剑桥商务第二册第7,8,9,课aa外贸du

1、1234 5 Very often in business situations you may find yourself having to talk about money with suppliers and customers. You may be physically handling money or dealing with figures（数字）（数字） and money on paper. If you work in the accounts department （财务部）（财务部）of a firm you may have to fill invoices fo

2、r your customers orders. Or you may have to send a customer a reminder（催函）（催函） because they have not paid an invoice. You may even have to decide whether customers can have further credit （赊帐）（赊帐）and can delay paying their outstanding bills; this is called “credit assessment（信用评估）（信用评估）”. If you are

3、 working in international6trade, you may need to be familiar with the different types of payment that exist. In most large and middle-sized firms here is an Accounts Department which deals with the money paid out to suppliers for goods delivered and the money received from customers for goods suppli

4、ed. 在国际贸易中，出口一方，就是债权人；进口一方就是债务人。在在国际贸易中，出口一方，就是债权人；进口一方就是债务人。在债权人与债务人清偿与款项收付时，虽然时间长短不同，但必须通过一债权人与债务人清偿与款项收付时，虽然时间长短不同，但必须通过一定的渠道，采用一定的方式与工具，以及一定的方式进行。定的渠道，采用一定的方式与工具，以及一定的方式进行。 目前进出口贸易的清算方式很多，而且不断在发展；具体主要是：目前进出口贸易的清算方式很多，而且不断在发展；具体主要是： 1 汇款汇款(remittance) 2 托收托收(collecting) 3 信用证信用证 其中信用证，是在汇款和托收基础上发

5、展完善起来的，它不但解其中信用证，是在汇款和托收基础上发展完善起来的，它不但解决了结算方面很多不能解决的困难，还达到进出口双方均属平等互利安决了结算方面很多不能解决的困难，还达到进出口双方均属平等互利安全可靠的要求。信用证有光票信用证与跟单信用证。主要以票据为主。全可靠的要求。信用证有光票信用证与跟单信用证。主要以票据为主。或附有一定的货运单据，作为资金的支付与容通的根据或证明。与信用或附有一定的货运单据，作为资金的支付与容通的根据或证明。与信用证有关的目前还有保证书及备用信用证。证有关的目前还有保证书及备用信用证。71. Remittance 汇款结算方式：指汇款人委托银行将款项汇交给收款人

6、的一种结汇款结算方式：指汇款人委托银行将款项汇交给收款人的一种结算方式。算方式。汇款方式的当事人有四个：汇款方式的当事人有四个：1） 汇款人汇款人 a remitter 2） 收款人和受益人收款人和受益人 a remittee 3） 汇出行：汇出行：Remitting bank 4） 汇款行汇款行: Remittance Bank 8托收（托收（Collecting） 是出口人在是出口人在货物货物装运后，开装运后，开具以进口方为付款人的具以进口方为付款人的汇票汇票（随附或不随付货运（随附或不随付货运单据），委托出口地银行通过它在进口地的分行单据），委托出口地银行通过它在进口地的分行或代理行代出

7、口人收取货款一种结算方式。属于或代理行代出口人收取货款一种结算方式。属于商业信用，采用的是逆汇法。商业信用，采用的是逆汇法。91.委托人(Principal) 2.托收银行(Remitting Bank) 3.代收银行(Collecting Bank) 4.提示行(Presenting Bank) 5.付款人(Drawee) 6.需要时代理（Principals representative in case of need) 托收的关系方 1011 国与国之间交往除了各国法律，还有国际商法、国际贸易法、国与国之间交往除了各国法律，还有国际商法、国际贸易法、银行法以及票据法都要了解；另外，由于国

8、际结算主要业务是托收银行法以及票据法都要了解；另外，由于国际结算主要业务是托收与信用证（包括保证书等），因此对托收信用证等项下各当事人的与信用证（包括保证书等），因此对托收信用证等项下各当事人的权利义务、各种票据的内容与要求、特别是对各种有关名词、条款权利义务、各种票据的内容与要求、特别是对各种有关名词、条款的解释，要有比较一致的规定，以便发生纠纷或冲突时，可以得到的解释，要有比较一致的规定，以便发生纠纷或冲突时，可以得到比较合理公平的解决。这就是国际商会比较合理公平的解决。这就是国际商会（International Chamber of Commerce简称简称ICC）所制定出版的各项规则与

9、惯所制定出版的各项规则与惯例：国际贸易术语解释通则例：国际贸易术语解释通则(International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms，简称简称Incoterms,是对一般贸是对一般贸易方面共同的规定易方面共同的规定)；托收统一规则；托收统一规则(Uniform Rules for Collection)以及跟单信用证统一惯例以及跟单信用证统一惯例(Uniform Customs and Practice for Commercial Documentary Letters of Credit)。国际商会制定出版的各项规则与惯例国际商会制

10、定出版的各项规则与惯例12Bill of Exchange /Drafta A bill of exchange is an unconditional order in writing addressed by one person ( the drawer) to another (the drawee) signed by the person giving it requiring the person to whom it is addressed (the drawee, who when he signs becomes the Acceptor) to pay on deman

11、d, or at fixed or determinable future time a sum certain in money to or the order of a specified person,or to bearer (the payee). 英国票据法关于汇票的定义是：汇票是由一人（出票汇票是由一人（出票人向另一人（付款人）签发的，要求付款人即期或定期或在可人向另一人（付款人）签发的，要求付款人即期或定期或在可确定的将来时间，对某人或其指定人或持票人支付一定金额的确定的将来时间，对某人或其指定人或持票人支付一定金额的无条件书面支付命令。无条件书面支付命令。13Example:

12、At_ sight of this First of Exchange (Second Exchange being unpaid) pay to the order of Bank of China the sum of U.S. DOLLARS TWENTY ONE THOUSAND FIVE HUNDRED AND THIRTY EIGHT AND CENTS FORTY FOUR ONLY.TO: M/S. Noorani Agency CNMIE CORP.14wThere are several methods of payment in foreign trade: 1. CWO

13、（随定单付现）（随定单付现）-cash with order:Note that cash simply means money in this context. This method is uncommon since you extend credit to your supplier; in addition you run the risk（冒险）（冒险） that the goods will not be dispatched（发送）（发送） in accordance with the contract terms（合同条款）（合同条款）. But this is usual

14、with mail order（邮（邮购）购）, where you pay by Eurocheque or cheque /by check or by using a credit card. In business, CWO contracts often include provision for partial advance15 payments（预付部分货款）（预付部分货款） in the form of deposit (normally between 10%and 20% of contract price). Or they include progress payme

15、nts（阶段付款；分期付款）（阶段付款；分期付款） at various stages of manufacture(particularly for capital goods). Then the remainder of the payment is usually made by one of the methods described below. 2. Open Account: This is simple agreement in which you agree to pay for the goods after you have received them,usually

16、on a monthly basis. There are various ways in which you can send money to your suppliers under open account. Your suppliers may suggest the method to be used, for example: Check/cheque: this is usually slowest method of payment. Your suppliers may have charges from their own bank and also from banks

17、 in your country since a check16has to be cleared（兑现）（兑现） through the international banking system before they receive credit. Different banks have different methods and this could take as long as a month. For these reasons your suppliers may not accept payment by check. Bankers draft（银行汇票）（银行汇票）: y

18、ou can arrange for your bank to issue a draft, which is a kind of check,drawn on an overseas bank in either sterling or foreign currency（外汇）（外汇）. You send this direct to your suppliers who pay it into their bank account. Then they will usually receive immediate credit.Telegraphic Transfer（电汇）（电汇）: T

19、his is fastest method of sending money abroad but costs a little more than most other methods of transferring money. Your bank instructs an overseas bank, by cable or telex, to pay a stated amount of money to your suppliers. Your own or17foreign currency may be sent in this way. If you wish, the ove

20、rseas bank can be instructed to inform your suppliers as soon as the money arrives. International Payment Order（国际支付委托书）（国际支付委托书）: You can arrange for your bank to instruct on overseas bank to make payment to your supplier, by airmail. International Payment Order are slower than Telegraphic transfer

21、, but they are slightly cheaper because there are no cable cost.International Money Orders（国际汇款单）（国际汇款单）: These can be purchased from your bank. You post the money order to your suppliers and they receive immediate credit from their bank in the same way as with a draft. This is a very cheap and simp

22、le way to make payment of relatively small amounts.183. Documentary Bill of Exchange（跟单汇票）（跟单汇票）: this is popular way arrange payment and offers benefits for both you and your suppliers. The main advantage is that you are not required to make payment until your suppliers have dispatched the goods. Y

23、our suppliers are protected by law and also know that money owing against bills of exchange can easily be obtained. It is in effect a demand for payment from your suppliers. They will draw it up（开（开 汇票）汇票） on a specially printed form or on their own headed notepaper（有抬头的信纸）（有抬头的信纸） and forward（寄送）（寄

24、送） it to their bank, together with the documents relating to the transaction, these may include a transport document proving that the goods have been dispatched.19The overseas bank will send the bill and documents to a bank in your country for “collection”. Your bank will notify（通知）（通知） you of the a

25、rrival of the document and will pass them on to you based on the following two requirements: If the bill is drawn “at the sight (即期付款；见票付款）即期付款；见票付款）”, you pay amount of the bill in full（全部付清）（全部付清） when it is presented to you. If the bill is drawn payable（应付的）（应付的） after a certain number of days, y

26、ou “accept” the bill. It means that you sign across the bill your agreement to pay the amount in full on the due date.20pound note dollar bill spreadsheet gross profit annual rate of profit handling charge interest charge operating profits a string of prestige brand names net profit downturn overall

27、 group sales operating income marginal increase bone the brunt economic slowdown air waybill Unit 7 Money Matters This unit gives opportunities to use an practise monetary English in some of most relevant settings. These including”dealing with figures,” “invoicing and billing customers,” “using Lett

28、er of Credit,” “reminding a customer of non-payment” and dealing with “credit assessment” of customers. 21Accounts dealing with money coming in and going out from a firmPurchasing invoices RECEIVE from supplier payment-cheques,etc. SEND OUT to supplier (you pay the invoice) Sales invoices SEND OUT t

29、o supplier payment-cheques,etc. RECEIVE from a customer (you invoice the customer) Two of the most important processes are paying suppliers and billing or controlling credit of customers. It is normal to send a proforma invoice in advance when supplying goods to a customer. In a situation in which t

30、he customer is known and reliable,firms may send an invoice after the delivery. 22A. Explain what the following pictures provide.B. Dictate the figures in pairs.C. Listen and do 1 and 2D. Make phone calls according to the directions. credit control（信贷管理），（信贷管理）， assess， assign a credit limit， pay-by

31、 date bank references（银行资信调查证明），（银行资信调查证明），factoring（代理业务），（代理业务），face value（票面价值），（票面价值），bottom of the pile interest charge recover（复苏）（复苏） 23Cash: cash is a tangible money asset. It is shown in the current assets on the balance sheet. 现金一般指现钞、铸币加上银行的存款。但从广义上讲，不仅现金一般指现钞、铸币加上银行的存款。但从广义上讲，不仅 指现金，而且也指

32、随时可以变成现金的东西，如可转让票据。指现金，而且也指随时可以变成现金的东西，如可转让票据。Cash flow: cash flow statements show the flows of cash into and out of the business. 资金流动资金流动 ：现金流量指一个企业收付现金的数量并表明：现金流量指一个企业收付现金的数量并表明 受付净额。它与损益计算书中的数字往往不一致。采用受付净额。它与损益计算书中的数字往往不一致。采用 权责发生制会计处理方式时，还要列上固定资产折旧或权责发生制会计处理方式时，还要列上固定资产折旧或 自然资源折耗。自然资源折耗。 他们是会计处

33、理的减项，并不付出现金。他们是会计处理的减项，并不付出现金。 企业根据现金收付净额才能对下一步大量现金支出项目企业根据现金收付净额才能对下一步大量现金支出项目 作出决策。作出决策。Fiscal year 财政年度财政年度 会计年度会计年度 指任何连续指任何连续12个月构成的政府财政和个月构成的政府财政和 企业财务执行年度，例如美国财政年度从企业财务执行年度，例如美国财政年度从10月月1日起至来年日起至来年 9月月30日止，英国的财政年度由日止，英国的财政年度由4月月6日到来年的日到来年的4月月5日。日。24Balance sheet: written record of money recei

34、ved and paid out. 资产负债表：资产平衡表是表示企业一定时点的财务资产负债表：资产平衡表是表示企业一定时点的财务 状况状况资产、负债、资本的状况资产、负债、资本的状况的报表。资产表明的报表。资产表明 企业拥有财产，负债和资本表明企业筹措资金的来源。企业拥有财产，负债和资本表明企业筹措资金的来源。 资产负债表的计算结构是：资产资产负债表的计算结构是：资产=负债负债+资本。在一资本。在一 般情况下，资产负债表是指企业在会计期末编制的结般情况下，资产负债表是指企业在会计期末编制的结 帐性资产负债表。帐性资产负债表。Franchise 免赔额免赔额 免赔限度免赔限度 免赔百分比免赔百分

35、比 指在海上货物保险中，保指在海上货物保险中，保 险人对于微量损害未达到一定额度或比例者，不予赔偿险人对于微量损害未达到一定额度或比例者，不予赔偿, 但但 损害超过该免赔额时，则全数补偿，不再考虑免赔额。根据损害超过该免赔额时，则全数补偿，不再考虑免赔额。根据 跟单信用证统一惯例跟单信用证统一惯例(uniform customs and practices UCP)第第 四十条规定除信用证特别规定不论损害百分比多少皆须理陪四十条规定除信用证特别规定不论损害百分比多少皆须理陪 的保险外，银行将接受载有免赔额或自负额的保险单。的保险外，银行将接受载有免赔额或自负额的保险单。25Bill of ex

36、change:(汇票）国际贸易中最普遍使用的信用工具，是发票人汇票）国际贸易中最普遍使用的信用工具，是发票人 （通常为出口方）开出的、要求受票人（即付款人，通（通常为出口方）开出的、要求受票人（即付款人，通 常为进口方或其指定的银行）见票即付，或在指定的常为进口方或其指定的银行）见票即付，或在指定的 日期或在可以确定的日期对受款人（通常为出口方或日期或在可以确定的日期对受款人（通常为出口方或 其代理行）支付一定金额的无条件书面付款命令。根其代理行）支付一定金额的无条件书面付款命令。根 据汇票的不同特征，汇票又分为：即期汇票和远期汇据汇票的不同特征，汇票又分为：即期汇票和远期汇 票、商业汇票和银

37、行汇票商业承兑汇票和银行承兑汇票、商业汇票和银行汇票商业承兑汇票和银行承兑汇 票、跟单汇票和光票等。票、跟单汇票和光票等。 Bill of lading:提单提单 缩写为缩写为B/L ，通常指海运提单。它是由船长或运，通常指海运提单。它是由船长或运 输代理人签发的、证明收到特定货物并承诺将货物运输代理人签发的、证明收到特定货物并承诺将货物运 往指定目的地交与收货人的凭证。其性质与作用是：往指定目的地交与收货人的凭证。其性质与作用是： 货物收据、运输合同的证明和物权凭证。货物收据、运输合同的证明和物权凭证。26credit control（信贷控制）（信贷控制） 中央银行或货币当局对信贷所施加中

38、央银行或货币当局对信贷所施加 的限制。如美国联邦储备银行通过以下一些措施的限制。如美国联邦储备银行通过以下一些措施 对信贷加以控制：规定法定资本金比率，规定再对信贷加以控制：规定法定资本金比率，规定再 贴现率，公开市场业务。贴现率，公开市场业务。bank references/credit reference（银行资信调查证明）银（银行资信调查证明）银 行代客户或代理行征询有行代客户或代理行征询有 关企业信用状况或经营状关企业信用状况或经营状 况的复信。银行只对其它况的复信。银行只对其它 银行或信誉良好的贸易机银行或信誉良好的贸易机 构的询问做出解答，并仔构的询问做出解答，并仔 细考虑和采取机

39、智的措辞，细考虑和采取机智的措辞， 使用能够表达正确印象的使用能够表达正确印象的 词语，而不伤害顾客的声词语，而不伤害顾客的声 誉。誉。credit insurance （信贷保险）承保借款人破产、违约、不履（信贷保险）承保借款人破产、违约、不履 行债务的信用风险的保险。被保人（贷款人）行债务的信用风险的保险。被保人（贷款人） 在承保事故发生而遭到损害时，可向保险人在承保事故发生而遭到损害时，可向保险人 要求赔偿。要求赔偿。27Documentary bill for collection(跟单托收）是光票托收的对称。跟单托收）是光票托收的对称。Clean bill/draft（光票）也称（光

40、票）也称“清洁汇票清洁汇票”。指不附带单据的票据。如。指不附带单据的票据。如 汇票不附带提货单、运单、保险单等单据。汇票不附带提货单、运单、保险单等单据。Factoring（代理业务）主要是指承购应收帐款业务。它是一种国际贸（代理业务）主要是指承购应收帐款业务。它是一种国际贸 易资金融通方式。具体作法是：货物销售者（卖方）首先易资金融通方式。具体作法是：货物销售者（卖方）首先 与承购机构建立关系，然后将卖方的往来客户名单和有关与承购机构建立关系，然后将卖方的往来客户名单和有关 资料交给承购组织，承购机构经过资信调查，认为其中若资料交给承购组织，承购机构经过资信调查，认为其中若 干家企业公司的信

41、用可靠，即同意对它们采用承购应收帐干家企业公司的信用可靠，即同意对它们采用承购应收帐 款方式，进行出口贸易。卖方根据合同将货物备齐托运后，款方式，进行出口贸易。卖方根据合同将货物备齐托运后， 将有关货运单据交承购组织，承购机构接到单据审核无误将有关货运单据交承购组织，承购机构接到单据审核无误 后，付给卖方部分价款，然后再凭有关单据在帐款到期时后，付给卖方部分价款，然后再凭有关单据在帐款到期时 向货物购买者（买方）收取全部货款，并补足卖方全部货向货物购买者（买方）收取全部货款，并补足卖方全部货 款。款。Documents against payment D/P （付款交单）是国际买卖结算中跟单（

42、付款交单）是国际买卖结算中跟单 托收的一种。指卖方交出货运单据是托收的一种。指卖方交出货运单据是 买方付款的条件。有买方付款的条件。有两种两种做法：做法： 281）即期付款交单）即期付款交单(documents against payment at sight, D/P at sight)卖卖 方开出即期汇票连同货运单据委托银行向买方索取货款，买方见票方开出即期汇票连同货运单据委托银行向买方索取货款，买方见票 后马上付清货款，取得货运单据。后马上付清货款，取得货运单据。2）远期付款交单）远期付款交单(documents against payment at usance, D/P at usa

43、nce)卖方开立远期汇票连同货运单据委托银行向买方索取货款。卖方开立远期汇票连同货运单据委托银行向买方索取货款。 银行在买方承兑远期汇票后，保留单据，待汇票到期时，再向买方银行在买方承兑远期汇票后，保留单据，待汇票到期时，再向买方 作付款提示，买方付款后才能取得货运单据。作付款提示，买方付款后才能取得货运单据。Document against payment at sight (D/P at sight)即期付款交单即期付款交单 是远期付款交单的对称。付款交单方式的一种。即期付是远期付款交单的对称。付款交单方式的一种。即期付款交单是指单据寄到进口地代收银行后，由代收银行提示付款人见票，款交单是

44、指单据寄到进口地代收银行后，由代收银行提示付款人见票，付款人审核有关单据无误立即付款，代收银行随即把货运单据交给进口付款人审核有关单据无误立即付款，代收银行随即把货运单据交给进口方。方。Documents against payment at usance, （ D/P at usance )远期付款交单远期付款交单 是即期付款交单的对称，付款交单方式的一种。代收银是即期付款交单的对称，付款交单方式的一种。代收银行在收到远期跟单汇票后向付款人提示承兑，于付款到期日由付款人付行在收到远期跟单汇票后向付款人提示承兑，于付款到期日由付款人付清货款赎回单据。远期付款在付款人承兑汇票后，不能立即得到单据

45、并清货款赎回单据。远期付款在付款人承兑汇票后，不能立即得到单据并提取货物，实际上是对承兑人的不信任。这种方式，付款人一般不接受。提取货物，实际上是对承兑人的不信任。这种方式，付款人一般不接受。29Recover（复苏）商业循环中继萧条后的一个阶段。总体经济活动越过萧条（复苏）商业循环中继萧条后的一个阶段。总体经济活动越过萧条的最低点后而恢复增长的阶段。其主要表现是：市场逐渐活跃，物的最低点后而恢复增长的阶段。其主要表现是：市场逐渐活跃，物价上升，利润提高，投资增加，生意逐渐恢复到前一个商业循环高价上升，利润提高，投资增加，生意逐渐恢复到前一个商业循环高点的水平，失业逐渐减少而就业逐渐增加。点的

46、水平，失业逐渐减少而就业逐渐增加。Clean bill for collection（光票托收）跟单托收的对称。是托收结算（光票托收）跟单托收的对称。是托收结算方式的一种。指债权人或受益人将票据提交给当地托收银行，委托方式的一种。指债权人或受益人将票据提交给当地托收银行，委托当地托收银行向异地代收行或付款行收款的方式。光票托收的汇票，当地托收银行向异地代收行或付款行收款的方式。光票托收的汇票，根据付款时间不同，分为即期和远期付款两根据付款时间不同，分为即期和远期付款两 种。光票托收主要用于种。光票托收主要用于收取非贸易项下的各种款项和出口货款及其从属费用。收取非贸易项下的各种款项和出口货款及其

47、从属费用。Documents against acceptance D/A（承兑交单）是国际买卖结算中跟单托收的一种。其做法为：卖方（承兑交单）是国际买卖结算中跟单托收的一种。其做法为：卖方交运货物，取得货运单据后，开立远期汇票连同所附单据交给银行交运货物，取得货运单据后，开立远期汇票连同所附单据交给银行托收。在进口国的托收银行向买方提示汇票时，买方一经承兑，即托收。在进口国的托收银行向买方提示汇票时，买方一经承兑，即可从代收行取得货运单据，待汇票到期时在支取票款。可从代收行取得货运单据，待汇票到期时在支取票款。307.2 1 Read the passage and do 2 and 3 s

48、ome information in the invoice and papers (for reference only)seller(in this case when only refer to as the seller and buyer)=consigner（卖方（卖方=发货人）发货人） consignee=buyer： (受货人受货人=买方）买方） Vat : a tax added to the price of an article,and paid by the buyer to the seller,who then pays it to the governmentPa

49、yment against sight draft:见汇票即付见汇票即付ASAP /asap: as soon as possible 汇票汇票sight draftsight billdemand draftdemand bill: These are the same one that is payable on sight of the documents or on first presentation of the title documents to him by his bank. 即期汇票即期汇票 指付指付款人在见票（款人在见票（at sight）、提示（）、提示（on pre

50、sentation）或）或要求（要求（on demand）时即付款的汇票）时即付款的汇票 317.3 B Work in pair to do file 18 (seller) and file 48 (buyer) C Answer the letter from Julio Martinez you received three days after you contacted him32Model letter or fax Frigorifico Ameglio S.A.Colonia 1023MontevideoUruguay20 February 2003Ref: Customer

51、 No: 645Dear Mr Martinez,Account No. 645/A6D/03764 Invoice No.04276We refer to your letter of 14 February 2003,concerning the payment of Invoice No. 04276. FINNTEC P.O. Box 325 SF-33200 Tampere FINLAND33As you state in your letter, the sum of $81,648.00 was incorrectly entered into the invoice. Sinc

52、e our accounts department has recently received new computing equipment we can only conclude that the error occurred before the program had been fully tested.The correct amount due for the 25 gross actually delivered is $5,832.00. This means the difference now due is $648.00.We apologize for any inc

53、onvenience we may have caused you and look forward to doing further business with you in the future.Yours sincerely,G. AaltioG. AaltioG. AaltioAccounts Department347.3 D draft a confirmation to buyer, Mr Julio Martinez for receiving his letter according to file 85（指出错误说明欠款）（指出错误说明欠款）.1. Original quo

54、ted goods at $1.6 each, now changed to $1.82. Finntec hasnt received the payment3. Theseller -Finntec delivered 25 instead of 35, but billed 354. Accounts Department of buyer SA paid 25 at $1.6 each $1.6x25=$5760 $5760-$5760 x10% (discount)=$5184 (in total)5. The seller billed 35 at new price $1.8 e

55、ach,so: $1.8x35=$9072 $9072-S9072x10%(discount) =$8164.8(in total)6According to Julio Martinez-the buyer later decimal error invoice: $816487. Virtually,correct sum for 25 at the new price =$1.8x25-$1.8x25x10%=$6480-$6480 x10%=$5832 $5832-5184=684 35 FINNTEC P.O. Box 325 SF-33200 Tampere FINLANDFrig

56、orifico Ameglio S.A.Colonia 1023MontevideoUruguay20 February 2003Ref: Customer No: 645Dear Mr Martinez,Account No. 645/A6D/03764As you requested we are acknowledging in writing the payment made36on the sum outstanding.We thank you for your remittance of $ 648.00.Once more our sincere apologies for a

57、ny inconvenience we may have caused.Yours sincerely, G. AaltioG. AaltioG. AaltioAccounts Department37 The irrevocable letter of credit is most commonly used method of payment for imports. Exporters can be sure that they will be paid when they dispatched the goods and importers have proof that the go

58、ods have been dispatched according to their instructions. The “letter” is an inter-bank communication. Then two banks take full shipment and payments are in order.1 Importer and exporter agree a sales contract and the terms of the Documentary Credit.2Importer ask their bank to open a Documentary Cre

59、dit in the exporter”s favor.383 The importers bank(the issuing bank) sends a Letter of Credit to a bank in the exporters country(the advising bank).4 The exporter presents the shipping documents to the advising bank as proof that the shipment has been dispatched. If everything is in order, they are

60、paid.5The advising bank sends the documents to the issuing bank.6 The advising bank sends the documents to the importer, who uses them to obtain delivery of the goods. 39 不可撤消信用证不可撤消信用证 指一经开出并由通知行通知受益人指一经开出并由通知行通知受益人之后，开证行便承担了按规定付款义务的信用证在信用证之后，开证行便承担了按规定付款义务的信用证在信用证有效期内，非经受益人同意，开证行不得撤消或修改信用有效期内，非经受益