托福阅读插入句子题讲义

1、托福阅读插入句子题讲义插入句子题是IBT阅读中的新题性。这类标题题目是给出一句话让我们来判定这句话应加入一个段落中四个方块的哪个部门，用鼠标双击所选的玄色方块即可。做这类标题题目的枢纽首先是理解该句子，寻找其中的衔接词，分析这个句子的特点和其在文中的作用，然后把这个句子带入原文中检修其是否合适。把握衔接词是解答插入句子题的枢纽衔接手法主要分为以下四种。1. 代词(Pronouns)具体包括人称代词、指示代词和关系代词等(personal, demonstrative, relative, etc)。在上下句的关联中，代词是最为紧密的一类词。当作者再次谈及上句相关话题时，为了避免重复，遵循语言学

2、的最简单化原理，作者会用代词指代该话题词。例如，Speaking a foreign language is an enormous asset in the modern world. This is why so many junior high schools are now offering language classes。Today's teachers are faced with a stark choice. They must decide whether to teach in a way that helps student pass standardized

3、exams or teach in a way that actually helps students learn。2. 定冠词the + 名词(specific articles+nouns)名词所指对象第一次出现时，用不定冠词a连接，当后句再次提及该名词对象时，为了表示它和前一句名词是同一关系，会用定冠词the引出。例如，A woman is walking into our classroom. The woman is our teacher。3. 重复话题词或同义近义改写(Repetition, synonym, or slight variation of a word)上下句的

4、衔接也可以通过重复话题词实现，或者是对该话题词进行相关改写。例如，To foster healthy relationships between children in a classroom, teachers should provide time for games and fun activities. Having healthy relationships with their peers helps children gain confidence useful in other parts of their lives. (重复话题词)Before choosing a pub

5、lic or private school for their children, parents should take into account the cost. The price of a private school is usually much higher than that of a public school. (话题词同义改写)4. 过渡性词和词组(Transitional phrases/transitional adverbs)上面讲到的三种句间关系属于隐性关系。隐性关系通过上下句的语义关系体现。现在，我们要讲的是句子间的显性关系，即通过明显的逻辑连词或副词来体现句

6、间关系。这些显性关系词包括以下类别。4.1 时间关系then, next, later, finally, etc。4.2 因果关系therefore, consequently, as a result, etc。4.3 转折关系however, but, yet, nevertheless, on the other hand, etc。4.4 解释关系that is, in other words, etc。4.5 举例关系for instance, for example例如，Peers and older siblings have a major influence on how

7、school children behave. For instance, young children often repeat bad words they hear from their friends or brothers and sisters。e.g. 1.But there is also another special kind of conversational flow among Southern women that contributed to their writing. 2. Some of their talk took the form of tales a

8、nd vignettes told for their own sake.3. Sometimes humorous， sometimes sad；all were as bright as the figures in the fine needlepoint. 4.Look at the four positions that indicate where the following sentences can be added to the paragraph of the passage.These tales included grotesque， comic， and poetic

9、 descriptions， character sketches， narratives， gusts of feeling， delicate ironies， and astute observations.Click on a position to add the sentence to the passage.A： position 1 B： Position 2 C： Position 3 D： Position 4Popcorn1    1A One method of popping corn involved skewering an ear

10、of corn on a stick and  roasting it until the kernels popped off the ear. 1B Corn was also popped by first cutting the  kernels off the cob, throwing them into a fire, and gathering them as they popped out of the fire. 1C In a final method for popping corn, sand and unpopped kernels of cor

11、n were mixed together in a cooking pot and heated until the corn popped to the surface of the sand in the pot. 1D2    2A This traditional Native American dish was quite a novelty to newcomers to the Americas. 2B Columbus and his sailors found natives in the West Indies wearing popcorn

12、 necklaces, and explorer Hernando Cortés described the use of popcorn amulets in the religious ceremonies of the Aztecs. 2C According to legendary descriptions of the celebratory meal, Quadequina, the brother of Chief Massasoit, contributed several deerskin bags of popcorn to the celebration. 2

13、D1. Look at the four squaresthat indicate where the following sentence can be added to the first paragraph of the passage.Native Americans have been popping corn for at least 5,000 years, using a variety of different methods.Click on a squareto add the sentence to the passage.2. Look at the four squ

14、aresthat indicate where the following sentence can be added to the second paragraph of the passage.A century after these early explorers, the Pilgrims at Plymouth may have been introduced to popcorn at the first Thanksgiving dinner.Click on a squareto add the sentence to the passage.  

15、0;                     Lions1    3A Something unusual about lions is that they hunt in groups. 3B Group hunting is beneficial to lions because it means that much larger prey can be

16、 captured by the lions. 3C It also means that individual lions expend much less energy during a hunt. 3D2    There is a standard pattern to the process of hunting in groups. 4A The process is initiated by a single female, who stations herself at a raised elevation to serve as a lookou

17、t to spot potential prey. 4B When prey is spotted, a group of young lionesses advances on the herd and pushes the herd in the direction of a different lioness who has hidden herself downwind. 4C It is up to this concealed female to choose the weakest member of the herd for the kill. 4D3  &

18、#160; 5A As can be seen from this description of the process, it is the females rather than the male or males in the pride that take part in the kill. 5B The younger and stronger females are the ones who go on the attack. 5C While the females are on the attack, the males stay behind to protect the r

19、est of the pride from attack by predators such as hyenas. 5D3. Look at the four squaresthat indicate where the following sentence can be added to the first paragraph of the passage. Other cats do not.Click on a squareto add the sentence to the passage.4. Look at the four squaresthat indicate where t

20、he following sentence can be added to the second paragraph of the passage.This is usually accomplished by knocking the prey to the ground and breaking its neck.Click on a squareto add the sentence to the passage.5. Look at the four squaresthat indicate where the following sentence can be added to th

21、e third paragraph of the passage.Thus, the males have a defensive rather than an offensive role.Click on a squareto add the sentence to the passage.    Accidental Inventions1    A number of products that we commonly use today were developed quite by accident. Two of man

22、y possible examples of this concept are the leotard and the Popsicle, each of which came about when an insightful person recognized a potential benefit in a negative situation.2    The first of these accidental inventions is the leotard, a close-fitting, one-piece garment worn today b

23、y dancers, gymnasts, and acrobats, among others. 6A In 1828, a circus performer named Nelson Hower was faced with the prospect of missing his performance because his costume was at the cleaners. 6B Instead of canceling his part of the show, he decided to perform in his long underwear. 6C Soon, other

24、 circus performers began performing the same way. 6D When popular acrobat Jules Leotard adopted the style, it became known as the leotard.3    7A Another product invented by chance was the Popsicle. 7B In 1905, eleven-year-old Frank Epperson stirred up a drink of fruit-flavored powder

25、 and soda water and then mistakenly left the drink, with the spoon in it, out on the back porch overnight. 7C As the temperature dropped that night, the soda water froze around the spoon, creating a tasty treat. 7D Years later, remembering how enjoyable the treat had been, Epperson went into Busines

26、s producing Popsicles.6. Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the second paragraph of the passage.They enjoyed the comfort of performing in underwear rather than costumes.Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.7. Look at the four squares t

27、hat indicate where the following sentence can be added to the third paragraph of the passage.It was a taste sensation that stayed on his mind.Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.The raising of livestock is a major economic activity in semiarid lands, where grasses are general the do

28、minant type of natural vegetation. The consequences of an excessive number of livestock grazing in an area are the reduction of the vegetation cover and the trampling and pulverization of the soil. This is usually followed by the drying of the soil and accelerated erosion. Look at the four squares t

29、hat indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage。This economic reliance on livestock in certain regions makes large tracts of land susceptible to overgrazing。Where would the sentence best fit?Extinct but already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record. How was th

30、e gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged? Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans。Very exciting discoveries have finally allowed scientists to reconstruct the most likely origins of cetaceans. In 1979, a team lo

31、oking for fossils in northern Pakistan found what proved to be the oldest fossils whale。Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage。This is a question that has puzzled scientists for ages。Where would the sentence best fit?Paragraph 3: Exhibitors, h

32、owever, wanted to maximize their profits, which they could do more readily by projecting a handful of films to hundreds of customers at a time (rather than one at a time) and by charging 25 to 50 cents admission. About a year after the opening of the first Kinetoscope parlor in 1894, showmen such as

33、 Louis and Auguste Lumiere, Thomas Armat and Charles Francis Jenkins, and Orville and Woodville Latham (with the assistance of Edison's former assistant, William Dickson) perfected projection devices. These early projection devices were used in vaudeville theaters, legitimate theaters, local tow

34、n halls, makeshift storefront theaters, fairgrounds, and amusement parks to show films to a mass audience.Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage。When this widespread use of projection technology began to hurt his Kinetoscope business, Edison a

35、cquired a projector developed by Armat and introduced it as "Edison's latest marvel, the Vitascope." Where would the sentence best fit?Before 1815 manufacturing in the United States had been done in homes or shops by skilled artisans. As master craft workers, they imparted the knowledg

36、e of their trades to apprentices and journeymen. In addition, women often worked in their homes part-time, making finished articles from raw material supplied by merchant capitalists. After 181 5 this older form of manufacturing began to give way to factories with machinery tended by unskilled or se

37、miskilled laborers. Cheap transportation networks, the rise of cities, and the availability of capital and credit all stimulated the shift to factory production。Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage。This new form of manufacturing depended on

38、the movement of goods to distant locations and a centralized source of laborers。Where would the sentence best fit?Paragraph 6: Because they are always swimming, tunas simply have to open their mouths and water is forced in and over their gills. Accordingly, they have lost most of the muscles that ot

39、her fishes use to suck in water and push it past the gills. In fact, tunas must swim to breathe. They must also keep swimming to keep from sinking, since most have largely or completely lost the swim bladder, the gas-filled sac that helps most other fish remain buoyant。Look at the four squares l tha

40、t indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage。Consequently, tunas do not need to suck in water。 Where would the sentence best fit?补充练习本类题目考察对于文章的简单逻辑关系的把握Paragraph 1: Extinct but already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record. How was the gap between a walking

41、mammal and a swimming whale bridged? Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans.Very exciting discoveries have finally allowed scientists to reconstruct the most likely origins of cetaceans. In 1979, a team looking for fossils in nor

42、thern Pakistan found what proved to be the oldest fossil whale.1. Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage.This is a question that has puzzled scientists for ages. Where would the sentence best fit? Paragraph 7: The raising of livestock is

43、a major economic activity in semiarid lands, where grasses are generally the dominant type of natural vegetation. The consequences of an excessive number of livestock grazing in an area are the reduction of the vegetation cover and the trampling and pulverization of the soil. This is usually followe

44、d by the drying of the soil and accelerated erosion.2. Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage.This economic reliance on livestock in certain regions makes large tracts of land susceptible to overgrazing. Where would the sentence best fit? 

45、;Paragraph 3: Exhibitors, however, wanted to maximize their profits, which they could do more readily by projecting a handful of films to hundreds of customers at a time (rather than one at a time) and by charging 25 to 50 cents admission. About a year after the opening of the first Kinetoscope parl

46、or in 1894, showmen such as Louis and Auguste Lumiere, Thomas Armat and Charles Francis Jenkins, and Orville and Woodville Latham (with the assistance of Edison's former assistant, William Dickson) perfected projection devices. These early projection devices were used in vaudeville theaters, leg

47、itimate theaters, local town halls, makeshift storefront theaters, fairgrounds, and amusement parks to show films to a mass audience.3. Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage.When this widespread use of projection technology began to hurt his

48、Kinetoscope business, Edison acquired a projector developed by Armat and introduced it as “Edisons latest marvel, the Vitascope." Where would the sentence best fit? Paragraph 5: The Psychodynamic Approach. Theorists adopting the psychodynamic approach hold that inner conflicts are crucial

49、for understanding human behavior, including aggression. Sigmund Freud, for example, believed that aggressive impulses are inevitable reactions to the frustrations of daily life. Children normally desire to vent aggressive impulses on other people, including their parents, because even the most atten

50、tive parents cannot gratify all of their demands immediately. Yet children, also fearing their parents' punishment and the loss of parental love, come to repress most aggressive impulses. The Freudian perspective, in a sense: sees us as "steam engines." By holding in rather than ventin

51、g "steam," we set the stage for future explosions. Pent-up aggressive impulses demand outlets. They may be expressed toward parents in indirect ways such as destroying furniture, or they may be expressed toward strangers later in life.4. Look at the four squares that indicate where the fol

52、lowing sentence can be added to the passage.According to Freud, however, impulses that have been repressed continue to exist and demand expression. Where would the sentence best fit? Paragraph 1: Before 1815 manufacturing in the United States had been done in homes or shops by skilled artisans.

53、 As master craft workers, they imparted the knowledge of their trades to apprentices and journeymen. In addition, women often worked in their homes part-time, making finished articles from raw material supplied by merchant capitalists. After 181 5 this older form of manufacturing began to give way t

54、o factories with machinery tended by unskilled or semiskilled laborers. Cheap transportation networks, the rise of cities, and the availability of capital and credit all stimulated the shift to factory production.5. Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence can be added to

55、the passage.This new form of manufacturing depended on the movement of goods to distant locations and a centralized source of laborers. Where would the sentence best fit? Paragraph 2: During Jackson's second term, his opponents had gradually come together to form the Whig party. Whigs and D

56、emocrats held different attitudes toward the changes brought about by the market, banks, and commerce. The Democrats tended to view society as a continuing conflict between "the people”-farmers, planters, and workers-and a set of greedy aristocrats. This "paper money aristocracy" of b

57、ankers and investors manipulated the banking system for their own profit, Democrats claimed, and sapped the nation's virtue by encouraging speculation and the desire for sudden, unearned wealth. The Democrats wanted the rewards of the market without sacrificing the features of a simple agrarian

58、republic. They wanted the wealth that the market offered without the competitive, changing society; the complex dealing; the dominance of urban centers; and the loss of independence that came with it.7. Look at the four squares II that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passag

59、e.This new party argued against the policies of Jackson and his party in a number of important areas, beginning with the economy. Where would the sentence best fit?Paragraph 2: Most investigators concur that certain facial expressions suggest the same emotions in all people. Moreover, people in dive

60、rse cultures recognize the emotions manifested by the facial expressions. In classic research Paul Ekman took photographs of people exhibiting the emotions of anger, disgust, fear, happiness, and sadness. He then asked people around the world to indicate what emotions were being depicted in them. Thos