精品资料（2021-2022年收藏）具有环保意识的供应链网络长期设计规划

1、Environmentally conscious long-range planning and design of supply chain networks具有环保意识的供应链网络长期设计规划AbstractIn this paper, a mathematical programming-based methodology is presented for the explicit inclusion of life cycle assessment (LCA) criteria as part of the strategic investment decisions related

2、 to the design and planning of supply chain networks. By considering the multiple environmental concerns together with the traditional economic criteria, the planning task is formulated as a multi-objective optimization problem. Over a long-range planning horizon, the methodology utilizes mixed inte

3、ger modeling techniques to address strategic decisions involving the selection, allocation and capacity expansion of processing technologies and assignment of transportation links required to satisfy the demands at the markets. At the operational level, optimal production profiles and flows of mater

4、ial between various components within the supply chain are determined. As such, the formulation presented here combines the elements of the classical plant location and capacity expansion problems with the principles of LCA to develop a quantitative decision-support tool for environmentally consciou

5、s strategic investment planning.本文提出一种数学规划方法，明确纳入生命周期评估准则作为与设计规划供应链网络有关的战略投资决策的一部分。通过将多环境问题和传统经济标准一起考虑，规划任务是一个多目标优化问题。在长期规划中，利用混合整数建模技术解决战略决策问题，其包括选择，分配和扩容加工技术，及满足市场需求的运输。在操作层面上，决定供应链内部各个组成部分的最优生产概况和物质流。因此，这里提出的公式结合工厂定位和LCA原则的能力扩展问题来发展一个定量决策工具以支持具有环保意识的战略投资规划。1. IntroductionIncreasingly there has be

6、en an awareness of the impact that extended chemical production systems have on the environment, resulting in enterprise-wide management strategies such as product stewardship, life cycle assessment (LCA) and industrial ecology. However, despite the consensus about the relevance and benefits of adop

7、ting more sustainable business practices across entire chemical product value chains, the greatest challenge still lies in the practical application of the environmental management strategies in pursuit of technological innovations. Over the years, the process engineering community has recognized th

8、is challenge with the result being a variety of approaches aimed at the plant-level for environmentally conscious chemical process design. In their extensive review of over 180 citations related to the area of environmentally conscious chemical process design, Cano-Ruiz and McRae 1 analyze various m

9、ethodologies that consider avoiding environmental damage as part of the process design objectives. Undoubtedly, the most important conclusion from their review is that by adopting a strategy that considers the environment as a design objective and not merely as a constraint on operations can lead to

10、 the discovery of novel processing alternatives that achieve both improved economic and environmental performance.扩大化学生产系统对环境产生影响的意识已经被越来越多的人注意到，导致了企业范围的管理策略如产品管理，生命周期评估（LCA）和工业生态学。然而，尽管在整个化学产品价值链中实施更多的可持续商业惯例的相关性和效益型已经达成了共识，最大的挑战始终是在追求技术革新时，环境管理策略的实际应用。多年来，过程工程社区已经认识到这项挑战，这种挑战带有成为许多方法的结果，这种方法目的在与环保

11、意识化工过程设计的工厂水平。在他们的对180多个有关环保意识的化学工艺设计领域引文的广泛回顾后，Cano-Ruiz and McRae 1分析了各种研究方法，考虑将避免环境破坏作为工艺设计目标的一部分。毫无疑问，最重要的结论是通过采取将环境作为设计目标之一而不仅仅是操作限制的策略可以导致新加工方案的发现，这种方案可以同时提高经济业绩和减小环境影响。However, formulating the process design problem such that environmental concerns are treated as decision-making objectives in

12、stead of constraints requires (a) quantifying suitable environmental performance measures, and (b) balancing the environmental criteria against the traditional cost incentives. Especially, the selection of appropriate performance indicators has proven to pose a significant obstacle in developing a d

13、esign strategy driven by an environmental objective. Efforts have, therefore, focussed on developing indices that can be used within a quantitative process decisionmaking framework 2,3. In this respect, LCA 4 has also proven to facilitate the environmental impact assessment of a chemical process des

14、ign 5.然而，规划工艺设计问题如环境问题时，将其作为决策目标而不是作为适当的环境绩效指标量化的限制规定，并且在环境标准和传统的成本激励中寻求平衡。特别是，合适的绩效指标的选择证明在环境目标驱动下制定设计策略有重大障碍。因此，重点提出定量过程的决策框架使用的指标。在这方面，LCA使化学工艺设计的环境影响评估变得方便。Once a suitable impact assessment technique has been applied, the resulting environmental performance measures can be traded-off against the

15、 economic objectives e as well as against each other - to generate and evaluate alternatives. A number of design methodologies aimed at the plant-level have incorporated multiple criteria decision-making (MCDM) techniques as part of the process design task 3,6-11. Multi-objective optimization, being

16、 one particular MCDM approach, tries to identify the set of non-inferior alternative solutions before they are explicitly evaluated 12. As such, the feasible alternatives are not explicitly known in advance and it is acknowledged that an infinite number of solutions potentially exist. In a similar s

17、pirit, the Methodology for Environmental Impact Minimization was developed with the aim of capturing diverse environmental concerns as objectives within a formal quantitative process design and optimization framework 13,14.一旦一个合适的影响评估技术被应用，由此产生的环境性能措施可以在经济目标之间权衡，也可以在产生和评估方案中权衡。许多设计方法目的是工厂纳入多准则决策目标（M

18、CDM）技术作为工艺设计任务的一部分3,6-11。作为一个特定的MCDM方法的多目标优化，试图在被明确的评估之前找出非劣势解决方案的解集12。因此，不会明确地事先知道可行的替代方案，而且一个无穷的解决方案是可能存在的。类似的，设计环境影响最小化的方法，其目的是在定量工艺设计和优化框架中将不同的环境问题作为目标13,14。While these previous applications have successfully included environmental considerations within a process design context, limited work to

19、date has been conducted on the extension of the same trade-off analysis methodology to assist the strategic planning and design of extended supply chain networks. The opportunity naturally exists to expand the process systems boundary to allow the structure of the supply chain network to be a design

20、 decision within the overall process optimization framework.虽然这些以前的应用在工艺设计中成功包含环境因素，迄今为止有限的工作是进行权衡分析方法的扩展，以协助战略规划和供应链网络的设计。机会自然存在以扩大流程系统的边界，使供应链网络结构在整个流程优化框架中成为一个设计决策。In contrast to the process design task, supply chain management is concerned with activities related to a broader range of business p

21、ractices, such as procurement, processing, marketing, distribution and retail. It adopts a fundamental systems-based approach whereby extended enterprises are seen as an integrated network of cooperating companies instead of isolated hierarchial ones. Decisions generally correspond to four activitie

22、s - scheduling, operational, tactical and strategic 15. Traditionally, the goal of research into supply chain activities has been to achieve greater corporate competitiveness through enterprise efficiency by delivering an increasing number of products, in greater quantities, at the time of product d

23、emand. In order to achieve these goals, quantitative analysis, modelling, optimization and design of the supply chains have been recognized as invaluable tools for supporting the decision-making process 16. Despite the significant advances in the development of supply chain decision-support tools, l

24、imited attention has been given to incorporating quantitative environmental performance modelling 17. This is surprising, especially if one considers the many similarities between emerging environmental management strategies and traditional supply chain research activities 18. For example, total qua

25、lity management, aiming at reducing overall cost across the enterprise, requires just as life cycle assessment and product stewardship knowledge of the entire integrated value chain. Furthermore, many pressures resulting from supply chain dynamics between buyers and suppliers can often initiate envi

26、ronmental change 19.与流程设计任务相比，供应链管理与更广泛的商业行为有关，比如采购、加工、市场配送和零售。它采用了基本系统基础方法，将企业扩大看做合作公司的综合网络而不是孤立的。决策一般与计划、运营、战术和战略四个活动相对应15。传统上，供应链的研究目标是，通过在有需求时提供越来越多的产品使企业具有更大的竞争力。为了达到这个目标，供应链的定量分析、建模、优化和设计已经被确认为宝贵的工具，以支持决策过程16。尽管供应链决策支持工具的开发有了很大的进展，纳入定量环境绩效模型的的研究很有限17。这是令人惊讶的，尤其如果考虑到新兴的环境管理策略和传统的供应链研究活动间的许多共同点1

27、8。例如，以减少整个企业的成本为目标的全面质量管理，需要整个价值链集成的生命周期评估和产品管理知识。此外，由买方和供应商在之间的动态供应链导致的压力常来自环境的变化19。An industrial application of environmentally conscious supply chain management can be found in Unilever, where an ecometric approach to assess and quantify the overall effect that a business has on the environment h

28、as been developed 20. Application of this ecometric approach has been used to illustrate the relationship between added value and environmental impact along the supply chain of mobile telephones 21. Recently, the industrial ecology concept was extended by modelling macrolevel waste exchange networks

29、 using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) data 22. Operations Research (OR) has also successfully addressed a variety of environmental problems outside the traditional supply chain management area, such as water resource management, solid waste disposal operations and air quality management 23.一种具

30、环保意识的供应链管理的工业应用可以在联合利华中找到，一种评估和量化企业在环境方面整体效果的生态测量方法已经开发20。这种生态测量方法的应用已经被用于证明移动电话供应链的附加价值和环境影响之间的关系21。近来，工业生态学的概念已经被宏观的废物交换网络建模扩展，其利用了地理信息系统数据（GIS）。运筹学（OR）已经成功解决了传统供应链管理区域以外许多的环境问题，比如水资源管理、固体废物处理和空气质量管理23Multi-objective optimization models where environmental concerns are included have also been prop

31、osed to determine the optimal structure of the petrochemical industry 24. Trade-off analysis techniques were used to establish the relationship between toxicity and cost of manufacturing chemicals in the strategic design of the optimum industrial structure. Similarly, the method of sum of weighted o

32、bjective functions was used to generate the efficient set of possible configurations for 297 manufacturing processes 25. The inherent assumption in both these examples is that the toxicity of the main product manufactured represents the potential environmental damage of the manufacturing process. A

33、more rigorous analysis would also include the environmental impacts resulting from the discharge of the byproducts, wastes and emissions of both the main manufacturing process as well as its off-site utility and material suppliers.环境问题的多目标优化模型已经被提出，来确定石化工业的优化结构24。在优化工业结构的战略性设计中，权衡分析技术用来确定制造化学的的毒性和成本

34、之间的关系。同样的，加权目标函数方法被用于297个制造流程的可能配置的有效集合的生成25。这两个例子固有的假设是，主要产品的毒性代表制造流程的潜在环境破坏。一个更加严格的分析也将包括副产品排出的环境影响，主要制造流程的废物和排放及场外工具和材料供应商。In this paper, we focus on extending our previously developed Methodology for Environmental Impact Minimization by presenting a generic mathematical programming model for ass

35、isting the strategic long-range planning and design of chemical supply chain networks. Firstly, the problem that the model will address is formally stated. Next, the features and capabilities of the model are summarized. The detailed mathematical formulation then follows, highlighting the use of mix

36、ed integer modelling techniques to capture the various strategic planning decisions. Particular emphasis is placed on the use of a recently developed impact assessment method within the quantitative LCA framework. Another important feature of the model is the explicit modelling of the economies of s

37、cale that dictate capital investment decisions associated with optimal selecting, installing and expanding processing technologies. The model formulation concludes with the multiobjective optimization framework and its solution algorithm. Finally, an illustrative example is presented involving the d

38、esign and long-range capacity planning of a bulk chemicals supply chain.本文中，我们通过提出通用的数学规划模型来扩展我们以前提出环境影响最小化的方法，以协助长期战略决策和化学供应链网络设计。首先，正式声明模型解决的问题。其次，总结模型的特点和功能。然后是详细的数学公式，强调使用混合整数模型技术获得各种战略决策。特别强调的是在定量LCA框架中使用最近成熟的影响评估方法。模型另一个重要的特点是规模经济的详细建模，它规定了与最优化选择、安装和扩展加工技术有关的资金投资决策。该模型的结论是多目标优化框架和其算法。最后，给出一个涉及

39、大宗化学品供应链的设计和长远规划能力的案例。2. Problem formulationThe environmentally conscious process selection problem for the long-range planning and design of chemical supply chain networks can be stated as follows.具有环保意识的化学品供应链长远设计和规划的问题选择，可归纳如下：Given： a set of markets (distributors or customers) and their demands

40、for a set of chemicals over a given future long-term period (planning horizon),在一个给定的未来长期期间内的（规划期）的化学品的市场（分销商和顾客）及需求。 a set of candidate plants using known technologies to produce the desired products,使用已知技术制造所需产品的候选工厂。 a set of potential geographical sites for locating the plants, and建厂的潜在地理区域 the

41、availabilities of the raw material and utility suppliers over the planning horizon,规划期内原材料和设备供应商的有效性，the task is to任务是 design the supply chain network of the integrated production facilities that would satisfy the demand over the entire planning horizon,设计综合生产设施供应链网络，能满足整个规划期的需求such that both the而使(

42、1) net present value of the capital investment evaluated at the end of the planning horizon, is maximized and the在规划期末评估资金投资的净现值，使其最大化(2) impact that the entire network has on the environment is minimized整个网络的环境影响最小化。While this problem statement contains elements of a classical dynamic plant locatio

43、n problem for siting production facilities within a supply chain context 26, it also resembles models developed for the chemical processing industry to assist technology selection 27-29 and long-range capacity planning 30-32. Features of multi-site supply chain network models where both operation an

44、d strategic decisions are addressed are also captured within this problem formulation 33,34.虽然问题的陈述包括供应链中传统的动态工厂选址问题26，它类似于化学加工工业模型，以协助技术选择27-29和长远规划30-32。解决操作和战略决策问题的多站点供应链网络模型的的特点在问题规划中获得33,34。As illustrated in Fig. 1, the model proposed here to solve the aforementioned problem is based upon a sup

45、ply chain network superstructure consisting of a set of NM existing markets - representing an aggregation of distribution centres and final customers - demanding a set of NI chemical products (notation for the model variables is presented in Table 1). Also given is information regarding the location

46、 and availability of a set of NR chemical feedstock suppliers. At the center of the superstructure is a set of NJ candidate chemical processing technologies (plants) that can perform the conversion of the raw materials into final products. A simplifying assumption is made that raw materials are supp

47、lied only from single sources.如图一所示，这里提出的解决上述问题的模型是基于供应链网络上层建筑的，其包括HM存在市场，即配送中心和最终客户的集合；化学产品需求（模型的变量在表1中提供）。同时，关于选址和橡胶原材料供应量信息也是提供的。在上层建筑的中心是新泽西州候选化学加工技术（工厂），可以完成从原材料到最终产品的转换。简单的假设原材料只有唯一的来源。Strategic decisions included are the selection of the optimum combination of plants from the set of candidate

48、s, as well as the allocation of these selected plants to a set of NS potential geographical sites. In addition, the optimal network of transportation links between the selected sites and existing markets needs to be designed. All these decisions are performed in terms of a finite number of NT time p

49、eriods (typically in units of years) constituting the long-range planning horizon during which prices, demands and availabilities of the chemicals, and fixed investment and operating costs of the plants can vary. At the operational level, optimal plant expansion capacities, production profiles and t

50、he flows of materials between the various components within the supply chain are determined over the entire planning horizon.战略决策包括候选工厂中选择最优化组合，将所选的工厂分配到潜在的地理位置中去。此外，需要设计所选的地点和已存在的市场之间的交通联系优化网络。所有的决策在期间（通常以年为单位）内按照限定的数目完成，决策包括长期规划期内的价格、需求和化学品的供应量、固定资产投资和可变运营成本。在运营层面上，优化工厂扩大能力，生产概况和供应链不同组成部分间的物质流也将在这

51、个计划期内决定下来。Unlike most traditional approaches where only an economic criterion is considered, the model developed here also aims at finding the network configuration and capacity planning strategy that minimize the environmental impact of the entire supply chain. Consequently, the formulation results

52、 in a multi-objective mixed integer linear programming (moMILP) problem, allowing the inherent trade-offs between the conflicting economic and environmental objectives to be explored.不像大部分只考虑经济标准的传统方法，这里提出的模型目的在于减小整个供应链环境影响的网络配置和能力规划策略。结果，应用多目标混合整数线性规划问题，探讨经济和环境之间的内在权衡。As a measure of the profitabil

53、ity of the network, the expected net present value (NPV) of the investment required to install, expand and operate the plants is used as the economic objective function. In contrast, the ecological objective function is based upon the environmental impact resulting from the operation of the entire n

54、etwork over the entire planning horizon. This is achieved by adopting the principles of LCA, expanding the network boundaries to incorporate a set of NP life cycle stages and using the Eco-Indicator 99 method 35 to assess the environmental impact of the network. This requires the characterization of

55、 a set of NB environmental burdens into a set of NE impact categories/indicators over the entire horizon.安装所需的投资的预计净现值（NPV）作为网络盈利能力的衡量方法，扩展和经营工厂作为经济目标函数。相反的，生态目标函数是根据整个规划期内网络的运营导致的环境影响来确定的。这是通过采用生命周期评价的原则和使用环保指标99方法来实现的。LCA原则是扩大网络界限纳入NP生命周期阶段，而环保指标99方法是用来评价网络的环境影响。这需要将整个期间内的环境负担设置成一系列影响类别/指标。3. Math

56、ematical model3.1. Plant location, capacity expansion and material balances工厂选址，能力扩展和物料平衡The problem is formulated such that the variable Fjst represents the total capacity during time interval t of plant j being situated at site s. Existing plant capacities are entered into the model by specifying

57、Fjst at time t = 0. The expansion of plant capacities during time interval t is represented by the variable FEjst. For a plant that has not been installed during previous time intervals (i.e. which has zero capacity at time t=0), the first non-zero value of FEjst during the planning horizon correspo

58、nds to the installation capacity of the plant. As such, no distinction is necessary between capacity location and expansion. FEjst captures both scenarios and, therefore, reflects any form of capacity increase of a particular plant. Throughout the subsequent model description the terms capacity expa

59、nsions and location will be interchanged unless a distinction is explicitly made.Fjst代表位于s的工厂j时间段t总能力。模型已有的工厂能力是指定时间t=0时具体Fjst的值。T阶段工厂扩展能力用变量FEjst表示。先前时间阶段内没有安装的工厂（如在t=0时能力为0），规划期内FEjst第一个非零值与工厂安装容量有关。同样的，没必要区分工厂的位置和能力扩展。两种方案的FEjst捕获反应特定工厂的能力增加。在整个后续模型的能力扩展和位置描述可以互换，除非明确提出有区别。Control over the changes in the capacities over the planning horizon is achieved through the binar