英语四级语法(基础)

1、英语四级语法（基础）英语四级语法（基础）o 英语句子的拆分：o This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the special demands that a government wants to make of its scientific departments can not be predicted in detail.英语译群的基本形式：o主谓宾结构：主语（名词）+谓语（动词）+宾语（名词）o例句： I speak Englis

2、h.o主谓修饰结构：主语（名词）+谓语（动词）+修饰语（形容词，副词，状语，被动态等）o例句： He looks cool.o Tom runs fast.o He stayed at home.o I was beaten.英语句子的组成o 英语的复合句都是由数个短意群组成的：o You are the girl who Im looking for.谓语以及非谓语o Finishing the homework, Tom wanted to watch TV.动词的时态过去现在将来一般一般过去时一般现在时一般将来时进行过去进行时现在进行时将来进行时完成过去完成时现在完成时将来完成时一般过去

3、时o 动词的变化1：+edo Ex. They watched that movie yesterday.o 动词的变化2：+iedo Ex. try triedo 动词的变化3：不规则变化o Ex. is was一般现在时o 第三人称单数： +s 结尾是s,x,sh,ch的话，+eso 表示规律发生的动作： Tom reads newspaper every night. 表示客观规律： The sun rises from the east.进行时：o 动词变化：be + 动词现在分词（+ing）o 现在进行时: They are having a picnic.o 过去进行时： They

4、 were having a picnic.完成时：o 动词变化：have (had) + 动词过去分词o 现在完成时： I have finished my homework so that I can play football now.o 过去完成时： I had finished my homework until my mother came back.意群的类型：o 主谓宾结构： I speak English.o 主谓(修)结构： Tom runs fast.冠词：o a, an, the:o At same time, educational researchers have

5、come up with innovative teaching strategies for kids.修饰语： （形容词与副词）o 形容词： There is still a new subject. There is something new.o 副词： The WHO has given multi-drug therapy to patients freely for the last five years.修饰语：副词o 副词修饰动词： He can take photos very well.o 副词修饰形容词： Your English is extremely good.o

6、 副词修饰副词： I push the door very hard.短译群中的修饰语（介宾结构）o One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to judge behavior by states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature and so on.短译群中的修饰语（介宾结构）o The role of natural selection in evolution was studied only a

7、 little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized.短译群中的修饰语（插入语）o Their improved intelligence, so vital to their old hunting life, were put to a new use.短译群中的修饰语（插入语）o It is gen

8、erally recognized, however, that the introduction of the computer in the early 20th century, followed by the invention of the integrated circuit during the 1960s, radically changed the process, although its impact on the media was not immediately apparent.短译群中的修饰语（插入语）o It is generally recognized, h

9、owever, that the introduction of the computer in the early 20th century, followed by the invention of the integrated circuit during the 1960s, radically changed the process, although its impact on the media was not immediately apparent.短译群中的修饰语（插入语）o Fortunately, he survived the accident.短译群中的修饰语（插入

10、语）o But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine combination.短译群中的修饰语（插入语）o In the early industrialized countries of Europe, the process of industrialization, with all the important changes in social patterns, has maintained for nearly a century.短译群中的修饰语（插入语）o The existence of gian

11、t clouds was virtually important for the Big Bang, first put forward in the 1920s, to maintain its dominant position.谓语及非谓语的区别o This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the special demands that a government wants to make of its scientific dep

12、artments can not be predicted in detail.各种短译群o This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the special demands that a government wants to make of its scientific departments can not be predicted in detail.从句的结构o 主句 + 引导词（连词） + 从句You are the girl

13、who Im looking for.各种从句的引导词：o名词性从句：o关系代词：what, which, who, whatever, whichever, whoevero连接副词：where, when, why, how, whether, if, that 名词性从句o 特点：引导词需要在主句当中充当成分，去掉引导词之后主句部分不完整。o Its quite hard to say whether he will win the game.名词性从句o 主语从句：o When he will come here is still unknown.o 宾语从句：o We still d

14、ont know when he will come here.名词性从句o 关系代词：o What the parents really care about is the quality of education.o 从属连词：o When he will come here is still unknown.名词性从句o 从属连词：o where, when, why, how, whether, ifo 从属连词that:o The captain ordered that everyone should abandon the ship immediately.修饰语的翻译（定语从句

15、）o You are the girl who Im looking for.o 特点：1.从句成分不完整 2.先行词必须在从句当中充当一个成分 3.引导词不充当任何成分且没有意义 修饰语的翻译（定语从句）o Furthermore, human have the ability to modify the environment which they live in.修饰语的翻译（定语从句）o In Europe, as elsewhere, multi-media groups have been increasingly successful: groups which bring to

16、gether television, radio, newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another.修饰语的翻译（定语从句）o Pearson has collected the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key b

17、reakthroughs and discoveries to take place.修饰语的翻译（定语从句）o It assumes that there is an agreed opinion of human rights, which is something the world does not have.修饰语的翻译（定语从句）o Behavior science is that branch of social science which seeks to study human and their behavior in the same reasoned, orderly,

18、 and systematic way that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.修饰语的翻译（同位语从句）o This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishments can not be forese

19、en in detail. 修饰语的书写o The medical researchers were painfully aware that there are many problems _. (他们至今仍没找到答案。)修饰语的翻译（定语从句）o We have got the information thato youre looking for.o Liu Xiang was hurt. 修饰语的书写o We can tell a lot of stories about those _. (毕生致力于诗歌的人)状语从句的书写o Our years of hardwork are al

20、l in vain, _. (更不要提我们所花费的大量金钱了)修饰语的书写o The treatment and prevention of AIDS is the area _. (我们能够合作的领域)修饰语的书写o He designed the bridge, which _. (完美的结合了美观以及实用)复合从句的引导词 They may find many _ differ in race, religion and ethnic background. A. that B. people C. friend D. who复合从句引导词They can always go back

21、or go on tosomething new _ is better and higher than the past.A. which B. that C. what D. when复合从句引导词But a bird has a single alarm cry, _means “danger”.A. what B. which C. that D. this复合从句的引导词The belief _ the more schooling people have, the more money they will make when they leave school is widespr

22、ead in the United States.A. which B. where C. that D. when复合从句的引导词We had rented a cottage on a river in the heart of the country _ the whole family was going to spend the three week holiday.A. where B. that C. which D. when复合从句的引导词They generally go to places _ the scenery is beautiful and the air is

23、 clean.A. where B. that C. when D. when复合从句引导词It was in Paris _ I first met her.A. where B. that C. what D. when复合从句引导词It was him _ your complaint shouldbe made.A. who B. that C. what D. when状语从句的阅读o We are thankful to them because some of these languages have since disappeared, as the people who sp

24、oke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages.状语与状语从句o 地点状语：o 介词： in, on, at, behind, beside, above, over, in front of, except, besides, among, between, within, below, under, to, in the front of, near, along状语与状语从句o on 与 over: He put his watch on the table. There is a bridg

25、e over the river.状语与状语从句o except 与 besides In United States, professors have many other duties _ teaching, such as administrative and research work. 状语与状语从句o in 与 to Shanghai is in the east of China. Japan lies to the east of China.状语与状语从句o among 与 between状语与状语从句o in front of 与 in the front of There

26、 are some flowers in front of the house. There are some flowers in the front of the house.状语与状语从句o 地点状语：o 连词： where, wherever 状语与状语从句o 时间状语：o 介词： in, on, at, before, after, since, for, from, during状语与状语从句o 时间状语： in, on 与 at in表在一段时间中 on精确到某一天 at精确到某个时间点tips：at Christmas, at night, in the morning/eve

27、ning 状语与状语从句o 时间状语o 连词： when, while, as, till, until状语与状语从句o till 与 until I was doing my homework till my mother came back. I didnt do my homework until my mother came back.状语从句的书写o The anti-virus agent was not known _. (直到一名医生偶尔发现了它)状语与状语从句o when 与 as _ it turned out, it was an Italian movie.状语与状语从

28、句o 原因状语：o 介词： because of, thanks to状语与状语从句o 原因状语：o 连词： because, for, as, since, seeing that, now that, in that so, therefore, thus状语与状语从句o 目的状语：o 介词： in case of, in order to, for状语与状语从句o 目的状语：o 连词： in case, in order that, lest, so that, for fear that状语与状语从句o 结果状语：o 连词： so that , such that He is so g

29、ood that everybody likes him. He is such a good student that everybody likes him.状语与状语从句o 让步状语o 介词： in spite of状语与状语从句o 让步状语：o 连词： though, although, even if, even though, in spite of the fact that, despite that例题：o Ive never understood why they give you so much popcorn! It tasted pretty good, 54 . 5

30、4. A. tooB. though C. stillD. certainly 例题：o Its not that I have any expertise in immigration policy, 48 I have one ,the American version. 48. A. because B. since C. but D. as 例题：o 52 it helped England become the centre of industrialization, its not enough. 52. A. Although B. Besides C. And D. Even

31、例题：o The most important conclusion that emerges from the data, 50, is not something that we found. 50. A. yet B. still C. moreover D. however 例题：o 51 they get the answers, they are just guessing. 51. A. Even B. Though C. Therefore D. So例题：o Human are extremely sensitive to smells, 47 we do not reali

32、ze it.47. A. though B. but C. thus D. when状语与状语从句o 条件状语：o 连词： if, unless, when, as/so long as, only if, providing/provided that A trademark can be renewed for another decade as _ as the user continues. A. soon B. far C. long D. fast状语与状语从句o 方式状语：o 介词： in, by, with, through, via, as从句的翻译Please _.（按以下

33、地址与我们取得联系）从句的翻译Our efforts will pay off if _.（我们的成果能用来开发新的技术）状语与状语从句o 伴随状语从句 Finishing the homework, I went to play football. 伴随状语从句o Followed by a dog, I was walking on the grass.状语与状语从句：o _ with the place where I was born, this town is more exciting. 状语从句的阅读o Creating a European identity that resp

34、ects the different cultures and traditions which make up the connecting web of the Old Continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice.动词分词作后置定语 Additional social stress may also occur because of the problems arising from mass migration movements, themselves made relatively easy by means of

35、 modern transportation.修饰语的书写o Older adults who have a higher level of daily activities have more energy and _. (与那些不运动的人相比较低的死亡率)虚拟语气的书写o The victim _ if he had been sent to the hospital in time. (本有机会活下来的)虚拟语气的书写o If _. (你当时听从了我的建议的话，那么你现在就不会陷入麻烦了)虚拟语气If all the places _ the same, therewould not b

36、e need of the geographers.A. are B. were C. was D. would be 虚拟语气The professor demanded that _.（我们要在下周三之前递交报告）虚拟语气The general issued the order that _.（军队必须立即撤离）虚拟语气But for the mobile phone, ourcommunication _.（我们的通讯就不会如此方便快捷）虚拟语气If only _.（要是我会说几种不同的语言就好了）虚拟语气Had I known that information, I would not

37、 have bought that stock.虚拟语气Should it rain, _.（农作物就有救了）倒装句的书写o _ his application form. (直到截止日他才寄出)倒装句的书写o _ since that accident. (他们之间从来没有再说过话)倒装句的书写o Only in this place _. (他才感到安全和宁静)倒装句的书写o The witness was told that under no circumstance _. (他都不该向法庭说谎)倒装句的书写o Young _, she has experienced a lot. (虽然她还很年轻)倒装语句I shall define him as the individual who has selected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinkingin a Socratic way abo