最新地质工程专业常用英文词汇

1、阐述expound(explain), state河谷river valley引入introduce into河道river course相应的corresponding河床river bed(channel)概念conception冲沟gully, gulley, erosion gully, stream(brook)概论overview河漫滩floodplain(valley flat)概率probability阶地terrace概念化conceptualize冲积平原alluvial plain宏观的macroscopic三角洲delta补充complement古河道fossil ri

2、ver course, fossil stream channel规划plan冲积扇alluvial fan证明demonstrate, certify, attest洪积扇diluvial fan证实confirmation坡积裙talus apron补偿compensate, make up, imburse分水岭divide算法algorithm盆地basin判别式discriminant岩溶地貌karst land feature, karst landform有限元方法finite element method(FEM)溶洞solution cave, karst cave样本单元法

3、sample element method(SEM)落水洞sinkhole赤平投影法stereographic projection method(SPM)土洞Karstic earth cave赤平投影stereographic projection干扰位移法interference displacement method(IDM)2 地层岩性干扰能量法interference energy method(IEM)地层geostrome (stratum, strata)条分法method of slices岩性lithologic character, rock property极限平衡法

4、limit equilibrium method岩体rock mass界面元法boundary element methodi-JU |=r岩层bed stratum模拟simulatei-JU |=r岩层layer, rock stratum计算程序computer program母岩matrix, parent rock数值分析numerical analysis相变facies change计算工作量calculation load硬质岩strong rock, film解的唯一性uniqueness of solution软质岩weak rock多层结构模型laminated mode

5、l硬质的competent非线性nonlinear软质的incompetent横观各向同性lateral isotropy甘屮基岩bedrock各向同性isotropy岩组petrofabric各向异性anisotropy覆盖层overburden非均质性heterogeneity交错层理cross bedding边界条件boundary condition层面bedding plane本构方程constitutive equation片理schistosity初始条件initial condition层理bedding初始状态rest condition板理（叶理）foliation岩土工程

6、geotechnical engineering,波痕ripple-mark土木工程civil engineering泥痕mud crack基础工程foundation engineering雨痕raindrop imprints最不利滑面the most dangerous slip surface造岩矿物rock-forming minerals交替alternate粘土矿物clay mineral控制论cybernetics高岭土kaolinite大量现场调查mass field surveys蒙脱石montmorillonite组合式combined type伊利石illite相互作用

7、interaction云母mica稳定性评价stability evaluation白云母muscovite均质性homogeneity黑云母biotite介质medium石英quartz层layer, stratum长石feldspar组构fabric正长石orthoclase斜长石plagioclase1 地形地貌geographic and geomorphic辉石pyroxene, picrite工程地质条件engineering geological conditions角闪石hornblende地形地貌条件geographic and geomorphic conditions方解

8、石calcite地形land form构造structure地貌geomorphology, relief结构texture微地貌microrelief组构fabric(tissue)地貌单元landform unit, geomorphic unit矿物组成mineral composition坡度grade结晶质crystalline地形图relief map非晶质amorphous产状attitude泥质argillaceous火成岩igneous硅质的siliceous岩浆岩magmatic rock有机质organic matter火山岩（熔岩）lava粗粒coarse grain火

9、山volcano中粒medium-grained侵入岩intrusive(invade) rock沉积物sediment (deposit)喷出岩effusive rock漂石、顽石boulder深成岩plutonic rock卵石cobble浅成岩pypabysal rock砾石gravel酸性岩acid rock砂sand中性岩inter-mediate rock粉土silt基性岩basic rock粘土clay超基性岩ultrabasic rock粘粒clay grain5甘岩基rock base (batholith)砂质粘土sandy clay岩脉（墙）dike粘质砂土clayey

10、sand岩株rock stock壤土、亚粘土loam岩流rock flow砂壤土、亚砂土轻亚粘土 sandy loamI-JU 乂岩盖rock laccolith (laccolite)浮土、表土regolith (topsoil)岩盆rock lopolith黄土loess岩墙rock dike红土laterite岩床rock sill泥灰peat岩脉vein dyke软泥ooze花岗岩granite淤泥mire, oozed mud, sludge, warp clay斑岩porphyry冲积物（层）alluvion玢岩porphyrite冲积的alluvial流纹岩rhyolite洪积物

11、（层）proluvium, diluvium, diluvion正长岩syenite洪积的diluvial粗面岩trachyte坡积物（层）deluvium闪长岩diorite残积物（层）eluvium安山岩andesite残积的eluvial辉长岩、.一、 r rgabbro风积物（层）eolian deposits玄武岩basalt湖积物（层）lake deposits细晶岩aplite海积物（层）marine deposits伟晶岩pegmatite冰川沉积物(层) glacier (drift)deposits煌斑岩lamprophyre崩积物（层）colluvial deposits

12、, colluvium辉绿岩diabase残积粘土residual clay橄榄岩dunite变质岩metamorphic rock黑曜岩obsidian板岩slate浮岩pumice千枚岩phyllite火山角砾岩vulcanic breccia匚 u_r片岩schist火山集块岩volcanic agglomerate片麻岩gneiss凝灰岩tuff石英岩quartzite沉积岩sedimentary rock大理岩marble碎屑岩clastic rock糜棱岩mylonite粘土岩clay rock混合岩migmatite粉砂质粘土岩silty claystone碎裂岩cataclas

13、ite化学岩chemical rock生物岩biolith3 地质构造砾岩conglomerate地质构造geologic structure角砾岩breccia结构构造structural texture砂岩sandstone大地构造geotectonic石英砂岩quartz sandstone构造运动tectogenesis粉砂岩siltstone造山运动orogeny钙质粉砂岩calcareous siltstone升降运动vertical movement泥岩mudstone水平运动horizontal movement页岩shale完整性perfection(integrity)盐岩

14、saline起伏度waviness石灰岩limestone尺寸效应size effect白云岩dolomite围压效应confining pressure effect泥灰岩marl产状要素elements of attitude泥钙岩argillo-calcareous产状attitude, orientation泥砂岩argillo-arenaceous走向strike砂质arenaceous倾向dip倾角dip angle, angle of dip泥化argillization褶皱fold尖灭taper-out褶曲fold错动diastrophism单斜monocline错动层面fau

15、lted bedding plane向斜syncline断续的intermittent背斜anticline破碎crumble穹隆dome共轭节理conjugated joint挤压squeeze散状loose上盘upper section透镜状的lens-shaped a.下盘bottom wall, footwall, lower wall岩石碎片crag断距separation岩屑cuttings, debris相交intersect薄膜membrane, film断层fault层理stratification正断层normal fault高角度high dip angle逆断层reve

16、rsed fault缓倾角low dip angle平移断层parallel fault反倾anti-dip层理bedding, stratification互层interbed v.微层理light stratificationInterbedding n.地堑graben起伏的unplanar地垒horst, fault ridge波状起伏的undulate, undulating断层泥gouge, pug, selvage, fault gouge粒径particle size擦痕stria, striation构造层tectonosphere断裂fracture挤压compressio

17、n破碎带fracture zone均一的homogeneous节理joint剪切错动面shear faulted, bedding zone节理组joint set切割dissection裂隙fissure, crack切割的dissected微裂隙fine fissure, microscopic fissure致密close, compact劈理cleavage构造岩tectonite原生裂隙original joint糜棱岩mylonite次生裂隙epigenetic joint断层角砾岩fault breccia张裂隙tension joint方解石脉calcite vein剪裂隙sh

18、ear joint碎块岩clastic rock卸荷裂隙relief crack角砾breccia裂隙率fracture porosity岩粉rock powder结构类型structural pattern岩屑debris, debry岩体结构rock mass structure固结consolidation岩块block mass定向排列oriented spread结构体structural element构造应力tectonic stress块度blockness残余应力residual stress结构面structural plane软弱结构面weak plane4 水文地质条件

19、hydrogeological conditions临空面free face水文循环hydrologic cycle碎裂结构cataclastic texture大气圈atmosphere板状结构platy structure水圈hydrosphere薄板状lamellose岩石圈geosphere块状的lumpy, massive地表径流surface runoff层状的laminated地下径流subsurface runoff巨厚层giant thick-laminated流域valley, drainage basin薄层状的finely laminated流域面积drainage a

20、rea, river basin area软弱夹层weak intercalated layer汇水面积catchment area夹层inter bedding,地下水ground water, subsurface waterintercalated bed, interlayer, intermediate layer地表水surface water夹泥层clayey intercalation大气水atmospheric water夹泥inter-clay气态水aqueous (vapour) water连通性connectivity液态水liquid water切层insequent

21、固态水solid water影响带affecting zone上层滞水perched water完整性integrity n.潜水phreatic waterIntegrate v. & a.承压水confined waterdegree of integrality吸着水hygroscopic (adsorptive) water破碎crumble介质medium胶结cement空隙void孔隙水压力pore water pressure渗透压力osmotic pressure, seepage force扬压力uplift pressure静水压力hydrostatic press

22、ure外静水压力external hydrostatic pressure动水压力hydrodynamic pressure渗透力seepage pressure外水压力external water pressure内水压力internal water pressure水力联系hydraulic interrelation水力折减系数hydraulic reduction coefficient水头损失water head loss渗透途径filtration path, seepage path渗透系数penetration coefficient潜水位water table level水位

23、water level, stage level水头water head含水层aquifer弱含水层（弱透水层） aquitard滞水层aquiclude透水层permeable layer, pervious layer不透水层(隔水层) aquifuge, impervious layer,潜水含水层impermeable layer, aquiclude phreatic aquifer承压含水层confined aquifer, artesian aquifer承压面bearing surface潜水面phreatic surface, water table浸润线phreatic c

24、urve不透水边界impervious boundary地下分水岭groundwater ridge粘滞性viscosity富水性abundance透水性（渗透性）permeability淋滤（溶滤作用）lixiviation, leaching反滤层inverted gravel filter水锈incrustation渗滴seep饱和saturation, saturated潜水位变化带zone of variable phreatic level气象因素meteorological factor饱水带zone of saturation包气带aeration zone, zone of

25、aeration包气带水aeration zone water上层滞水perched water孔隙水pore water裂隙水fissure water岩溶水karstic water结合水bound water, combined water吸着水hydroscopic water薄膜水pellicular water毛细水capillary water重力水gravitational water凝结水condensation water地下水埋藏条件condition of groundwater occurrence地下水埋藏深度depth of groundwater occurre

26、nce压水试验packer permeability test抽水试验pumping test5 物理力学性质物理力学physical mechanics n.Physico-mechanical a.屈服准则yield criteria米赛斯屈服准则Von Mises yield criteria朗肯土压力理论Ranking 's earth pressure theory剑桥模型Cambridge model, Cam-model邓肯-张模型Duncan-chang model本构方程constitutive equation局部剪切破坏local shear failure整体剪

27、切破坏general shear failure岩体完整性指数 intactness index of rock mass安全系数factor of safety埋深embedment depth试件coupons挠度deflection里氏震级Richter scale设计烈度design intensity基本烈度basic intensity场地烈度site intensity地震烈度seismic intensity, intensity scale卓越周期predominant period持力层sustained yield超载surcharge围岩压力surrounding ro

28、ck stress附加压力superimposed stress应力松弛stress relaxation应力路迳stress path卸荷unload渗透率specific permeability饱和度degree of saturation含水量moisture content平均粒径mean diameter颗粒grain, granule, particle颗粒级配distribution of grain-size,grain composition, size distribution级配graduation,grain-size distribution, gradation,

29、 grading粒度coarseness grain size, granularity, lump不均匀系数coefficient of non-uniformity,variation coefficient, variation factor颗粒分级gradation, size grading孔隙水pore water孔隙比void ratio (ration)空隙率air voids孔隙率porosity裂隙率crackity溶隙率karstity密度density重度unit weight, bulk weight浮重度buoyant unit weight折减系数reductio

30、n factor压力消散dissipation of pressure抗力系数coefficient of resistance软化系数softening coefficient含水量water content稠度consistency塑限plastic limit液限liquid limit塑性指数plasticity index液性指数liquidity index流变rheological蠕变creep塑性plastic脆性brittleness(fragility)粘性stickness刚性rigidity弹性的elastic粘弹性viso-elasticity弹塑性elasto-pl

31、asticity压缩性compressibility均质性homogeneity非均质性nonhomogeneity (heterogeneity)各向同性isotropy各向异性anisotropy总应力total stress有效应力effective stress超孔隙水压力excess pore pressure孔隙水压力pore water pressure抗压强度compressive strength抗拉强度tensile strength抗剪强度shear strength不排水抗剪强度 undrained shear strenght峰值抗剪强度peak share stre

32、ngth长期抗剪强度long-term shear strength残余抗剪强度residual shear strength负摩擦力negative skin friction, dragdown摩擦角angle of friction内摩擦角angle of internal friction外摩擦角angle of external friction内聚力cohesion粘聚力cohesion假凝聚力pseudo-cohesion粘着力adhesion摩尔圆Mohr' s circle包络线envelope休止角angle of repose,angle of friction(

33、repose, rest), repose angle峰值peak模量modulus弹性模量modulus of elasticity ，Young ' s modulus, elastic modulus压缩模量modulus of compressibility变形模量modulus of deformation卸荷模量unloading modulus切线模量tangent modulus剪切模量shear modulus割线模量secant modulus旁压模量pressurmeter modulus泊松比poisson ' s ration固结consolidati

34、on固结系数coefficient of consolidation固结度degree of consolidation超固结比over consolidation ration应变strain压缩比compressibility ratio压缩系数coefficient of compressibility压缩指数compression index初始曲线virgin curve正常固结土normally consolidated soil欠固结土under-consolidated soil超固结土over-consolidated soil被动土压力passive earth press

35、ure主动土压力active earth pressure静止土压力earth pressure at rest覆盖压力overburden pressure初始应力initial stress地应力场ground(geostatic) stress field有效应力effective stress动应力dynamic stress动荷载dynamic load偏心荷载eccentric loads循环荷载inclined loads地应力ground stress, geostatic stress初始应力initial stress应力场stress field纵波longitudina

36、l wave液化势liquefaction potential液化指数liquefaction index交角angular岩石抗力系数coefficient of rock resistance容许承载力allowable bearing capacity临塑压力critical pressure接触压力contact pressure6 工程地质问题工程地质问题engineering geological problem定性评价qualitative estimate定量评价quantitative estimate极限平衡法limit equilibrium method不良地质现象un

37、favorable geological condition风化weathering变形deformation位移displacement不均匀位移differential movement相对位移relative displacement沉陷settlement山崩avalanche, toppling崩塌toppling, toppling collapse滑坡、地滑creep, slide切层滑坡insequent landslide深层滑坡deep slide浅层滑坡shallow slide顺层滑坡consequent landslide滑动面sliding surface, sli

38、ding plane, slip surface滑动带sliding zone滑床slide bed滑坡体slide(sliding) mass古滑坡fossil landslide推移式滑坡slumping slide牵引式滑坡retrogressive slide管涌piping, internal erosion渗漏leakage流砂quicksand渗流seepage液化liquefaction7 工程勘察 engineering investigation工程地质勘察engineering geology investigation岩土工程勘察geotechnical investi

39、gation工程地质条件engineering geological condition工程地质评价engineering geological evaluation勘测survey岩芯采取率core recovery, core extraction岩芯获得率RQD （岩石质量指标） rock quality designation程序（步骤）procedure勘察阶段investigational stage选点踏勘reconnaissance初步设计primary design初步规划preliminary scheme初步勘探preliminary prospecting初步踏勘gro

40、und reconnaissance可行性研究阶段 feasibility stage金刚石钻进diamond drilling初步设计阶段preliminary stage单动式single acting施工阶段construction sage双层double layer踏勘reconnaissance, inspection空气钻探air flush drilling地质测绘geological survey钻机drilling rig工程地质测绘engineering geological mapping钻头drill bit, drilling bit钻探borehole opera

41、tion, boring螺旋钻头auger物探geophysical exploration勺钻spoon bit洞探exploratory adits冲击钻头percussion bit, chopping bit钎探rod sounding桶式钻头bucket auger坑探exploring mining钻杆drill rod槽探trenching套管casing天然建材调查u_r岩芯管core barrelnatural materials surveying (examination)冲洗掖flush fluid岩土工程勘察报告 geotechnical investigation

42、report正循环冲洗direct circulation鉴定identification, appraisal反循环冲洗reverse circulation鉴定书expertise report泥浆mud, slurry鉴定人identifier, surveyor泥皮mud cake校核verification护壁dado总监chief inspector止水seal, water seal比例proportion扫孔cleaning bottom of hole地形图geographic map钻进drilling地貌图geomorphological map平硐adit地质图geol

43、ogical map竖井shaft工程地质图engineering geological map钻探drilling boring实测地质剖面图field-acquired geological profile(section)8 工程地质试验构造地质图geological structure map击实试验compaction test第四纪地质图quarternary geological map压缩试验compression test地质详图detail map of geology固结试验consolidation test地质柱状图geologic columnar section,

44、 geologic log单轴试验uniaxial compression test钻孔柱状图logs of bore hole现场剪切试验in-situ shear test纵剖面图longitudinal section单剪试验simple shear test横剖面图cross section直剪试验direct shear test展示图reveal detail map慢剪试验slow test节理玫瑰图rose of joints单剪试验simple shear testi-U.基岩等高线bed rock contour快剪试验quick test层底等高线contour of s

45、tratum bottom三轴剪切试验triaxial shear test岩层界线strata boundary三轴压缩试验triaxial compression test岩面高程elevation of bed rock surface动三轴试验dynamic triaxial test坐标coordinate不固结不排水剪试验分层bed separationunconsolidated undrained test(quick test)地质点geological observation point固结不排水剪试验勘探点exploratory point (spot)consolida

46、ted undrained test(consolidated quick test)勘探线exploratory line固结排水试验consolidated drained test(slow test)勘探孔exploration hole原位测试in-situ test平洞adit现场监测on-site(in-site) monitoring竖井riser, shaft, vertical shaft现场检测on-site (in-site) inspection探槽exploratory trench观测孔observation borehole探井exploratory pit静力

47、触探试验cone penetration test,钻孔borehole, drill holestatic penetration test, static cone test机钻孔ordinary drill hole标贯试验standard penetration test套钻孔sleeve drill hole十字板剪切试验vane shear test, vane test管钻孔pipe drill hole检层法up-hole method, borehole method_lU-PR岩芯core旁压试验pressuremeter test岩芯钻探core drilling动力触探

48、试验回转钻探（进）rotary drillingdynamic penetration test, dynamic sounding冲击钻探churn drilling, percussion drilling点荷载试验point load test钢砂钻探shot drilling岩石试验rock test铁砂钻进iron shot drilling应力解除法stress relief method跟管钻进follow-down drilling应力恢复法stress recovery method振动钻进vibro-boring, vibro-drilling套孔法over-coring

49、method泥浆钻探mud flush drilling顶拱底拱 洞室开挖超挖风钻 开挖断面 塌落 细骨料混凝土 细骨料 料场土料水灰比 粉煤灰 梅花状 喷射 浇注 钢筋网 加固 锚杆 锚索 锚紧端 锚桩 采石场 开挖 清基 明挖 爆破 光面爆破 预裂法10 水工概论 坝址 坝踵 坝段 坝顶 坝肩 左坝肩 副坝 三坝址 标高 上游水位 正常库水位 地下洞室 压力隧洞 无压隧洞 交通洞 灌浆洞 明流洞 孔板洞排砂洞sediment tunnel尾水洞tailrace tunnel排水洞drainage tunnel导流洞diversion tunnel隧道tunnel围岩surrounding

50、rock, ambient rock围岩应力secondary stress static应力集中stress concentrate覆盖层over burden冒顶cave in, roof fall底鼓bottom heave回弹rebound岩爆rock burst冻结法freezing method超载over break衬砌lining围堰cofferdam堤dike近坝岸坡abutments施工（收缩）缝construction joint心墙core截水墙cutoff wall防渗墙diaphragm wall排水井drainage wells排水幕drainage curtain减压井relief wells反滤层filter zone灌浆材料grout水力