薄冰高中英语语法之17·主谓一致

1、纸介图书双击此处跟踪链接天猫旗舰店京东有售 薄冰高中英语语法之十六 主谓一致主 编 薄 冰 执行主编 庄志琳 葛炳芳 田绍慧山西教育出版社2014年最新版出 版 人 雷俊林 出版策划 苗补坤责任编辑 张荣荣ISBN 978-7-5440-5630-4 语法学习交流微平台 纸介图书京东旗舰店 纸介图书天猫旗舰店 百度阅读手持媒体免费读丨学英语，凭什么让我学语法吗？不时听到一些青年问道：学英语一定要学语法吗？语法应该怎么学呢？我们就这两个问题简单地谈一点个人意见。对中国学生来说，尤其是成年人，我看是学点语法好。语法，顾名思义，乃是语言的法则和规律。学习语法，尤其是一些基本法则，至少有下列几个好处：

2、第一可以使你学得快些，因为已有现成的前人总结的法则，用不着你从头摸索。第二可以使你学得透些，因为通过语法对语言现象不仅可以知其然，而且可以知其所以然。第三可以使你学得准些，因为语法法则就是一条条准绳，可以用以衡量一句话是否正确。第四语法不但可以引你入门，更可以引你入胜，使你逐渐眼界开阔，语感加深，从而使你的英语水平不断提高。丨那么应该如何学习语法呢？我认为在学习语法过程中，应该注意下面几点：第一基本概念最重要。在学习每个语法项目时，一定要把它的基本概念搞清，牢记在心。第二要大量地实践，大量地练习。实践要包括听、说、读、写四个方面，练习要着重说和写。第三学习语法时，应多用比较法。如对动词时态、冠

3、词、介词、名词的单、复数等较难的语法项目进行相互比较，效果就比较好。 第四要将语法法则与习惯用法分开。碰到习惯用法，就不必钻牛角尖，进行徒劳的分析。而习惯用法在英语中则是大量地存在着的。第五将一本语法书通读一遍，当然也不无好处。但最好将它作为工具书，像词典一样地经常查阅，始能学得比较细致牢靠。第六实用英语语法只应是入门的向导，像一根拐棍一样。英语达到一定水平之后，就应将它扔掉。起码不要让许多语法条条充斥头脑，影响你说和写的流利性。最后可能还会有人说，语法应该学，就是太枯燥。我的感觉是：开头有点枯燥，过些时候，就会像嚼橄榄似的，越学越有味了。如若不信，请试试看。 薄冰高中英语语法之主谓一致目 录

4、171 主谓一致原则 语法一致原则 意义一致原则 就近一致原则172 集体名词作主语173 由介词短语连接的主语174 代词作主语175 数词或量词词组作主语6 单元练习Unit 17 主 谓 一 致 主谓一致是指主语和谓语在人称和数上必须保持一致。通常情况下，主语的单、复数形式决定着谓语动词采取相应的形式。17-1主谓一致原则现代英语语法中主谓一致大致要遵循以下3条原则：1 语法一致原则语法一致的原则是指谓语动词和它的主语在语法形式上必须保持一致，即主语是单数形式，谓语动词也要用单数形式，主语是复数形式，谓语动词也要用复数形式。如：My friend has no intention of

5、going shopping with me. 我的朋友不想和我一起去购物。My friends have no intention of going shopping with me. 我的朋友们不想和我一起去购物。(1) 在There be句型中，be的单、复数形式取决于靠近be的主语的数。如：There has been little change in the city. 这个城市没有多少变化。There have been only two major political parties in the United States， the Republican Party and t

6、he Democratic Party. 美国一直以来只有两大政党：共和党和民主党。试题解析：There to be many arguments on both sides. A. seemsB. is C. seemD. are【答案选C】在There be结构中，谓语动词的形式取决于be后面的名词，此句be后面的名词即句子的主语是many arguments，所以seem正确。(2) 在“one of.”结构作主语时，谓语用单数，因为one是这个名词词组的中心词；“two of.”结构中谓语动词用复数，因为two是这个名词词组的中心词。如：One of the books I borro

7、wed from him is Tess of the DUrbervilles. 我从他那里借到的其中一本书是德伯家的苔丝。Ten of the boys in their classes are from Guangdong. 他们班上10个男孩来自广东。但倒装句的主语在谓语之后，应注意避免误用。如：At the airport were many people coming and going. 机场有许多来来往往的人。Never before has she been to Amsterdam. 她以前从没去过阿姆斯特丹。Within the playground were a gro

8、up of children playing soldiers. 操场上有一群孩子在玩打仗。2 意义一致原则意义一致的原则是指谓语动词和主语的一致，是由主语所表达的单、复数概念来决定的，而不是根据主语的实际语法形式。有时主语的语法形式是单数，但所表达的概念是复数意义，这时动词应采用复数形式。如：The class are listening to me. 全班学生在听我讲课。The football team are having breakfast now. 足球队员们在吃早饭。(1) 主语是抽象概念、短语或从句，谓语动词应用单数。如：To tell lies is wrong. 说谎是不对

9、的。eeping a house is a tiring job. 管理家务是件很劳累的事。How that happened is not clear to anyone. 这事是怎么样发生的，谁也不清楚。注意： 用what或which引导的主语从句或简单句中，谓语动词的数的概念取决于后面的表语，因为它们逻辑上的意义是相同的。如： Which seat is yours? 你的座位是哪个? Which seats are yours? 你们的座位是哪几个? What they gave me as a reward are some books. 他们奖给我的是一些书。 单个的动名词作主语，

10、不定式作主语，以及主语从句作主语，谓语动词用单数；若用and连接两个成分，谓语才用复数。如：Setting fire to public buildings is seriously against the law. 放火焚烧公共建筑物是严重的违法行为。What I think and what I seek have been fairly reflected in my paper. 我想什么，我追求什么，都已在我的文章中表达清楚了。试题解析：What the teacher and the students want to say _ that either of the coun-tr

11、ies _ beautiful.A. are；areB. are；isC. is；isD. is；are【答案选C】译文：师生都想说的是，这两个国家都很漂亮。 (2) and所连接的两个名词或短语指的是同一个人、同一件事或同一个概念时，谓语动词则要用单数。如： The English teacher and head teacher is a young man. 英语老师兼班主任是一个年轻人。 The last and most difficult lesson is Lesson 14. 第14课是最后一课也是最难的一课。A teacher and singer was present a

12、t the evening party. 有位老师兼歌手参加了晚会。The cart and horse was owned by a farmer. 那辆马车归一位农民所有。注意： 比较：The singer and the dancer are popular with the young people. 那个歌唱家和那个舞蹈家（两个不同的人）很受年轻人喜欢。The cart and the horse were owned by a farmer. 那辆车和那匹马由一位农民所有。 下列词组通常视作单数概念，谓语动词也相应用单数形式。如：a needle and thread 穿了线的针

13、a knife and fork 一副刀叉 a desk and chair 一套桌椅 a watch and chain 带链的手表 (3) 如果被each，every，no，many a或more than one所修饰，即使由and连接并列作主语，谓语动词习惯上也用单数形式。如：Many a student was deeply moved by the teachers words.许多学生为老师的话所深深地打动。Many a doctor and many a nurse is busy with their work. 许多医生和护士都忙于他们的工作。No man and no a

14、nimal is to be found on the moon. 在月球上没发现人和动物。Every teacher and every student wants to see the film. 每位教师、每个学生都想去看电影。Each child has a name. 每个小孩有他自己的名字。Each boy and (each) girl wants to help the old man. 男孩，女孩都想帮助那位老人。Every train and (every) bus was crowded during the Spring Festival.春节期间，每辆火车和汽车都很拥

15、挤。应当指出：every 和each不同，只能作定语，不能构成every of短语，但可用every one of的结构。试题解析： 1. Everyone here，including children and old people _ in for sports.A. goB. goingC. to goD. goes 【答案选D】译文：这里，包括儿童和老人在内的每个人都爱好体育运动。 2. Each of the _ in the ship.A. passenger has his own room B. passengers have their own roomC. passenge

16、r have their own roomD. passengers has his own room 【答案选D】译文：每位旅客在船上都有自己的房间。 (4) one and a half跟复数名词作主语时，谓语动词习惯用单数形式。如：One and a half bananas was eaten by that monkey. 那猴子吃下了一个半香蕉。One and a half years has passed since the war broke out. 战争爆发到现在已有一年半了。(5) 由and连接的两个连词引导一个主语从句或动词不定式时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：When a

17、nd where to hold the meeting has not been decided. 何时何地开这次会议还没有决定。试题解析：When and where to build the new factory _ yet.A. is not decided B. are not decidedC. has not decided D. have not decided 【答案选A】译文：何时何地建新工厂还未决定。 (6) 学科名称和疾病名称作主语时，主语与谓语动词的一致：某些学科名称和疾病名称虽是复数形式，但这些词作主语时，谓语动词仍用单数形式。这些词包括： electronics

18、mechanicsclassicslinguisticseconomicsstatisticsphysics mathematics astronomypolitics等。如：Electronics is a piece of cake to him. 电子学是他很喜欢的学科。Quantum mechanics supplies methods for calculating the results of experiments in all those realms. 量子力学提供了所有这些领域中实验结果的运算方法。(7) 两个或两个以上的主语用and和both连接时，谓语动词用复数形式。如

19、：Both rice and cotton are grown in the southern area. 在南方地区人们种植水稻和棉花。Coal and oil exist in large quantities on the earth. 地球上存在着大量的煤炭和石油。(8) and所连接的两个名词或短语所指的不是同一个人、同一个事物或同一个概念时，谓语动词用复数。如： Medicine and food are badly needed there. 那儿十分需要药品和食物。Collecting stamps and playing the guitar are my two hobbi

20、es. 集邮和弹吉他是我的两大爱好。The English teacher and the head teacher are both young men.英语老师和班主任都是年轻人。(9) 群岛、山脉、瀑布等专有名词，如：the Alps，the Philippines，Niagara Falls等作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。如：Niagara Falls are a splendid scene. 尼亚加拉瀑布是一处壮丽的景观。The Philippines lie to the southeast of China. 菲律宾群岛位于中国东南部。Which country do the

21、Straits of Gibraltar belong to? 直布罗陀海峡属于哪个国家?(10) 表示时间、距离、度量、价值的复数名词作主语时，这些复数名词，如表示抽象概念，被视作一个整体时，谓语动词用单数形式；如表示具体的多少，强调复数意义时， 谓语动词用复数形式。如：Ten minutes is all that I can spare for you. 我只能给你10分钟时间。Six thousand dollars is a large sum of money to her. 对她来说，六千美元是一个大数目。The fifty miles were covered by the w

22、inner in three hours. 50英里路冠军只跑了3个小时。Eight hours of sleep is enough. 8小时的睡眠足够了。Ten pounds was missing from the till. 收银台里的10英镑不见了。试题解析：Twenty-five years _ since I graduated from college.A. passB. passed C. has passed D. has been passed 【答案选C】表示时间、金钱、距离等的名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。从句中介词since暗示主句谓语动词要用现在完成时。pass作

23、“经过”讲时是不及物动词。(11) 表示书名、报名、剧名、国名等的名词（或词组）作主语时，如只指一种、一本或一个，不论它形式上是单数还是复数，谓语动词只用单数形式。如：The adventures of Huckleberry Finn was written by the famous American humorist Mark Twain. 哈克贝利芬历险记是著名的美国幽默作家马克吐温写的。The New York Times is not available here. 纽约时报这里没有。The United States was founded in 1776. 美国是1776年建立

24、的。War and Peace is the longest book Ive read. 战争与和平是我看过的最长的小说。General Motors has recently closed down a plant. 通用汽车公司最近关闭了一家工厂。 (12) 一些形式为复数，意思为单数的名词如，trousers，pants，shorts，glasses，scissors等作主语时，谓语动词用复数。如：Her glasses are new. 她的眼镜是新的。My trousers are old. 我的裤子是旧的。但当这类名词前有a （ the.） pair of 修饰时，谓语动词应用单

25、数，如：This pair of scissors is made in Hangzhou. 这把剪刀是杭州制造的。The pair of trousers is cheap. 这条裤子很便宜。(13) 如主语指的是一类人，谓语动词用复数形式；如果指的是单个人或抽象概念，谓语动词用单数形式。如：The sick here are very well cared for. 这里的病人都被照顾得很好。The blind are taught trades in special schools. 盲人在特殊学校里被传授手艺。The true is to be distinguished from t

26、he false. 真实与虚假应加以区别。(14) 在“one of 复数名词 定语从句”结构中，定语从句中谓语动词的单、复数应由它修饰的先行词的数来决定，但如果one前面有the only修饰时，定语从句的谓语动词只能用单数。如：This is one of the rooms that were damaged in the fire. 这就是那次大火烧毁的房间之一。（被烧毁的房间有多间，所以that指the rooms。）He is the only one of the students that has been invited to sing at the concert. 他是唯

27、一被邀请在音乐会上演唱的那个学生。注意：在“the only one of 复数名词定语从句” 结构中，定语从句的谓语动词应用单数形式。如：Mary is the only one of the girls who was playing in the band at yesterdays concert. 玛丽是唯一参加昨天音乐会乐队伴奏的姑娘。（参加昨天音乐会乐队伴奏的姑娘仅有一个，所以who指the only one。）试题解析：She is one of the few girls who _ in the kindergarten.A. is well paidB. are well

28、 paidC. is paying wellD. are paying well【答案选B】“one of+复数名词+定语从句”结构中，从句的谓语动词要用复数形式。 3 就近一致原则就近一致是指谓语动词的人称和数要在形式上与最靠近它的那个名词或代词取得一致。(1) 当一个句子有两个主语，而它们又是由either.or.；neither.nor；not only.but also.；or等连接时，谓语通常和最邻近的主语一致。如：Tom or his brothers are waiting in the room. 汤姆或他的几个兄弟正在房间等候。Neither you， nor I， nor

29、anybody else knows anything about it.你、我或其他任何人都不知道这件事。Either you or I am to do the work. 不是你就是我来做这项工作。Neither his parents nor his teacher is able to persuade him to change his mind.他的父母和老师都没法说服他改变主意。Either the players or the coach is responsible for the defeat. 不是运动员就是教练应该对这次比赛的失利负责。注意：Either you or

30、 the headmaster _ the prize to those gifted students at the meeting.A. is handing outB. are to hand outC. are handing outD. is to hand out【答案选D】本题考查主谓一致。either.or.连接两个并列主语时，谓语动词和靠近它的名词在数上保持一致。D项“be+不定式”表示“应该”的意思。 当上面的句子变成疑问句时，谓语动词仍然要求“就近一致”。如：Not only Jack but also his friends are interested in Chin

31、ese music. 杰克和他的朋友们都对中国音乐感兴趣。Is not only Jack but also his friends interested in Chinese music? 杰克和他的朋友们都喜欢中国音乐吗?(2) 如果一个句子由there和here引起，而主语又不止一个，谓语通常与最邻近的那个主语一致。如：Here is a pen，a few envelopes and some paper for you.这儿有一支钢笔、几个信封和一些纸给你。There is a desk and four chairs in the office. 办公室里有一张书桌和4把椅子。Th

32、ere are two chairs and a desk in the office. 办公室里有两把椅子和一张书桌。17-2 集体名词作主语当集体名词以单数形式出现时，它既可能表示单数，也可能表示复数，这时应视具体情况来断定。集体名词作为一个个成员的组合来考虑时，它就是复数意义的名词（但没有词形的变化），连接的动词就要用复数形式；如果作为一个不可分割的整体看待时（即非人称单位），它就是单数意义的名词，谓语动词就要用单数形式。如：Our group were discussing heatedly on the subject.我们小组（成员）对这个问题讨论得很热列。Our group is

33、 made up of four boys and five girls. 我们小组有4个男孩和5个女孩。对大多数单数集体名词来说，均可按句子的意义，具体情况作单数或复数看待，但无论作单数还是复数看待，最重要的是在同一个句子中前后要保持一致。即用单数时，除了接单数动词外，相应的人称代词或补足语也要用单数，反之要用复数。常见的可以用作单、复数意义的集体名词有：committeearmyclassgovernmentcompany enemy family club group publicstaff team population couple band 等。 如：The audience ha

34、ve (has) already expressed their (its) approval. 听众已表示赞同。The public are (is) the best judges (judge). 公众是最好的裁判。The population of the earth is increasing very fast. 地球上人口激增。One third of the population here are farmers. 这里三分之一的人口是农民。The public has every reason to be cautious of professional deception.

35、公众有充分的理由当心职业诈骗。The public now know the whole story. 现在公众已经知道事情的全部经过。(1) 有些集体名词people，police，youth（青年人），cattle等，总是跟复数动词形式。如：The police say they have caught the thieves. 警察说他们已经抓住了那些盗贼。The cattle were driven away from the hill. 那些牲畜从山上被赶走了。(2) 有些名词，像equipment（设备），furniture（家具），jewelry（珠宝），clothing（衣服）

36、，machinery（机械），表示单数概念。如：A lot of old equipment has been replaced by the new equipment. 许多旧设备已经被新设备代替了。All the machinery in the factory was controlled by robots. 这个厂所有的机械都是由机器人控制的。注意：people这个词作“人民”解时，总是与the连用；当泛指“人、人们”时，通常不加the，均接复数谓语动词；作“民族”解释时，谓语动词应取单数第三人称形式，这时people前可以加上不定冠词a。复数形式peoples指“各民族”。若要表

37、示“两个或两个以上的人”这个意思，可在people前直接加上数词或不定量词（some，many，a few等），但people不能加-s。如：In China people praise teachers for their work. 在中国，人们赞扬老师的辛勤劳动。All power in the Peoples Republic of China belongs to the people.中华人民共和国的一切权力属于人民。The Japanese are said to be an industrious people. 据说日本人是勤勉的民族。Five people came to

38、see him. 5个人来看他。17-3 由介词短语连接的主语如果主语后面跟有with，together with，along with，but，except，like，in addition to，including，besides，as well as，as much as （与一样，不亚于，与差不多），rather than （而不是），more than（ 比更）等引起的短语，谓语动词仍旧应与主语的人称和数保持一致。如：An expert，together with some assistants， was sent to help in this work. 一位专家和几位助手被派去

39、协助这项工作。No one except my parents knows anything about it. 除了我父母谁也不知道这事。The teacher as well as the students likes this novel. 学生和老师都喜欢这部小说。The boss，rather than his employees， is to blame. 不是雇员，而是老板，应该受到责备。His parents as well as he are very kind to me. 他的父母和他对我非常和蔼。Tom， more than anyone else， is anxiou

40、s to go there again. 汤姆比其他人更渴望再去那儿。An iron and steal works，with some satellite factories，is to be built here. 在这里将建立一个钢铁厂和一些卫星厂。Tom， along with his friends，goes skating every Saturday.每个星期六，汤姆和他的朋友们一起去滑冰。试题解析：A library with five thousand books _ to the nation as a gift.A. is offeredB. have offered C

41、. are offered D. has offered【答案选A】译文：一个有五千册藏书的图书馆被作为礼物赠予这个国家。主语后跟with /together with / along with 等短语时，谓语应与其前的主语保持一致。所以谓语用单数，图书馆是offer的承受者，故用被动语态。 17-4 代词作主语 (1) 有些代词只能指单数可数名词，当它们在句子中作主语时，尽管在意义上是复数，谓语动词仍要用单数形式。这类代词有：either neithereachanothersomebodysomeonesomethinganyoneanything anybodyeveryoneevery

42、thingeverybodyno onenothingnobody等。如： Neither likes the friends of the other. 两人都不喜欢对方的朋友。 Everything around us is matter. 我们周围的所有东西都是物质。 Has / Have either of them been there recently? 最近他们两个有没有去过那儿?Neither of us has gone through regular training. 我们两个都没有经过正规的训练。Nobody wants to go there，does he? 没有人

43、想去那里，是吧?Something has been done to end the strike. 已经采取措施制止罢工了。但应注意：在neither of与either of的结构中，谓语动词可用单数形式也可用复数形式。如： Neither of them was / were in good health，but both worked very hard.他们两个人身体都不好，工作却都很努力。(2) none 作主语时，谓语动词既可用单数也可用复数，这要取决于说话人的看法。如：None of us seem to have thought of it. 似乎我们全都没有想到这一点。No

44、ne of us has got a camera. （None Not a single one） 我们都没有照相机。(3) both，（a）few，many，several作主语时，谓语动词通常用复数形式。如：Both （of） the instruments are not precise ones. 这两种仪器并不都是精密仪器。Many of the young people have gone off to cities in search of higher pay.许多年轻人都到城里挣大钱去了。Several of the children were in the garden.

45、 有几个小孩在花园里。(4) all作主语表示人时，谓语动词用复数；表示物时，谓语动词用单数。如：All that ends well is well. 结果好一切都好。All are eager to reach an agreement. 大家都急于达成一项协议。17-5 数词或量词词组作主语(1) 分数或百分数修饰可数或不可数名词作主语时，形式是用单数还是复数取决于它们表示的意义。如：About three fourths of the earths surface is covered by water. 地球表面大约四分之三被水覆盖。Three fourths of the work

46、ers in the factory are women. 这个工厂四分之三的工人是女工。Fifty percent of the students in our school are girls. 我们学校百分之五十的学生是女生。试题解析： _ of the land in that district _ covered with trees and grass.A. Two fifth；is B. Two fifth；are C. Two fifths；is D. Two fifths；are 【答案选C】译文：那个地区有五分之二的土地被草和树覆盖。 (2) a great / good

47、deal of，a large amount of，amounts of这些量词词组一般只与不可数名词搭配，表示数量，不表示数（目），连接的动词要用单数形式。如： A large amount of / a great （good） deal of water was spilt on the floor. 地板上洒了大量的水。the amount of 一般解释为“总额，总数”，后接不可数名词，也可接复数可数名词，谓语动词仍然用单数形式。如：What is the amount of the bill? 账单上金额总计多少?The amount of todays sales is cons

48、iderable. 今天的销售量很可观。(3) a number of 可以在a与number之间加上great，good，large，considerable等词，与a great / good many 意思相近。a number of 可以用numbers of来表达，后接复数名词，谓语动词用复数形式。如：A good number of trees have been planted on either side of the river. 河的两岸种了许多树。(4) a number of和the number of的意思不同，两者都能与复数名词搭配，但the number of后接

49、动词一定用单数。如：The number of books stolen is fifty. 被偷窃的书共50本。A number of students were wounded in the accident. 有许多学生在事故中受了伤。试题解析：The number of people invited _ fifty，but a number of them _ absent for different reasons.A. were；was B. was；was C. was；were D. were；were 【答案选C】译文：受邀请的有50人，但是他们当中有很多人由于各种原因没有到

50、场。本题考查主谓一致。“the number of + 复数名词”表示“的数目”，“a number of + 复数名词”表示“许多”。前者作主语时，谓语动词用单数；后者作主语时，谓语动词用复数。 (5) a lot / lots of；plenty of；a quantity of；a percentage of；a pile / piles of；a heap / heaps of等作主语时，既可以与不可数名词搭配，也可以与可数名词搭配，谓语动词的数一般与它们后面的名词相一致。如：Lots of / Plenty of work remains to be done. 还有许多工作要做。A

51、 lot of us were invited at the last minute. 我们中的许多人是在最后时刻接到邀请的。There has been a small quantity of rain this spring. 今春雨下得很少。A small quantity of sugar was put in the boiled water. 开水里放入了少量的糖。A heap of rubbish has been cleaned away. 一堆垃圾已被清除掉。注意：quantities of后接不可数名词时，谓语动词的数一般与quantities取得一致。如：Great qu

52、antities of water were wasted. 大量的水被浪费了。试题解析：The rest of the magazines _ within half an hour.A. is sold outB. are sold outC. was sold outD. were sold out【答案选D】译文：剩余的杂志不到半个小时就售完了。 (6) more of 和enough of 两个词组之后只能跟带有限定词的不可数名词或复数可数名词，谓语动词根据它所修饰的名词决定。如：可以讲enough of the blue material 或more of my friends。如

53、果名词前没有限定词，就不能用of。这时more 和enough本身就是限定词，如：enough blue material，more friends。如：More of the trees are planted on both sides of the river. 河的两岸种着更多的树。More of the land is planted to cabbages than to tomatoes. 种白菜的地比种西红柿的多。Is there enough of the blue material? 有足够的蓝色料吗?Are there enough of the big nails to mend the cupboard? 有足够的大钉子修理柜橱吗?(7) more 也可以单独作主语，这时谓语动词的数应根据它们所指对象的单、复数意义来判断。如：Th