是may also occur, 而because of the population explosion or problems 是原因状语; larising from mass migration

36、 movements是现在分词引导的定语从句, 修饰problems. lthemselves transport 是一个句子? 那谓语为什么不完整, 没有助动词were? 如果它是一个句子, 那为什么它和前面的句子中间没有连词?lthemselves transport 是一个独立结构,对mass migration movement 进行补充说明. lAdditional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems / arising from mass migration m

37、ovements themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport .l什么叫独立结构 ?l有自己的逻辑主语(如themselves), 并且和句子的主语(如Additional social stresses) 不一致. l结构结构: 名词名词(代词代词) + 分词分词/形容词形容词/副词副词/介词短语介词短语lTime permitting, we shall start tomorrow.lThe job finished, we went home straight away. lHe sat i

38、n the front row, his mouth half open. l什么叫独立结构 ?l有自己的逻辑主语(如themselves), 并且和句子的l主语(如Additional social stresses) 不一致. l结构: 名词(代词) + 分词/形容词/副词/介词短语lBeethoven, the great musician, wrote nine symphonies in his life, most of them were written after he had lost his hearing. lAll flights _ because of snowst

39、orm, we decided to take the train. A. were canceled B. had been canceled C. having canceled D. having been canceled l(全国研考, 93) lwere written written lD lAdditional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems / arising from mass migration movements themselves made

40、relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport .l状语从句翻译法状语从句翻译法:l汉语中汉语中,状语部分在前状语部分在前; 翻译时翻译时,一般应该将状语一般应该将状语(从从句句)放在主句前面放在主句前面.l由于人口激增或因大规模移民运动 (如今现代交通工具使移民运动相对容易) 所引起的问题, 额外的社会压力也可能产生. lAdditional social stresses may also occur / 1分分 because of the population explosion or problems arising fro

41、m mass migration movements / 1分分 themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport. / 1分分 l由于人口激增或因大规模移民运动 (如今现代交通工具使移民运动相对容易) 所引起的问题, 额外的社会压力也可能产生. (正确)l由于人口的猛增或大量人口流动 (现代交通工具使这种流动相对容易) 造成的种种问题也会对社会造成新的压力. (官方参考译文) 可可接受接受译法译法不可接受译法不可接受译法may also occur也可能/可以 发生/出现随之发生population e

42、xplosion人口激增, 人口大量增长,人口爆炸, 人口膨胀人口发展themselves relatively easy使更加/比较容易从而变得比较容易使它们相当容易by means of transport通过/由于/借助 现代交通/运输工具/手段/方式/设施乘坐现代交通l例 2. 2006. 48lI have excluded him because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, he has not been charged with the task of a

43、pproaching any but the factual aspects of those problems. laccomplishments 成就, 业绩lcontribute to 有助于, 促进, 贡献 lbe charged with 承担, 充满, 被控告 lapproach v. 接近, 着手处理lnot anybut 只是, 只不过 lfactual (fact) adj. lI have excluded him / because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral pro

44、blems, / he has not been charged with the task of / approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems.l整个复合句中, 主句是 I have excluded him, lbecause 引导原因状语从句, l其中while引导让步状语从句, 其主语是his accomplishments, 谓语may contribute to, 宾语是the solution of moral problems; lHe has those problems是让步状语从句的主句,l其主语是

45、he, 谓语是 has not been charged with,l宾语是the task of those problems. task是宾语核心词, of problems作后置定语, 修饰task. l汉语中汉语中,状语部分一般在前状语部分一般在前; 翻译时翻译时,一般应该将状一般应该将状语语(从句从句)放在主句前面放在主句前面. 但是翻译原因状语从句时但是翻译原因状语从句时, 经常用经常用”之所以之所以是因为是因为” lI have excluded him / because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solu

46、tion of moral problems, / he has not been charged with the task of / approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems.l我之所以将他排除在外, 是因为尽管他的成就可能有助于解决道德问题, 但是他只是承担了触及这些问题事实方面的任务. lI have excluded him because /0.5, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, /0.5

47、 he has not been charged with the task of /0.5 approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems. /0.5 l我之所以将他排除在外, 是因为尽管他的成就可能有助于解决道德问题, 但他承担的任务只但他承担的任务只不过是处理这些问题的事实方面不过是处理这些问题的事实方面. (正确)l我之所以将他(普通科学家)排除在外, 是因为尽管他的成就可能会有助于解决道德问题, 但他承担的任务只不过是研究这些问题的事实层面. (官方参考译文) 可接受译法可接受译法不可接受译法不可接受译法accomp

48、lishments成就, 成果完成, 实现, 达到moral problems道德问题, 伦理问题精神问题, 思想问题approaching探究, 探索, 触及达到, 接近, 方法,be charge with负责, 承担指责, 充满factual aspects事实/ 真实方面 实际方面, 实质问题句法翻译法句法翻译法 之之特殊结构特殊结构LiuShenghuaSchool of Foreign StudiesHuanggang Normal UniversitySeptember,2012被动语态的翻译被动语态的翻译一、译成汉语主动句l（一） 保存原文主语lThe meeting is s

49、cheduled for April 6th.l会议定于四月六日举行。lWater can be changed from a liquid into a solid.l水能从液体变成固体。l（二） 主宾颠倒lShe was given a new pen by her father.l她爸爸送给她一支新钢笔。lOnly a small portion of solar energy is now being used by us.l现在我们只能利用一小部分太阳能。l（三） 增加主语lWhat we say here will not be long remembered, but what

50、we do here can change the world.l我们在这里所讲的话，人们不会长久记住。然而我们在这儿所做的事，却能改变世界。lMeasures have been taken to prevent the epidemic from spreading quickly.l已经采取了措施来防止这种流行病迅速蔓延。lWater can be shown as containing impurities.l可以证明，水含有杂质。lThe unpleasant noise must be immediately put an end.l必须全部停止这种讨厌的噪声。二、译成汉语无主句二

51、、译成汉语无主句lPrinting was introduced into Europe from China.l印刷术是从中国传入欧洲的。lThe credit system in America was first adopted by Harvard University in 1872.l美国的学分制是1872 年在哈佛大学首先实施的。三、译成汉语判断句三、译成汉语判断句l使用“被、受、遭、让、给、由、把、得到、受到、加以、得以、为.所、由.来”等等。lHe had been fired for refusing to obey orders from the head office.

52、l他因拒绝接受总公司的命令而被解雇了。lThe schoolboy was knocked down by a minibus when crossing the street.l那名男生在穿过街道时让一辆小公共汽车撞倒了。四、译成汉语被动句四、译成汉语被动句lHe was praised by his teacher.l他得到了老师的表扬。lProblems should be resolved in good time.l问题应及时加以解决。lFor a long period to come, most of Chinas elderly will continue to be prov

53、ided for by their families.l在未来较长的一段时间里，中国的老年人仍旧要由家庭来赡养。lIt is considered that bioclimatology is a complicated subject.l有人认为，生物气候学是一门复杂的学科。lIt is stressed that the field of science may be divided into two major areas: natural science and social science.l有人强调说，科学的范畴可以分成两个主要领域：自然科学和社会科学。五、常用被动句型五、常用被动

54、句型“It+被动语态被动语态+that”的翻译的翻译l被动句型的习惯译法：lIt is hoped that. 希望，有人希望lIt is assumed that. 假设，假定lIt is claimed that. 据说，有人主张lIt is believed that. 有人想信，大家相信lIt is reported that. 据报道，据通报lIt is considered that. 人们认为，据估计lIt is said that. 据说，有人说lIt is supposed that. 据推测，人们猜测l例1. 2009. 50lWe are thus led to dist

55、inguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education that of direct tuition or schooling. lthus 因此ldistinguish 区别, 辨别ltuition 学费, (尤指对个人或小组的)教学,讲授lschooling 学校教育 lWe are thus led to distinguish, /within the broad educational process /wh

56、ich we have been so far considering, /a more formal kind of education that of direct tuition or schooling.l整个句子主语是 we, 谓语是 are thus led to ldistinguish, 宾语是? l宾语是 a more formal tuition or schooling. l- thatschooling 与 a education是同位语. l而within the so far considering 则是状语. l状语部分中, which we have been

57、so far lconsidering 是定语从句, 修饰先行词 process. l词义的选择:lbroad 宽的, 宽阔的, OR 广泛的? ltuition 学费 OR 讲授?lschooling 学校中 OR 学校教育? l定语从句翻译法:l1) 定语从句较短l 通常把较短的定语从句译成带“的”的前置定 l 语,放在先行词的前面.lthe broad educational process which we have been so far consideringl我们目前为止一直在考虑的广泛的教育过程lWe are thus led to distinguish, /within t

58、he broad educational process /which we have been so far considering, /a more formal kind of education that of direct tuition or schooling.l 我们因此被导致去区别, 在我们目前为止一直在考虑的广泛的教育过程中, 一种更正式的教育: 直接的讲授或学校教育. l汉语中,状语部分在前; l翻译时,一般应该将状语(从句)放在主句前面.l 在目前为止我们一直在考虑的广泛的教育过程中, 我们因此被导致区别出一种更为正式的教育: 直接讲授或学校教育.lWe are thu

59、s led to distinguish, /within the broad educational process /which we have been so far considering, /a more formal kind of education that of direct tuition or schooling.l 在目前为止我们一直在考虑的广泛的教育过程中, 我们因此被导致区别出一种更为正式的教育: 直接讲授或学校教育.l一般情况下,英语中的被动句翻译成中文时,都根据汉语习惯,成为了主动句.l 因此, 在目前为止我们一直在考虑的广泛的教育过程中, (这) 使我们区别出

60、一种更为正式的教育: 直接讲授或学校教育. lWe are thus led to distinguish, /0.5分分 within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, /1分分 a more formal kind of education that of direct tuition or schooling. /0.5分分 l因此, 在目前为止我们一直在考虑的宽泛的教育过程中, (这) 使我们区别出一种更为正式的教育: 直接讲授或学校教育. (正确) l这就使得我们得以在一直讨论的广