被动语态,时态,比较级,形容词短语ppt课件

1、Lesson two 2019.09.24Part One Preview Knowledge(2) Kong NannanIV. Passive Voice一.构成 主语+Be+及物动词的过去分词+by短语 （复合式谓语）E.g. Machines are run by electricity.注意：be的五种基本形式p13.助动词V-ed形式二.主动句转为被动句1）把原来宾语变为主语，主语变为by短语放在位于后面。2）原来谓语变为be的合适形态+动词过去分词。3）其他照抄，基本不变化。e.g.The professor will read an important academic pap

2、er at the conference.An important academic paper wil be read by the professor at the conference.补充： The cases where there are no passive forms1) vi.不能变为被动态。2) vt. mainly expressing a state “have; afford; fit; resemble; ” e.g. We can not afford the high tuition.3) vi + prep. expressing a state “belon

3、g to; consist in; ”4) vt. + n. = vi. “take place”5)vt. + n. expressing a passive meaning “find use applications (in)” 6）vt. + object （反身代词）“myself; ” reciprocal pronoun（相互代词）“each other; ” 7）cognitive object （同源宾语） “He slept a sound sleep.” 三.翻译注意事项（1）由、被、受、用、以、通过，有时译为是的。 E.g. 见P14。（2）根据汉语习惯，部分句子不采用

4、以上几个词来翻译。 a.原句带有by短语，表示动作发出者时，把动作发出者译为句子主语。 This kind of machines can be manufactured by our factory. 我们厂能制造这种机器。 b.原句没有by短语，若译为汉语主动句的话往往可以添加“我们”，“人们”，“大家”。p16 This kind of change is called a chemical change. 我们把这种变化称为化学变化。 或者译为无主句。 In this case, a computer can be used. 在这种情况下，可以使用计算机。四、四、The follow

5、ing points should be paid attention to.The case when a verb (such as “give, tell, assign, deny, inform, convince,”) has two objects A retained object (or a retained object clause) will appear after the passive predicate. E.g. Assign each of the user a frequency band.Each of the users has been assign

6、ed a frequency band. A frequency band is assigned to each of the users. 每个用户被分配了一个频段。 Another example:That engineer gave us a lot of help.We were given a lot of help by that engineer.A lot help was given to us by that engineer.2. The case when a phrasal verb is usedvi. + preposition or: vt. + adverb

7、 = vt. (p17) Chemistry deals with substances. Substances are dealt with in chemistry.A receiver can pick up radio waves. Radio waves can be picked up by a receiver.（2）vt. + n. + prep. = vt. (make use of; pay attention to; take care of, ) We make use of this characteristic in feedback amplifier desig

8、n. Use is made of this characteristic in feedback amplifier design. This characteristic is made use of in feedback amplifier design. Another example: 必须充分利用现有的设备。(You are required to use the phrasal verb “make use of”.)We must make full use of the devices available.Full use muse be made of the devic

9、es available.The devices available must ba made use of. 3. Special forms of passive voice（了解）get + pp. for stressing the statebecome + pp. for stressing the state The energy that is stored in the inductor（电感器）and capacitor（电容器）eventually gets dissipated（消耗）by the resistor（电阻器）. This has become accep

10、ted by industry. The air throughout the room becomes heated by convection currents（对流气流）. A matrix（矩阵）is becoming used much more widely than in previous years.V. TenseThe present tense is widely used. Most of EST sentences are declarative in simple present tense. Simple present: This paper discusses

11、 Present perfect: It has been recognized that 本文论述了计算机的原理。(摘要）*This article dealt with the principles of a computer.This article deals with the principles of a computer.1.“近年来，他们一直在研制一种新的电脑。”In recent years,Of late years, they have been developing a new Over the years, kind of computer。2.“到十九世纪二十年代末

12、，人们认识到了这种金属可用在制造电灯上。”By the end of the 1820s, it had been realized that this metal could be used in manufacturing electric lamps.3.“到今年年底，他们在西电工作参军三十年了。”By the end of this year, they will have worked in Xidian University for thirty years. By the end of this year, they will be in the army for thirty

13、years.（状态） present perfect past perfect with action verbs future perfectBy time, present past with state verbs“be, have, ” futureVI. Comparisons P22基础知识比较级与最高级构成1.单音节： 普通，以辅音y结尾的词，词尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节词，2.多音节3.不规则词汇1. The way to express the idea of “得多得多”p24Formula:much many far (by far)very mucha lot +

14、comparative degree (than)a great dealconsiderablyNoticeablyE.g.This circuit requires many more components than the circuit shown on page 3.该电路比第三页所示电路需要的元件多得多。This machine works much better than that one.这台机器的性能比那台好得多。This device is far more useful than that one.这台设备比那台有用多了。Noticeably， much many ，fa

15、r (by far) 2. The ways to express the idea of “越来越越来越” (1) for monosyllabic words - using the synthetic form ： “.er and .er” E.g. You can see the car moving faster and faster. for polysyllabic words - using the analytic form “more and more .” E.g. That girl is more and more beautiful. (2) ever + er

16、- mainly for monosyllabic words E.g. Computers are becoming ever smaller. (3) increasingly + positive degree - mainly for polysyllabic words E.g. Electronic devices are getting increasingly complicated.(4) a main clause containing a comparative degree + an as-clause expressing time “随着” E.g. The acc

17、elerating（加速）force becomes smaller as the body approaches the center.3. The ways to express the idea of “越，越，就就越越”（1）the normal pattern p27 the + comparative degree , the + comparative degree condition = if-clause main clause E.g. The smaller the resistance, the larger/greater current you will obtai

18、n. E.g.物体被提得越高，它具有的位能就越大。 The higher a body is lifted, the more potential energy it possesses.4. The way to express the idea of “达达到到 -”p26 Formula: “as adj. as + quantity” E.g. That cable is as long as three kilometers. three kilometers long. E.g.地球离月球的距离远达240,000英里。 The distance of the earth from

19、the moon is as long/great as 240 thousand miles. 5. Three special types of “as as ” pattern(1) as adj. A as adj. B = not only B but also A E.g. Such books are as political as educational. 这本书既有教育意义也有宣传性。 (2) as many (+ n.A) as there are n.B “有多少个B 就有多少个A” E.g. There are as many designs as there are

20、designers. (3) more noun A than noun B “与其说B不如说A”E.g. Java is more a technology than a programming language.6. “n” times +比较级比较级+than= “n” times as +原级原级+as (英译汉时减一倍英译汉时减一倍)A是是B的的n倍倍=A比比B大大n-1倍倍 E.g.This wire is four times longer than that one.这根导线是那根的4倍长。这根导线比那根长3倍E.g. This book is four times thick

21、er than that one.这本书是那本书的四倍厚。这本书比那本厚三倍。如果比较级前是数字，那么表示纯倍数增加减少p24This wire is five meters longer than that one.这跟线比那根长5米。VII. Adjective Phrases1.Formation 3种2. Functions Predicative Complement Attribute - as a postmodifier only Adverbial1.Formation - the definition in a narrow sense“adj.+ prepositiona

22、l phrase” similar to different from dependent on small in size “adj. + infinitive” able to do necessary to do ready to do free to do too.to do “adj. + adverbial clause” of comparison - as . as . than of result - so that .2. Functions (mainly the same as those of a single adjective) Predicative This

23、computer is different in size from that one. This current is as large as 5 amperes. Complement最常见是由make要求的 This rule makes matrix A equal to matrix B. This voltage is set equal to zero. Attribute - as a postmodifier only This is a number larger than 1. This text is a help to digital designers both n

24、ew and old. The free electrons are affected by this field（电场）and are urged to move in the opposite direction to it. This has a similar mathematical form to the gravitational force. AdverbialIn this case, its logical subject is, in general, the subjectof the sentence (or sometimes the whole sentence afteror before it). . Before the subject - Its meaning is determined by the trial-and-error method. reason