动词的时态之现在完成时

1、C CO ON NT TE EN NT TS S 定义定义构成构成 过去分词过去分词用法用法( (Present perfect)Present perfect)过去发生并且已经完成过去发生并且已经完成的动的动作对现在造成作对现在造成影响或后果影响或后果，过去某一时间开始并，过去某一时间开始并一直持续到现在并且有可能还会持续的动作或状一直持续到现在并且有可能还会持续的动作或状态。态。基本结构：主语基本结构：主语+have/has+have/has+动词的过去分词（动词的过去分词（p.pp.p）肯定句：主语肯定句：主语+have/has+have/has+动词的过去分词动词的过去分词(p.p)(

2、p.p)（V-edV-ed）+ +宾语（或者其他）宾语（或者其他）. .否定句：主语否定句：主语+have not/has not+have not/has not+动词的过去分词（动词的过去分词（p.pp.p）（）（V-edV-ed）+ +宾语宾语. .一般疑问句：一般疑问句：Have/Has+Have/Has+主语主语+ +动词的过去分词（动词的过去分词（p.p)p.p)（V-edV-ed）+ +宾语（或其他）宾语（或其他）? ?特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+ +一般疑问句（一般疑问句（have/has+have/has+主语主语+ +过去分词过去分词+ +其他）其他）1.

3、 1. 规则动词：规则动词的过去分词与规则动词的过去式的构成规则相同。规则动词：规则动词的过去分词与规则动词的过去式的构成规则相同。(1) (1) 一般动词，在词尾直接加一般动词，在词尾直接加“ed”“ed” work-worked-worked visit-visited-visited work-worked-worked visit-visited-visited (2) (2) 以以“e”“e”结尾的动词，只在词尾加结尾的动词，只在词尾加“d” “d” live-lived-lived live-lived-lived (3) (3) 以以“辅音字母辅音字母 + y ” + y ”结尾

4、的动词，将结尾的动词，将 “y” “y” 变为变为 “i” “i” ，再加，再加“ed”“ed” study-studied-studied cry-cried-cried study-studied-studied cry-cried-cried (4) (4) 重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母，双写该辅音字母，再加重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母，双写该辅音字母，再加“ed”“ed” stop-stopped-stopped drop-dropped-dropped stop-stopped-stopped drop-dropped-dropped AABAAB型型 beat be

5、at beaten beat beat beaten ABA ABA型型become became become become became become run ran run run ran run come came come come came come ABBABB型型catch caught caught dig dug dugcatch caught caught dig dug dugfeel felt felt fight fought fought feel felt felt fight fought fought find found found hear heard

6、heard find found found hear heard heard hold held held keep kept kepthold held held keep kept keptlay laid laid lead led led lay laid laid lead led led make made made meet met met make made made meet met met sell sold sold shoot shot shot sell sold sold shoot shot shot sit sat sat stand stood stoods

7、it sat sat stand stood stoodsweep swept swept teach taught taught sweep swept swept teach taught taught tell told told think thought thought tell told told think thought thought lose lost lost win won wonlose lost lost win won wonbring brought brought buy bought bought bring brought brought buy boug

8、ht bought build built builtbuild built builtburn burnt burnt burn burnt burnt ABCABC型型 begin began begun blow blew blown begin began begun blow blew blown break broke broken choose chose chosen break broke broken choose chose chosen draw drew drawn drive drove drivendraw drew drawn drive drove drive

9、ndrink drank drunk fly flew flown drink drank drunk fly flew flown write wrote written forget forgot forgottenwrite wrote written forget forgot forgottenfreeze froze frozen give gave given freeze froze frozen give gave given grow grew grown know knew known grow grew grown know knew known ride rode r

10、idden rise rose risenride rode ridden rise rose risenring rang rung shake shook shaken ring rang rung shake shook shaken sing sang sung sink sank sunk sing sang sung sink sank sunk swim swam swum throw threw thrownswim swam swum throw threw thrown1 1、表持续表持续：现在完成时表示：现在完成时表示一个过去发生的动作或开始的状态一个过去发生的动作或开始

11、的状态在过去并在过去并未完成未完成或结束或结束，而是，而是一直持续到现在一直持续到现在，并且，并且有可能继续下去有可能继续下去( (也可能到此结束也可能到此结束) )。表示从过去到现在并包括现在在内的一段时间的时间状语有：表示从过去到现在并包括现在在内的一段时间的时间状语有：lately, lately, recently, in the last/past few days/yearsrecently, in the last/past few days/years（在过去的几年里）（在过去的几年里）,since ,since then, up to now,then, up to now,

12、up to present, so far,up to now,up till now,till nowup to present, so far,up to now,up till now,till now。eg:eg:In the few past years,great changes have taken place in my In the few past years,great changes have taken place in my hometown.hometown.在过去的几年里，我的家乡发生了巨大的变化。在过去的几年里，我的家乡发生了巨大的变化。He has taug

13、ht in our school for 30 years.He has taught in our school for 30 years.他在我们学校教书已有他在我们学校教书已有3030年了。年了。注意：当现在完成时表示持续时，谓语动词不能使用非延续性动词（短暂性动注意：当现在完成时表示持续时，谓语动词不能使用非延续性动词（短暂性动词），而应该使用延续性动词，即换一种说法，如词），而应该使用延续性动词，即换一种说法，如He has been away for one minutesHe has been away for one minutes他已经离开一分钟了。他已经离开一分钟了。She

14、 has kept the table for three months.She has kept the table for three months.她已经借了这张桌子三个月了。她已经借了这张桌子三个月了。同一般现在时可以表示将来一样，现在完成时也可以在时间状语从句里表示将同一般现在时可以表示将来一样，现在完成时也可以在时间状语从句里表示将来。如：来。如：Ill wait until he has written his letter.Ill wait until he has written his letter.我愿等到他把信写完。我愿等到他把信写完。When you have res

15、ted, Ill show you the garden.When you have rested, Ill show you the garden.等你休息好之后，我领等你休息好之后，我领你看我们的花园。你看我们的花园。2 2、表影响：表影响：用法的现在完成时表示一个过去发生的动作在过去用法的现在完成时表示一个过去发生的动作在过去已经完成已经完成，并且这，并且这个动作个动作对现在仍有影响或结果对现在仍有影响或结果，同时说话者，同时说话者强调的或感兴趣的就是这个影响或结果强调的或感兴趣的就是这个影响或结果，常用的时间状语时：常用的时间状语时：alreadyalready，just,yet,be

16、forejust,yet,before等。等。He has been away from the city.He has been away from the city.他已离开这个城市。他已离开这个城市。( (结果：他不在这个城市。结果：他不在这个城市。) )Someone has broken the window.Someone has broken the window.有人把窗户打破了。有人把窗户打破了。( (结果：窗户仍破着。结果：窗户仍破着。) )I have lost my pen.I have lost my pen.我把钢笔丢了。我把钢笔丢了。( (结果：我现在无钢笔用。结

17、果：我现在无钢笔用。) )He has finished his work.He has finished his work.他把工作做完了。（结果：他可以做其他的事了。）他把工作做完了。（结果：他可以做其他的事了。）3 3、在、在“最高级最高级+ +名词名词”或或“It/This is +the first/second.time”“It/This is +the first/second.time”之后的定之后的定语从句中，谓语动词用现在完成时。语从句中，谓语动词用现在完成时。This is the first time(that) I have come here.This is the

18、 first time(that) I have come here.这是我第一次来这里。这是我第一次来这里。This is the best tea(that)I have ever drunk.This is the best tea(that)I have ever drunk.这是我喝过的最好的茶了。这是我喝过的最好的茶了。4 4、瞬间动词又称非延续性动词、终止性动词。瞬间动词关于完成时态但不可以、瞬间动词又称非延续性动词、终止性动词。瞬间动词关于完成时态但不可以表示一段时间的状语。瞬间动词的否定式可以接表示一段时间的状语。表示一段时间的状语。瞬间动词的否定式可以接表示一段时间的状语。

19、 He has come to Beijing since last year.(F) He has come to Beijing since last year.(F) He has lived in Beijing since last yea.(T) He has lived in Beijing since last yea.(T)alreadyalready：用在用在肯定句中肯定句中（bebe动词、助动词、情态动词之后，实意动词之前）动词、助动词、情态动词之后，实意动词之前）yetyet：放在：放在否定句和一般疑问句句末否定句和一般疑问句句末。例如：例如：I have I have

20、 already already finished the work.finished the work.我已经完成这项工作了。我已经完成这项工作了。 改为否定句：改为否定句：I havent finished the work I havent finished the work yetyet. .我还没有完成这项工作。我还没有完成这项工作。改为一般疑问句：改为一般疑问句：Have you finished the work Have you finished the work yetyet？since+since+时间点时间点=for+=for+时间段时间段since+since+一般过去

21、时态的时间状语从句一般过去时态的时间状语从句 =since+ =since+时间点时间点+ago+agosince+since+一般过去时态的时间状语从句。一般过去时态的时间状语从句。1.1.现在完成时不能单独与准确时间状语连用，（如表示过去的时间状语）现在完成时不能单独与准确时间状语连用，（如表示过去的时间状语）如如yesterday(morningyesterday(morning、afternoon),last(morningafternoon),last(morning、afternoonafternoon）等，除非与）等，除非与for,sincefor,since连用连用. .2.2

22、.现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用如如 a l r e a d ya l r e a d y （ 肯 定 句 中 ） ，（ 肯 定 句 中 ） ， y e ty e t （ 否 定 ， 疑 问 ， 句 末 ） ，（ 否 定 ， 疑 问 ， 句 末 ） ，just,before,recently,still,lately,neverjust,before,recently,still,lately,never等：等：He has already obtained a scholarship.He has already obtained a

23、 scholarship.他已经获得了一份奖学金。他已经获得了一份奖学金。I havent seen much of him recently (lately).I havent seen much of him recently (lately).我已经很久没有看到他（最我已经很久没有看到他（最近的）。近的）。We have seen that film before.We have seen that film before.我们以前已经看过那部电影了。我们以前已经看过那部电影了。Have they found the missing child yet?Have they found t

24、he missing child yet?他们找到失踪的孩子了吗？他们找到失踪的孩子了吗？3. 3. 现在完成时态经常与表示频度的时间状语连用，现在完成时态经常与表示频度的时间状语连用，eg,eg,often,sometimes,ever,never,twice,on several occasionoften,sometimes,ever,never,twice,on several occasion等：等： Have you ever been to Beijing? Have you ever been to Beijing?你以前去过北京吗？你以前去过北京吗？4. 4. 现在完成时还往

25、往可以同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用现在完成时还往往可以同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用如如now,up to these few days/weeks/months/years,just,today,up to now,up to these few days/weeks/months/years,just,today,up to present,so farpresent,so far，this morning/week/month/year,this morning/week/month/year,等：等：Peter has written six papers so far.Pete

26、r has written six papers so far.彼得写了六篇论文，到目前为止。彼得写了六篇论文，到目前为止。Up to the present everything has been successful.Up to the present everything has been successful.到现在为止一切都是成功到现在为止一切都是成功的。的。5.5.现在完成时还可以用来表示过去的一个时间到现在这段时间内重复发生的动现在完成时还可以用来表示过去的一个时间到现在这段时间内重复发生的动作作. .6.6.现在完成时的现在完成时的 完成用法完成用法 指的是动作发生在过去某一时

27、刻并已结束。指的是动作发生在过去某一时刻并已结束。例如：例如：He has turned the light off .He has turned the light off .他已把灯关了。他已把灯关了。现在完成时现在完成时 完成用法完成用法 的特点是动作不延续，因此，该时态只能与表示不定的的特点是动作不延续，因此，该时态只能与表示不定的过去时间状语（如：过去时间状语（如：alreadyalready，yetyet，beforebefore，recentlyrecently等）、频度时间状语等）、频度时间状语（如：（如：nevernever，everever等）、包括现在时刻在内的时间状语（

28、如：等）、包括现在时刻在内的时间状语（如：this morning / this morning / month /year.month /year.，todaytoday等）连用。等）连用。例如：例如：Have you found your penHave you found your pen？你已经找到你的钢笔了吗？你已经找到你的钢笔了吗？例如：例如：Mary has done her homework . MaryMary has done her homework . Mary有做她的家庭作业。有做她的家庭作业。7.7.现在完成时的现在完成时的 未完成用法未完成用法 指的是动作开始于过

29、去某一时刻，一直延续到现指的是动作开始于过去某一时刻，一直延续到现在，或可能还要继续下去。在，或可能还要继续下去。例如：例如：He has lived here since 1978.He has lived here since 1978.自从自从19781978年以来，他一直住在这儿。年以来，他一直住在这儿。I have been in the army for more than 5 years.I have been in the army for more than 5 years.我在部队已经呆了五年多我在部队已经呆了五年多了。了。此种用法的句中常需一个表示一段时间的状语（由此种用法的句中常需一个表示一段时间的状语（由sincesince或或forfor引导），或表示引导），或表示与现在时刻相连的时间状语（如：与现在时刻相连的时间状语（如：up to nowup to now，so farso far）等。）等。例如：例如：I have heard nothing from him up to now.I have heard nothing from him up to now.到目前为止我没有他的任到目前为止我没有他的任何消息。何消息。注意：（注意：（1 1）现在完成时的未完成