成语、谚语、歇后语、俗语

1、1.习语翻译中的文化信息处理 从 广 义 上 讲 ， 习 惯 用 语 通 常 包 括 成 语（idioms）、短语（set phrases）、谚语（proverbs）、格言（sayings）、俗语（colloquialisms）、警句（epigrams）、名言录(quotations)、典故（allusions）、俚语（slang）、歇后语（two-part sayings）等。一习语具有较强的文化特一习语具有较强的文化特征和民族特征征和民族特征。 在众多的习语中，我们发现，自然现象是人类认识世界的共同认知对象。 趁热打铁趁热打铁 to strike while the iron is hot

2、; 浑水摸鱼浑水摸鱼 to fish in the troubled water; 如坐针毡 to sit on pins and needles。 英语习语 a thunder of applause 雷鸣般的掌声 at lightning speed 以迅雷不及掩耳之势 His eyes were raining tears. 他泪如雨下。 汉语习语：天壤之别天壤之别 great difference as between heaven and earth (英语中类似的比喻是all difference in the world) 杞人忧天杞人忧天 to entertain ground

3、less fears or unnecessary worries (英语中类似的比喻是 be more frightened than hurt) 水中捞月水中捞月 to catch the moon in the water 或 to make an impractical attempt (英语中类似的比喻是 fish in the air; cry for the moon; plough the sands; a wild goose chase)“知人知面不知心知人知面不知心” 杨宪益采用直译的方法，译成“You can know a mans face but not his h

4、eart.” 霍克斯则采用意译的手法，将这一习语的内在意义直接译出来; “Appearances certainly are deceptive!” “胸有成竹胸有成竹”（Before an artist can draw a bamboo, he must have the image in his mind. 意为 To have a well-thought-out plan before doing something）；“雨后春笋雨后春笋”（To spring up like bamboo shoots after a spring rain. 意为 Of new things em

5、erging rapidly in large numbers）； 二习惯用语翻译中如何保二习惯用语翻译中如何保证文化信息传递的有效度证文化信息传递的有效度 由于英汉不同的民族文化背景，英汉习语各自行成了鲜明的形象特征，翻译时应力求达义传神、形神兼备。在实在不可能“形似”时要在“神似”的条件下，竭力用其他方法和手段表现出原喻体意之真谛，美之内涵。依据这一原则，可采用以下方法：一. 保留原形象，以直译和异化为主 1Every family is said to have at least one skeleton in the cupboard. 俗话说，衣柜里面藏骷髅，见不得人的事家家有。 2

6、“谋事在人，成事在天。”咱们谋到了，靠菩萨的保佑，有些机会，也可未知。(红楼梦) Man proposes, heaven disposes. Work out a plan, trust to Buddha, and something may come of it for all you know. 3他们愚弄过我们，我们要以其人之道还治其人之身。（茅盾，子夜） We will pay them back for the trick they played on us. 4. “君子动口不动手！”阿Q歪着头说。（阿Q正传） 译文A: “A gentleman uses his tongue

7、 but not his hands!” protested Ah Q, his head on one side. (杨宪益译) 译文B: “The superior man moves only his mouth and not his hand!” shouted Ah Q, with his head twisted to one side. (香港版本译文) 这件事，除了他三儿子和几个经手的人以外，谁也不知道。他也不对任何人提起。哑巴吃黄连，有苦说不出。（歇后语，选自周而复的上海的早晨） No one knew of these transactions apart from hi

8、s youngest son and the few people who had handled them, nor was he going to mention the matter to anyone else. He was like the dumb eating the bitter herb: he had to suffer the bitterness of it in silence. 中国有句老话：“瓜熟蒂落”，“水到渠成”。（毛泽东选集） As the old Chinese sayings go, “When a melon is ripe, it falls of

9、f its stem,” and “when water flows, a channel is formed.” 宝玉笑道：“我就是个多愁多病的身，你就是那 倾国倾城的貌。”（红楼梦） “Im the one sick with longing” he joked. “And yours is the beauty which caused cities and kingdoms to fall.” （二）转换形象，使之归化 当差异的存在不利于理解，而译入语里恰有相对应的固有习语，这时可用符合译入语习惯，且能引起读者同样联想、同样情感的习语来替换，这也叫归化。 这时委员忽然打发人来叫他，他觉

10、得这正是个一举两得的机会，一来能给李如珍赔个人情，二来能高攀一下委员。 （赵树理，李家庄的变迁） Now this unexpected summons seemed an opportunity to kill two birds with one stone: first he could apologize to Li, and secondly he could see the official. (杨宪益译) “木已成舟罢！好在这个弟子会读书。” （李六如，六十年变迁） “Whats been done cant be undone! Its a good thing though,

11、 this boy studies well.”5.今既入了这园，再遇湘云，香菱、芳、蕊一干女子，所谓“人以类聚，物以群分 ”，二语不错。 （红楼梦） Coming here now and meeting Hsiang-yun, Hsiang-ling, Fang-kuan, Jui-kuan and the other girls, it was a genuine case “like attracts like” or “birds of a feather flock together.” 8.他向来是惯叫农民来钻他的圈套的，真不料这回演了一套“请君入瓮”的把戏。（子夜） He ha

12、d become so used to setting traps for peasants all these years that it came as rather a shock to him to find he had walked into a snare himself. （三）放弃原形象意译，达到功能对等 如果原习语的形象既不能保留，又没有合适的替换，如果原习语的形象既不能保留，又没有合适的替换，那就只能放弃原形象，采用意译的办法那就只能放弃原形象，采用意译的办法 1而且这规则是不像现在那样朝三暮四的。 And these rules, unlike those we hav

13、e today, do not change all the time. 2他这一阵心头如同十五个吊桶打水，七上八下，老是宁静不下来。 His mind was in a turmoil these days and he was quite unable to think straight. 3方案一公布，大家就七嘴八舌地议论开了。 Publication of the draft plan touched off a lively discussion, with everybody eager to put in a word. ：三心二意 in/of two minds; 一五一十 i

14、n great detail; 不管三七二十一 regardless of the consequences; 三令五申 to have repeatedly issued orders and given warnings; 三头六臂 a person of inexhaustible resources; 三长两短 unexpected misfortune or accident 6.后来出嫁了，两个人还藕断丝连，这只能怪包办婚姻，不能怪她。（周立波，山乡巨变 and after she was married they still kept it up. The arranged ma

15、rriage was the cause of this; she cant be blamed. 8.“再试纺，顶多忙一阵子，过了几天，还不是外甥打灯笼找舅（照旧）。”（周而复，上海的早晨） “And if were now going to have a check spinning, itll only mean that well be busier than ever for a spell and then after a few days things will be back to what they were before.” 汉语成语、典故、俗语、谚语和歇后语英译。 成语、

16、典故基本上是书面语言，俗语、谚语和歇后语基本上是口头语言。 成语作为短语或词组在句中可担任一定成分，如主语、谓语（包括能愿合成谓语、判断合成谓语、兼语句谓语、连动句谓语等）、宾语（包括介词宾语）、定语、状语、补语和独立成分等，还可以分句的形式存在。 从结构上看，成语可分为联合式、动宾式、主谓式、偏正式、连动式、兼语式、紧缩式等，如山盟海誓（联合式）、为所欲为（动宾式）、盛气凌人（主谓式）、泰然自若（偏正式）、投笔从戎（连动式）、引狼入室（兼语式）和脍炙人口（紧缩式）（倪宝元，1984）。中思维方式：形象思维，中思维方式：形象思维， 直观，直观， 语言具体生动语言具体生动笨鸟先飞， 敝帚自珍，遍

17、体鳞伤，滴水不漏， 凤刀霜剑，见风使舵，顺水推舟，芒刺在背，趋之若鹜重视历史，重视历史， 看重对前人思想和文化的代代传承，有大量的历史典看重对前人思想和文化的代代传承，有大量的历史典故和民间传说故和民间传说司空见惯，问鼎中原，单刀赴会，塞翁失马，伯乐相马，邯郸学步，沉鱼落雁，一枕黄粱， 此地无银三百两，不为五斗米折腰， 成也萧何，败也萧何。以和谐，对称为美，结构对等，音韵协调以和谐，对称为美，结构对等，音韵协调春花秋月，山明水秀，龙腾虎跃，欢天喜地，丰衣足食，日积月累，风风雨雨，三三两两，熙熙攘攘，双宿双飞，云里雾里，心服口服粗枝大叶 thick branches and large leav

18、es; (in doing things,) do not take due care; careless or carelessly 粗枝大叶为联合结构，字面意义是，枝子很粗，叶子很大，很不精细。通常当马虎大意和粗心大意使用。闻所未闻 hearing what has never been heard before; rarely or seldom heard of闻所未闻为动宾结构，字面意义是听到了从未听到过的，通常用于指事理或论述的新鲜、奇特。 盛气凌人 so arrogant as to impose oneself upon others; arrogant or domineer

19、ing in manner盛气凌人为主谓结构，字面意义是骄横傲慢以气势压人，通常与不可一世、咄咄逼人等词语同义。 洋洋得意 extremely pleased as to be too proud; pleased and too proud; pleased to the extent of being too proud 洋洋得意也可以说成得意洋洋。洋洋得意是偏正结构，洋洋修饰得意；得意洋洋也是偏正结构，具体地说是动补结构，但依然是洋洋修饰得意。字面意义是满意到了骄傲的地步，得意到溢于言表。 小心翼翼 particularly careful, extremely cautious 小心翼

20、翼为偏正结构，翼翼用做补语修饰小心。翼翼的字面意义是多多，小心翼翼的字面意义是小心多多，使用时的意义为非常小心、特别谨慎，几乎有点过分。 见异思迁 change ones mind upon seeing something new; be inconsistent in inclination见异思迁是连动结构，字面意义是见到了不同的东西就想丢掉原来的，换上那个不同的。主要用于描写人们容易改变主意，喜爱不够专一，有时用于描写男的喜新厌旧，见到了不同于妻子的女人就想“换片子”，当然也可以用来描写这样的女性。 剜肉补疮 cut flesh to patch an ulcerate; take s

21、hort-term measures to do something which requires long-term measures to be taken; to pull through a light crisis or solve a problem at the expenses of the future剜肉补疮为连动结构，剜肉的目的是为了补疮。字面意义是，某人生了疮，为治疗这个疮竟然将自己的好肉割下来补上因生疮而烂掉的那块坏肉。人们通常用它来表达这样的意思：为了救眼前之急，竟然牺牲未来。 调虎离山 lure the tiger so that it will leave th

22、e mountain where it lives; lure somebody to leave his advantageous location so as to overwhelm him调虎离山是兼语结构，字面意义是，想办法引诱老虎使它离开它所生活的山，因而使其失去地理优势，以便战胜老虎。此成语多用于指称战争策略。战争中，一方占据地理优势，另一方为了改变这种局面，故意引诱它离开占据优势的地方，以便使其失去优势进而战而胜之。 脍炙人口 sliced and roast meat is pleasant to everybodys taste; poems and pieces of p

23、rose are so excellent as to please every reader脍炙人口中，脍是切成精细的小片的鱼肉或肉，炙是烤肉。脍炙人口为紧缩结构，字面意义是，好吃的东西人人都爱吃，多用于比喻好的诗文令大家赏心悦目。 昂首阔步 march with head raised stiffly; stride proudly ahead昂首阔步为联合结构，字面意义为，昂着头大踏步向前迈进。用时多有意气风发、斗志昂扬的意思，有时略有态度高傲的意思。 半途而废 stop halfway; give up halfway半途而废为偏正结构，字面意义是，走到半路上就不走了，用时多比喻做事干

24、到一半就放弃了，含有惋惜甚至责备的意思。 不学无术 one is not skilled with anything due to the fact that he does not study well; be incompetent due to ones ignorance; incompetent and ignorant不学无术为联合结构，不学和无术间既可理解为并列关系，也可理解为因果关系。因此字面意义为，由于不学习而没有本领，也可以理解为，既没有学问也没有本领。用于他人多含贬义，用于自己多表自谦。 触类旁通 knowledge of an example enables one t

25、o understand the relevant category; comprehend something by analogy; understand things of a kind upon touching an example触类旁通为连动结构，含有如果触类了就可以旁通的因果意义，因此，本义是接触到某一类知识，就懂得了类似的或相关的知识。用时多用本义。 奋不顾身 (in charging the enemy or accomplishing a risky task,) pay no attention to ones life security; regardless of

26、ones security or life奋不顾身为偏正结构，意思为勇往直前到不顾个人安危的地步，用时多用本义。 泰然处之 behavior with composure; not slightly affected 泰然处之为偏正结构，意思为遇到事情能冷静对待，用时多用本义。有时也用泰然自若。 想入非非 indulge in fantasy; be unrealistic or illusory 想入非非为主谓结构，意思是思考问题时想法不符合实际，用时多用本义。 心怀叵测 harbor evil intentions at heart that are not predictable; il

27、l-intentioned 心怀叵测为主谓结构，意思是心中怀着难以估测的歹意，用时多用本义。另一种说法为居心叵测。 无地自容 feel so ashamed as to find no place to hide oneself in; feel too ashamed to see others 无地自容为连动结构，本意是因做错了事而羞愧到了极点，羞于见人却又找不到藏身的地方，用时多用本义。 忠心耿耿 be whole-heartedly loyal; be extremely loyal忠心耿耿为主谓结构，意思是非常忠诚，用时多用本义。 自惭形秽 be ashamed of ones in

28、ferior appearance; feel inferior自惭形秽为主谓结构，本意是因看到自己的容貌举止不如别人而感到惭愧，现在通常使用的意思是因感到自己不如别人而非常惭愧。 汉语典故英译 现代汉语词典将典故定义为“诗文里引用的古书中的故事或词句”。 辞海将典故定义为“诗文中引用的古代故事和有来历出处的词语”。 概而言之，典故多源于历史、寓言、神话、传说和事件，多见于历史记载、文学作品和报刊杂志。例如，焚书坑儒源于历史事件，买椟还珠源于寓言，精卫填海源于神话，伊朗门源于当代事件等。这些典故，有的见于历史记载，有的见于诸子百家，有的见于现代报刊。百步穿杨 典出战国策.西周策，有关情节可大致

29、简述如下。楚国有个叫养由基的，十分善射，在百步之外能射中杨柳的叶子，百发百中。后来用百步穿杨来形容人们善射。 To shoot an arrow through a willow leaf at the distance of 100 steps; extremely good at shooting Note: The allusion goes back to Yang Youji, an excellent shooter in the Zhou Dynasty, who could shoot an arrow at a willow leaf one hundred steps aw

30、ay and never missed the target. 班女之才 典出后汉书.列女传，有关情节可大致简述如下。班女名班昭，班彪之妹。班彪编著汉书，剩下八表和天文志没有写完就去世了。班昭接替其兄，完成了他的未竟之业，她还是皇后与贵人的老师，被认为是极富才学的女性。班女之才多用于描写才高的女性。(of a female) as capable as Ban Zhao; talented Note: Historic records have it that Ban N, whose name is Ban Zhao, the younger sister of Ban Biao, a hi

31、storian famous for his monumental work of A History of the Han Dynasty. However, the historian died leaving the writing unfinished. Then Ban Zhao was assigned the task and completed the writing. For her talent, Ban Zhao was also appointed tutor for the empress and the emperors concubines. 伯乐相马 典出屈原怀

32、沙，有关情况可大致简述如下。伯乐姓孙名阳，善于相马。后来经常用伯乐比喻善于发现人才的人。 Bo Le is very capable of discovering best horses; as capable as Bo Le in discovering talents Note: Qu Yuan, a famous Chinese poet of the State of Chu in the Warring State period, believed it that Bo Le was very capable of discovering best horses. The allu

33、sion is now often used to refer to persons capable of discovering and fostering talents. 东施效颦 典出庄子.天运，有关情节可大致简述如下。古代著名美女西施因患有心痛病，经常颦额或者说皱眉头。村里有个丑女看见觉得很美，于是也学着颦额，结果反而更丑了。后来多用东施效颦比喻胡乱模仿，结果反而不美。 An ugly girl follows the suit of the pretty lady Xishi by knitting her eyebrows; imitate awkwardly Note: Leg

34、end has it that Xi Shi, a lady living in the State of Yue in the late years of Spring and Autumn period and famous for her beauty in ancient China, often knitted her eyebrows due to her illness. An ugly girl in the village saw this, believing that the behavior added much to her beauty. Then she foll

35、owed Xi Shis suit by knitting her own brows the way Xi Shi did. However, it turned out that she became all the more ugly. 董狐直笔 典出左传.宣公二年，有关情节可大致简述如下。春秋时晋灵公欲杀赵盾，赵盾逃亡。他的从弟赵穿起兵攻打晋灵公并在桃园将他杀死。史官董狐认为，此举是赵盾弑君，并不畏赵盾的权势，冒着生命危险将这件事载入了史册。后来多用此典比喻人们不为权者讳、不为贤者讳，在史册或其他书籍中，实事求是地记载或谈论他们的过失。 Dong Hu, a historian in

36、Spring and Autumn period, recorded historic facts as they were without any distortion to appease officials for their vanity; (in recording historic events) call a spade a spade as Dong Hu did Note: Historic records have it that during the Spring and Autumn period, when Duke Ling of Jin was going to

37、kill Zhao Dun, who then escaped by running away, Zhao Duns distant brother Zhao Chuan took armed forces to attack the duke and killed him in a peach garden. Dong Hu, the historian, believed that it was an act of regicide on the part of Zhao Dun and recorded the act in history this way despite Zhao D

38、uns overwhelming power that might threaten his life. The allusion is later used to refer to speaking frankly. 负荆请罪 典出史记.廉颇蔺相如列传，有关情节可大致简述如下。廉颇和蔺相如都是赵国人，廉颇是赵国大将，蔺相如出身低微，但在对秦国的斗争中多次建立功勋，被拜为上卿，官位高于廉颇。廉颇不服，屡屡找茬子羞辱蔺相如。蔺相如为国家计，顾全大局，总是退让。后来廉颇知道了，蔺相如屡屡退让，不是怕他，而是担心将相不和，秦国会乘机侵略赵国。那样，赵国就会灭亡，老百姓就会遭殃。此事感动了廉颇，于是他

39、身背荆杖到蔺相如府上请罪。后来多用此典指犯了错误又主动承认错误、改正错误的举动。To make apology by carrying a twig of the chaste tree and asking the one to whom the apology is made to beat him or her; making an active apologyNote: Historic records have it that Lian Po and Ling Xiangru were courtiers of the State of Zhao. Lian Po was the f

40、amous general at the time. Born humbly, Ling Xiangru was promoted to the position higher than Lian Pos for his outstanding contributions in the struggles against the State of Qin. This made Lian Po jealous and tried to slight Ling Xiangru, who thought that if he and Lian Po were in discord or confli

41、ct, then the State of Qin would take the opportunity to invade the State of Zhao. Therefore, Ling Xiangru always tried to avoid any possible conflict with the general. Having learned of this, Lian Po realized that he was wrong and went to Ling Xiangrus mansion to make apology by carrying a twig and

42、asking Ling Xiangru to beat him for his wrong doings. 风声鹤唳 典出晋书.苻坚载记。这个典故也常常说成风声鹤唳，草木皆兵。有关情节可大致简述如下。东晋时期，国家分裂，南北对峙，北方的前秦主苻坚率兵攻打南方的东晋，结果被东晋打得惨败而归。苻坚等人站在城楼上观望对方，见东晋军容整齐，将八公山上的草木也当成晋军。此前，在淝水被击败而逃亡之时，将风声与鹤声也当成了追兵的呐喊声。淝水之战是我国历史上有名的以少胜多的战例，后来常用风声鹤唳或风声鹤唳，草木皆兵来形容人们由于非常害怕，便捕风捉影，将不是那回事也当成那回事了。 To take the moa

43、n of wind and the cry of cranes for enemys shouting; fearful at any slight omen; very apprehensive Note: Historic records have it that when Qian Qin, a state on the north, was utterly defeated by Dong Jin, a state on the south, on their way of escaping, Qian Qins generals and soldiers took the moan

44、of wind and the cry of cranes for enemys shouting, and grass and trees for enemys chasing forces. This allusion is now used to refer to peoples groundless fears. 邯郸学步 典出庄子.秋水，有关情节可大致简述如下。古代燕国有一个少年看到邯郸人走路姿态很优美，就学他们的样子走路，结果没有学会，反而将自己原来的走路方法也忘了，只好爬着回去。后来用这个典故形容人们盲目地模仿他人，结果反而弄糟了。 To walk as people of Ha

45、ndan do; to imitate awkwardly Note: Legend has it that a youngster from the State of Yan saw that the Handans walk was very graceful and then tried to acquire the walking manner but only to find that he did not learn anything at all and had forgotten how he originally walked. Therefore, he had to cr

46、awl all the way back home. The allusion is now used to ridicule those who imitate blindly. 惊弓之鸟 典出战国策.楚策四，有关情节可大致简述如下。有一天，更羸和魏王在一起，看见有一只鸟从天空飞过。更羸对魏王说，我将弓拉开，不搭箭虚射出去，鸟会应声而落。魏王不信。更羸果然拉虚弓而使飞鸟落地。其实，那是一只受了伤的鸟，听到弓弦响就吓得坠落下来。后来用这个典故形容人遭受打击后，心理非常脆弱，常产生不必要的恐慌。 A bird that fell down at the sound of an arrowless

47、 shooting; a deadly frightened person Note: Tradition has it that Geng Lei and the king of the State of Wei were once together, seeing a bird flying across the sky. Geng Lei said to the king that if he shot without an arrow, the bird would also fall down. The king did not believe it and Geng Lei did

48、 as he had said and the bird really fell down. It turned out that the bird had been wounded by a previous shooting and was frightened down at the sound of Geng Leis arrowless shooting. The allusion is now used to refer to people who, having experienced a crisis or danger, are still affected by the l

49、ingering fear. 劳燕分飞 典出乐府诗集.东飞伯劳歌，有关诗文的细节可大致简述如下。劳为伯劳鸟，它和燕子一个飞到东，一个飞到西，两下分开了。后来用之比喻夫妻或情侣两离分。 The bird of Bo Lao and the sparrow fly apart; be separated Note: In a poem, it was said that the bird of Bo Lao and the sparrow flew separately one eastward and the other westward. The allusion is now used to

50、 refer to separation of a couple or lovers. 孟母三迁 典出烈女传，有关情节可大致简述如下。为了孟子和其他孩子有一个良好的成长环境，孟母（孟子的母亲）三次搬家以避免不好的成长环境。后来人们常用此典褒奖那些教子有方的女性，有时也用以指好邻居。 The mother of Mencius moved their home three times; moving ones home for the desired environment for the education of ones children Note: Tradition has it tha

51、t Mrs Meng, mother of Mencius, moved her home three times for an ideal neighborhood for the education of her son Mencius and his brothers. The allusion is now used to give praise to those who are good at educating their young. 女娲补天 典出淮南子.览冥训，有关情节可大致简述如下。古代天的四极是残缺的，神人伏羲的妹妹女娲炼五色石以补天，斩断巨鳌的足来支撑四极。后来人们常用

52、此典来褒奖人们救国救难、匡正乾坤的壮举，也用于指治理灾难。 N Wa patches the sky; to save the populace by patching the sky or doing a great deed Note: Legend has it that when the sky and the earth began to separate, the four corners of the sky were fragmentary. Then N Wa, Fu Xis sister, fostered stones of color to patch the sky

53、and cut the four legs from a giant tortoise as poles to support the sky. In this way, she contributed a great deal to the mankind. The allusion is now used to such heroic deeds as salvation of the nation or pulling the people through crisis or natural disasters. 杞人忧天 典出列子.天瑞，有关情节可大致简述如下。古代杞国有个人害怕天崩地

54、陷，无处安身，终日忧愁，以致寝食俱废。后来多用此典指有些人对有些事产生不必要的担心与害怕。 A certain person from the State of Qi worries that the sky would fall down and he would have no place to harbor himself; groundless worry Note: Legend has it that a certain person from the State of Qi worried that the sky would some day fall down and he

55、then would have no place to shelter himself from the disaster. He worried day and night as to neglect his meal and sleep. The allusion now applies to the case of groundless worry. 绕梁三日 也有说成余音绕梁的，典出列子.汤问，有关情节可大致简述如下。古代有个叫韩娥的歌手，在去齐国的路上没有办法，在雍门卖唱乞食。唱得很好，走了之后三天之内人们仍感到余音未散，仿佛还在梁间回绕。后来用此典形容优美的歌曲。 Whirling

56、 around the beam for three days; (of a song) so excellent as to let the audience feel it lingering for a long time Note: Legend has it that in ancient time, Han E once on the way to the State of Qi had no food but to beg by singing. She sang so beautifully that three days after she left, the audienc

57、e still felt that the song was lingering in the hall. The allusion now applies to the description of excellent songs or music. 塞翁失马 也有说成塞翁失马，焉知非福的，典出淮南子.人间训，有关情节可大致简述如下。古代边塞有位老翁丢了马，人们都来安慰他。他却说，马丢了，说不定还是一种福气呢。后来那匹马回来了，还引回了胡人的一匹马。此时人们又来向他贺喜。他说，说不定是一种祸事呢。正如所言，不久他的儿子因为骑那匹马摔断了腿。后来人们用此典形容祸福相依，相互转化，难以逆料。 T

58、he frontiersman loses his horse; a loss may turn out to be a blessing Note: Legend has it that a frontiersman once lost his horse and his neighbors came to comfort him. However, he said to the neighbors that the loss might turn out to be a blessing. Later, the horse came back with another horse of t

59、he Tartars and then his neighbors came to extend their congratulations. However, he said on the occasion that the blessing might turn out to be a misfortune. It really so happened that his son rode the horse, fell down from it and had his leg broken. And the story continues in that line. The allusio

60、n now applies to comforting others when they have a bad fortune. 闻鸡起舞 典出晋书.祖逖传，有关情节可大致简述如下。祖逖与刘琨都做司州主簿，非常要好，经常一起睡觉。有一次半夜听到鸡叫，祖逖将刘琨踢醒说，半夜听到鸡叫并非坏事，于是两人起床舞练。后来多用此典形容人们立志发奋图强。 To get out of bed to exercise oneself when the cock crows in the middle night; diligent and self-disciplined Note: Historic reco