第十一章 英语句子成分

1、 第十一章第十一章 英英语语句子成分句子成分 第一节 概述 第一单元 从句 一、句子的成分 句子是由作用不同的各个部分组成的，组成句子的各个部分（members of the sentence ）就叫做句子成分。其包括主语(subject sbdkt)、谓语(predicate predkt)、宾语(object bdkt)、定语（attributive/attribut）、状语、补足语、表语(predicative prdktv)、同位语(appositive)。在句子里，一定的句子成分由一定的词类来担任。句子成分可以是单词，也可以是词组或者从句。这些句子的各种成分与构成这些成分的单词、词组

2、或者从句有着十分密切的关系。这种关系可以在下表中看得非常清楚。词类在句子中的作用备注名词主语、宾语、表语、定语、宾语补足语形容词定语、表语、宾语补足语、状语副词状语、定语、表语副词作定语时，通常在被他修饰的名词后面数词定语、表语 动词谓语代词主语、宾语、表语代词作表语时，仍然用主格介词短语定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语介词短语作定语时，放在被修饰名词的后面 二、从句 从句，是在指复合句中，内含主语部分和谓语部分，表达一定的概念，但不成为一个独立句子的一组词，即从属分句。其可以直接从属于另一分句，作为分句成分；也可以从属于一个词组，作为词组的一部分。从句在句子里一般由连词、关系代词或关系副词等引导

3、词（Connective）所引导。从句在句中可用作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语等句子成分。根据从句语法功能的不同，从句可以分为：主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句、定语从句和状语从句6类。由于主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句及同位语从句在句子的功用相当于名词（它在复合句中能分别担任主语、宾语（介词宾语、形容词宾语）、表语、同位语），所以通称名词性从句（Noun Clause）。下面具体分析： （一）名词性从句。 主语从句（Subject Clause）。用作主语的从句叫主语从句。 表语从句（Predicative Clause）。用作表语的从句叫做表语从句。 宾语从句（Object Clau

4、se）。在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句。宾语从句分为三类：动词的宾语从句、介词的宾语从句和形容词的宾语从句。 同位语从句(Appositive Clause)。从句作同位语表示与之同位的名词(短语)的实际内容，它的作用相当于名词，对前面的名词(短语)加以补充说明或进一步解释，相当于一个表语从句，它们之间的关系就是同位关系，即主表关系。（二）定语从句(Attributive Clause)。定语从句功能相当于形容词，称为形容词性从句。定语从句。是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分，相当于形容词，所以又称为形容词性从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。（三

5、）状语从句（Adverbial Clause）。状语从句功能相当于副词，称为副词性从句。状语从句可分为：（1）时间状语从句（adverbial clause of time）。（2）地点状语从句（adverbial clause of place）。（3）原因状语从句（adverbial clause of cause）。（4）条件状语从句（adverbial clause of condition）。（5）目的状语从句（adverbial clause of purpose）。（6）让步状语从句（adverbial clause of concession）。（7）比较状语从句（adverb

6、ial clause of comparison）。（8）方式状语从句（adverbial clause of manner）。（9）结果状语从句（adverbial clause of result）。三、连词 if 和 when 在不同从句中的区别 例如：Do you know if he will come back next week ? If he comes back, please let me know.I dont know when he will come). I cant wait here any more. When he comes, would you plea

7、se ask him to call me? 第二单元 谓语 一、概念 谓语( predicate)是对主语动作、特征或状态的陈述或说明，指出“做什么”（do what），“是什么”（what is this）或是(怎么样)(how)。在英语中，动词按作用和功能主要分为两大类，一类是谓语动词，另一类是非谓语动词。谓语动词一般由动词的各种时态来体现，因此谓语是表示句子时态的主要手段。 例如： My brother rides his bicycle to work.我哥哥骑自行车上班。(动词rides作谓语动词) I like walking.我喜欢走路。(一般现在时主动语态) I made y

8、our birthday cake last night.昨晚我做好了你的生日蛋糕。 (一般过去时主动语态) It is used by travelers and business people all over the world .全世界旅行者和商人都使用它 (一般现在时被动语态) 二、谓语分类 依据其在句中繁简程度可分为： （一）简单谓语。不论何种时态，语态，语气，凡由一个动词（或动词词组）构成的谓语都是简单谓语。 例如： We PLANT trees in spring every year.我们每年春天都种许多树. The plane TOOK OFF at seven ocloc

9、k.飞机已在7点起飞. （二）复合谓语。可分为两种情况： （1）由助动词+不带to的动词不定式构成的复合谓语。 例如： What does this word mean? 这个单词是什么意思？ I wont do it again. 我不会再做它（指这件事it one more time）。 Ill go and move away the bag 我会移走这个袋子的。 Youd better catch a bus. 你最好乘坐公交车。 （2）由连系动词+表语构成。联系动词后面的成份叫做表语。表语由名词、名词性短语、名词性从句、形容词、形容词性短语等承担。连系动词和表语在意思上紧密联系，不宜

10、分割。 例如： You look the same. 你(们)看起来一样. My pen is in my bag. 我的钢笔在我的书包里。 I felt tired all the time. 我整天感到疲惫. He seemed rather tired last night. 他昨晚看起来相当的累. （3）由情态助动词和连系动词构成。谓语说明主语的动作，状态或特征。 例如： We should become healthy. 我们应该变得健康。（4）由个别情态助动词和一个动词不定式构成。 例如： You ought to take care of him.（5）许多带复合宾语的句子在变成

11、被动结构后,也包含了一个复合谓语。 例如： Jack was seen to swim across the river. 有人看到杰克游过河了。 三、谓语动词和非谓语动词的区别（一）谓语动词在句中可单独作谓语，而非谓语动词不能单独作谓语。 例如： Miss Mary teaches us English.玛丽教我们英语。（teaches 动词作谓语）Mr.Victor came to our classroom to have a talk with us last week.维克托先生上周来到了我们教室和我们谈话。 （to have a talk. 不定式作状语）（二）谓语动词受主语的人称

12、和数的限制，而非谓语动词形式没有这种限制。 例如： Larke likes the pop music. 拉克喜欢流行音乐。 （动词用单数第三人称形式）Larke has nothing to do today.今天拉克没什么事要做。（do 用原形）（三）非谓语动词的特征：如果非谓语动词是及物动词，后面须跟宾语。例如：Studying English is my favorite. 学习英语是我的爱好。（studying 后跟宾语） （四）非谓语动词可以带有自己的状语或逻辑主语。 例如： Working under such a condition is terrible. 在这样的环境下工作

13、太可怕了。(under such a condition 是 working 的状语) Its too difficult for him to master English in such a short time. 他在这么短的时间内掌握英语太难了。（him 作不定式的逻辑主语） （五）非谓语动词仍有语态和时态的变化。 例如： I am sorry to have kept you waiting long. 对不起让你久等了。（to have kept.是不定式的完成形式） Seen from the mountain, the city looks much more beautifu

14、l. 从山上看，这座城市美丽多了。（seen from.是分词的被动形式） （六）非谓语动词在句中可以当成名词或者形容词来使用。 例如： Our coming made him happy. 我们的到来使他很高兴。（coming 起名词作用） There are two big swimming pools here. 这儿有两个大型游泳池。(swimming 起形容词作用) 第二节 名词性从句 第一单元 概述 一、引导名词性从句的引导词 连词。连词在从句中均不充当任何成分。特别注意连词that的用法。引导单一的宾语从句时that常可省略，但引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句时，that不被省

15、略。 例如： That he had failed his English exam made hismother angry. The trouble is that I have forgotten her telephone number. This was not an easy decision. It is, however, a decision that we feel is dictated by our duty.这很难抉择。不过，我们觉得自己有义务作出决定。 I am happy that you passed the exam.that在形容词后面引导原因状语从句，不能

16、用as。 （二）连接代词（9个）。疑问代词在引导名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句）时，都称为连接代词，what、whatever、who、whoever、whom、whomever、whose(不加ever)、which、whichever。连接代词一共九个，即除了whose后不能加“-ever”后缀，其余都行。词义： （1）wh-：表示的是原疑问代词的意义。注意：What可以用作连接代词，既可以指人，也可以指物。指人的时候，What=the person(s) that/who/whom（所的人）。指物的时候，What=the thing(s) which/that（所的物）。值得注

17、意的是，这种用法的what 本身已经包括先行词，所以前面不能再有先行词。也就是说，前面如果有先行词，根据情况用which/that或者that/who/whom；前面如果没有先行词，就要用what。What在从句中可以作为主语、宾语和表语。 例如： That is exactly what he told me.（指物） What has been done can not be undone. （指物） Never pretend to be what you are not. （指人） She is what you call a snob. (=She is the woman that

18、 you call a snob.) （指人） That is the furniture what we want to buy. (错误)-That is the furniture that/which we want to buy.（(正确） 连接代词在从句中可以作为主语、宾语、定语、状语、表语,引起不定式以用作宾语或介词的宾语。 例如： Tell him what to do. 告诉他怎样做。 Lucy cant decide on which to choose. 露西不能决定选哪个好。 They exchanged views on the question of whom to

19、 elect. 他们就该选谁的问题交换了意见。 （2）wh-+ever:无论谁/ 无论哪个(些)/无论什么。ever 主要用于加强语气，含有“一切”、“任何”、“无论”之义。 例如： Whoever breaks the law will be punished. You can take whatever you like. You can take whichever book you like. He does whatever she asks him to do. 她要他做什么，他就做什么。 Ill take whoever wants to go. 谁想去我就带谁去。 Ill gi

20、ve the ticket to whoever wants it. 谁想要这票，我就把它给谁。 Whichever team gains the most points wins. 哪个队得分最多，哪个队就赢。 Take whichever seat you like. 你喜欢坐哪个座位就坐哪个。 I will just say whatever comes into my mind. 我想到什么就说什么。 注意：使用这类词时，注意不要按汉语习惯用错句子结构。 例如： 任何人(谁)先来都可以得到一张票。 误：Anyone comes first can get a ticket. / Who

21、 comes first can get a ticket 正：Anyone who comes first can get a ticket. / Whoever comes first can get a ticket. （3）what 的两种不同用法。请看以下两个句子： I didnt know what he wanted. 我不知道他想要什么。 I gave her what she wanted. 我给了她想要的一切。 上面第一句中的 what 表示“什么”，带有疑问的意味；第二句中的 what 表示“所的一切事或东西”，其意义上大致相当于 that (those) which,

22、the thing (things) that, anything that, all that, as much as等，又如： What =That which you say is quite true. 你说的完全是事实。 He saves what = all that he earns. 他赚多少，积蓄多少。 Call it what = anything that you please. 你喜欢叫它什么就叫它什么。这样用的 what 有时还可后接一个名词：He gave me what money = all the money that he had about him. 他把

23、身上带的钱全给了我。 What friends =All the friends that he has are very poor. 他所有的朋友都很穷。 （三）连接副词（7个）：when、whenever 、where、wherever、how、however、why。连接副词在句中作状语。 （1）词义： wh-、how：表示的是原疑问副词的意义，即：“的时间(the time when)；的地点(the place where)；的原因(the reason why)”；的方式(the way that)。注意：where 作为连接副词：“在什么地方”、 “到哪儿” 、“从哪儿”等。还可

24、以表示一个抽象的地域、位置。例如：He didnt tell me when we should meet again.Could you please tell me how you use the new panel?None of us knows where these new parts can be bought.This room is where I was born. When he will go is unknown. I wonder why he tried to avoid me. This is how we work. wh-/ how -+ever。引导主语从

25、句和宾语从句的区别。wh-表示疑问含义，而wh-ever无论.强调一切情况。whatever=anythingthat、whoever=anyone who、whichever=any.that做题时，我们要认真分析语境，看看句子要表达什么意思。如果表示任何一个人或事物，无范围可言，就用wh-ever;如果有疑问的含义，且指的是具体的人或物，就用wh-。whoever在从句中作主语、表语等；whomever在从句中作宾语。例如：You may invite whomever you like.whatever表示“无论什么”，没有一定的范围限制；whichever表示“无论哪一个、无论哪些”，

26、其后可接一个名词。例如：Eat whichever cake you like.例如：Whoever leaves the room ought to turn off the lights. (Whoever = Anyone who )无论谁最后离开教室都应该把灯关掉。It is generally considered unwise to give a child whatever he or she wants. (whatever = anything that) 人们普遍认为，孩子要什么就给什么是不明智的。Go to stamp sales and buy whatever you

27、 can afford. 到邮票销售点去，把能够买得起的邮票买下来。（2）wh-/ how ever 和no matter wh-/ how的区别。 no matter构成的连词词组。no matter常与疑问代词或疑问副词一起构成连词词组no matter what/who/where/when/which/how引导让步状语从句（从句置于主句前后均可），意为“不管/无论什么、谁、何处、何时、哪一个、如何” 。这种结构=“疑问代词或疑问副词+后缀ever”构成的连接副词。 例如： no matter what = whatever no matter who = whoever no mat

28、ter when = whenever no matter where = wherever no matter which = whichever no matter how = however No matter where you go, you will find Coca-Cola.不管你去哪里,都会有可口可乐。 注意: no matter + wh- 有时可用在句尾而没有动词跟在后面。 例如： Ill always help you, no matter what (happens).不管发生什么事，我都会始终如一地帮你。 1）时态。引导的从句往往用一般现在时或一般过去时。 例如：

29、 No matter who you are, you must obey the rules. 无论你是谁，都应该遵守规则。 2）被修饰的名词、形容词以及副词的位置。no matter what/whose/which修饰名词时，该名词必须紧跟其后；no matter how修饰形容词或副词时，该形容词或副词也必须紧跟其后。 例如： No matter how hard he works, he find it difficult to make ends meet. 无论他多么努力工作，却总是入不敷出。 3）however误区提示：however可以表示转折，译为“然而；不过；仍然”，但是

30、这时为副词词性，而并非连词。 例如： This was not an easy decision. It is, however, a decision that we feel is dictated by our duty这很难抉择。不过，我们觉得自己有义务作出决定。（作为副词） However we adopt healthcare reform, it isnt going to save major amounts of money.不管我们采取何种医疗改革措施，都省不下太多钱。（作为连接副词） 注意“no matter+疑问代词或疑问副词”结构与“疑问代词或疑问副词+ever” 构

31、成的连接副词在用法上的区别。 1）因为两者的意思相同，所以二者可以互换，引导让步状语从句。例如：Whatever (= No matter what) you say, I wont believe you.无论你说什么，我都不相信。Whoever (= No matter who) you are, you have no right to do that.不管你是谁，你都没权那样做。You can take it with you wherever (= no matter where) you go.无论你走到哪里，你都可以带着它。No matter where he may be （=

32、Wherever he may be）, he will be happy. No matter what happened, he would not mind.=Whatever happened, he would not mind. 2）虽然两者的意思相同，但是“疑问代词或疑问副词+ever” 构成的连接副词还可以引导主语从句和宾语从句，而“no matter+疑问词”结构不可以引导主语从句和宾语从句。 例如： Give this book to whoever likes it. I will make friends with whoever shares my interest.

33、 You must hand in whatever youve found. No matter what you say is of no use now. （错）-Whatever you say is of no use now. （对）你现在说什么也没用了。 Prisoners have to eat no matter what theyre given. （错）-Prisoners have to eat whatever theyre given. （对）囚犯们只能给什么吃什么。 第二单元 主语及主语从句 一、概念 主语（subject ）是句子叙述的主体，说明是谁或什么等。表

34、示句子说的是什么人、“什么事”、“什么东西”、“什么地方”等等，是一句话的中心，一般放在句首。 二、主语成分 主语可由名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、不定式、动名词和主语从句等来承担。 （一）名词、代词作主语 例如： Beijing is the capital of our country.北京是我国的首都。 (名词Beijing作主语)She is fond of sports.她爱好运动。(代词She作主语) （二）动词不定式、动名词作主语 例如： To learn English is not easy.Learning English is not easy. 注意： （1）在现代

35、英语中，比直接用动词不定式或者动名词作主语更多一些的是用it来代替它们，而将它们置于句末。这样的句子结构更加清晰、稳重。这种it通常称为语法主语。 以上句子可以变为： It is not easy to learn English.It is not easy learning English. （2）当主语是一个从句时，这种it的用法更为常见。 例如： That they have lost the chance is a pity.= It is a pity that they have lost the chance. （三） “疑问词+不定式”的结构，也可以作为主语。 例如： How

36、 to use the computer is the question.Where to get a computer is another problem. （四）数词作为主语。 例如： Two and six is eight. （五）名词化的形容词作为主语。“the形容词（或过去分词）”结构充当主语时，如表示一类可数的人或事物时，用复数谓语；如表示一类不可数的事物或少数过去分词与定冠词连用时指个别，则用单数。这类词往往有：the brave、 the poor、 the rich、 the blind,、the young、 the old、 the sick、the dead、the

37、 deaf and dumb、 the sgreeable、 the oppressed、the injured、the wounded、the unemployed等。 例如： The rich are for the plan, but the poor are against it. 富人赞成这项计划，但穷人反对这项计划。 （六） 以从句作为主语。 三、主语从句 （一）概念。如果直接以名词性从句作为主语，那么这个主语就被称为主语从句（subject clause）。主语从句作用相当于名词。主语从句的时态：不受主句的时态影响和限制。主语从句的句序：（1）主语从句+谓语。（2）It（形主）+

38、that （真主）。 （二）引导词。引导主语从句的引导词不可省略。主语从句通常由下列引导词引导： （1）用连词that、whether引导。 充当主语的句子，如果是陈述句，用that引导。连词that无含义，只起连接作用，在句中不做成分,但是不可以省。 例如： That you will win the medal seems unlikely.你想获得奖牌看起来是不可能的。 That you are so indifferent bothers me.你如此冷淡使我很烦恼。 That she survived the accident is a miracle.她在事故中幸免于难简直是奇迹。

39、 充当主语的句子，如果是一般疑问句，用连词 whether 引导。引导主语从句的whether有含义(是否),在句中不做成分, 不可以省。注意：只用whether引导主语从句，不用if引导主语从句。如果用连词 whether 引导一般疑问句，需要先将疑问句的倒装语序变成陈述句语序，然后在句首加上whether，以保留原句的疑问意义。 例如： Whether she is coming or not doesnt matter too much.她来不来都无关紧要。 （2）用连接代词引导。充当主语的句子，如果是特殊疑问句，用连接代词what、whatever、who、whoever、whom、w

40、homever、whose (不加whosever)、which、whichever引导主语从句。在由这些连接代词引导的主语从句中，连接代词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义，又起连接作用，在从句中充当主语的成分。如果用连接代词引导特殊疑问句，需要先将特殊疑问句的倒装语序变成陈述句语序。 注：whom、who指人；what指物；whatever、whoever表示泛指意义。 例如： What he wants to tell us is not clear. 他要跟我们说什么，还不清楚。 Whatever we do is to serve the people.我们无论做什么都是为人民服务。 Who

41、 will win the match is still unknown. 谁能赢得这场比赛还不得而知。 Whoever knows the secret mustnt tell others. Whom we must study for is a question of great importance.“我们为谁而学习”是个很重要的问题。 Whomeveryourecommend will help me a lot. （3）用连接副词引导。充当主语的句子，如果是特殊疑问句，用连接副词when、whenever、where、wherever、how、however、why引导主语从句。在

42、由这些连接副词引导的主语从句中，连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用，在从句中充当主语的成分。如果用连接副词引导特殊疑问句，需要先将疑问句的倒装语序变成陈述句语序。 例如： Where we should leave it is a problem. Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced. 英语晚会将在哪里举行，还没有宣布。 When they will come hasnt been made pubic.他们什么时候来还不知道。 （三）It做形式主语代替主语从句。有时为了避免头重脚轻，

43、经常用it 做形式主语代替主语从句放于句首, 而将主语从句放在句末（尤其是当谓语较短时）。主语从句后的谓语动词用单数形式。That 引导的主语从句可以用it代替，that不可以省略。 例如： That light travels in straight lines is known to all.光沿直线传播，这是众所周知的事。=It is known to all that light travels in straight lines. 众所周知光沿直线传播。 When the plane is to take off has not been announced .飞机何时起飞还没有宣布

44、。= It has not been announced when the plane is to take off.还没有宣布飞机何时起飞。 Has it been settled who will be sent to carry out the task ?谁将被派去执行这项任务决定了吗 ？ It is not important who will go. It is still unknown which team will win the match. 注意：当what引导的主语从句表示“的东西、人、事”时，不用it作形式主语。 例如： 错:It is a book what he

45、wants.对:What he wants is a book. 他想要的是本书。 注意: 注意：主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气的时候，如果用在用It做形式主语代替主语从句，谓语动词要用虚拟语气“（should）+do”。常用的句型有：（1）It is necessary (important/natural/strange,etc)that（2）It is a pity (a shame/no wonder, etc) that（3）It is suggested (requested/proposed/desired,etc.)that四、固定用法和译法。（一）主语从

46、句置后。常用句型如下：（1）It is +名词+ that从句（属于主系表结构）。例如：It is a fact that 事实上是；It is a good thing that 好在；It is the case that 事实是；It is a common knowledge that 众所周知；It is no good that 是没有益处的；It is no wonder that难怪 ；It is no use that 是没有用的；It is no harm that 是没有害处；It is a blessing that 幸运的是；It is a wonder that 令

47、人惊奇的是；It is a surprise that 令人惊讶的是；It is a problem that问题是；It is good news that 是好消息；It is a question that 是个问题；It is common knowledge that 是常识。It is a pity/shame that 遗憾的是；It is a pity that we lost the match. It is a fact that he cheated in the exam.It is a mystery to me how it all happened.这一切是怎么发

48、生的是个谜。It is common knowledge that the whale is not a fish.鲸鱼不是鱼，这是常识。It is no surprise that Bob should have won the game.鲍勃会赢得这场比赛，这不足为奇。It is known to us how he became a writer. 我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。（2）It is +形容词+ that从句（属于主系表结构）。例如：It is necessary（unnecessary） that 有（没有）必要；It is clear/apparent that 显然

49、；It is likely（unlikely） that 很（没有）可能；It is important that 重要的是；It is obvious that 很明显It is possible(impossible) that 是有（没有）可能的；It is desirable that 是最好的；It is good（wonderful）that 是很好；It is preferable that 最好；It is probable that 很有可能；It is essential that 是必不可少的It is notable that 值得注意的是It is evident t

50、hat 显然It is obvious that 显然It is natural that 是很自然的；It is bad that 是不应该的；It is true that 确实 ；It is doubtfull that 是值得怀疑的；It is advisable that 最好It is satisfactory that 令人满意的是It is conceivable that 是可以想象的；It is questionable that 值得怀疑的；It is certain that 可以肯定的是It is worth-while that 是值得的；It is reporte

51、d that 20 people were killed in the air crash.It is obvious that conductors and insulators are both important in industry.很明显导体和绝缘体在工业中都很重要。It is doubtful whether she will be able to come.她是否能来令人怀疑。It was really astonishing that he refused to talk to you .他拒绝和你说话真是令人惊讶。It is essential that he should

52、 be here by the weekend .周末之前，他应该到这里是必要的。It is noticed that there are more and more companies following suit and starting to do that business, though they know it is risky business.注意：It is necessary important naturalclear/right/strange/true/good/wonderful/quite/unusual/evident/worth-white/ surprisi

53、ng /interesting/astonishing/doubtful/essential/. that这类主语从句中，谓语动词很多为（should )+动词原形。例如：It is suggested that we should eat more vegetable and do more exercise.（3）It is +过去分词+ that从句（属于主系表结构）。这些动词有advised有人说/announced据宣布/considered据认为/decided作出决定/found out据查明/heard有人听说/hoped有人希望/ordered根据命令/pointed out

54、有人指出/remembered有人记得/told据告知/thought有人认为/turned out结果/well known/estimated/expected/hoped/noted/required/demanded/made clear/discussed/ believedIt is said that. 据说 It is known to all that. 众所周知 It is reported that. 据报道 It is believed that.据信;人们相信 It is suggested that + (should）do. 建议It must be admitt

55、ed that必须承认 It cannot be denied that 不可否认 It must be pointed out that需指出的是 It is thought that 人们认为；It is accepted that 可以接受的是；It has been proved that 已证明；It must be proved that 必须指出It is proposed that. 有人提出 It is assumed that. 人们假定 It is felt that. 人们感到 It is found that. 人们发现 It is understood that.

56、不用说 It is pointed out that. 有人指出 It is declared that. 据宣称 It is mentioned that. 据说 It is estimated that. 据估计 It is stressed that. 有人强调说 It is expected/hoped that. 人们希望 It is predicated that. 根据预测 It is reputed that. 人们认为 It is noteded that. 有人指出 It is asserted that. 有人主张 It is written that. 据记载 It i

57、s stated that. 据称 It can be seen that. 可以看出 It has been found that. 据发现 It will be said that. 可以看出 It is claimed that. 有人宣称 It is allegeded that. 据称 It has been illustrated that. 据图示 It is noticed that. 人们注意到 It is supposed that. 据推测 It has been proved that. 现已证实 It has been objected that. 有人反驳 It s

58、hould be pointed out that. 必须指出 It must be admitted that. 必须承认 It has been calculated that. 据计算 It can not be denied that. 据计算 例如：It is thought that he is the best player.大家都认为他是最好的选手。It is estimated that the vase is 2000 years old.据估计这个花瓶有2000年的历史。It is used to be thought that a new star must be du

59、e to a collision between two stars. 过去一直认为新星是由于两颗星星之间碰撞产生的。It has not been made clear when the new road is to be opened to traffic.还没弄清楚这条路将开始通车。（4）It +特殊及物动词+ that从句。例如：It shocked me that Peter did not tell anybody where he was.让我吃惊的是彼得没有告诉任何人他在哪里。It does not interest me whether you go or not.我对你去不

60、去不感兴趣。 (5)it+特殊不及物动词+that 从句。主语从句不可提前。例如：It seems that看起来It appear that显得It happened that 碰巧It follows that由此可见It may be that可能是It sounds that听起来It turns out that其结果是It occurred to me that我突然想起It occurs that想到It stands to reason that.是有道理的It doesnt matter if/that 没关系（无所谓）It makes no difference that