2013年全套真题及答案英一

1、2013年全国研究生入学考试英语一试题及答案SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)3wasleadingdecision-makerstobebiasedbythedailysamplesofinformationtheywereworkingwith.4,hetheorisedthatajudge5ofappearingtoosoft6crimemightbemorel

2、ikelytosendsomeonetoprison7hehadalreadysentencedfiveorsixotherdefendantsonlytoforcedcommunityserviceonthatday.To8thisidea,theyturnedtotheuniversity-admissionsprocess.Intheory,the9ofanapplicantshouldnotdependonthefewothers10randomlyforinterviewduringthesameday,butDrSimonsohnsuspectedthetruthwas11Hest

3、udiedtheresultsof9,323MBAinterviews12by31admissionsofficers.Theinterviewershad13applicantsonascaleofonetofive.Thisscale14numerousfactorsintoconsideration.Thescoreswere_15_usedinconjunctionwithanapplicantscoreontheGraduateManagementAdmissionTest,orGMAT,astandardisedexamwhichis16outof800points,tomakea

4、decisiononwhethertoaccepthimorher.DrSimonsohnfoundifthescoreofthepreviouscandidateinadailyseriesofintervieweeswas0.75pointsormorehigherthanthatoftheone17that,thenthescoreforthenextapplicantwould18byanaverageof0.075points.Thismightsoundsmall,butto19theeffectsofsuchadecreaseacandidatewouldneed30moreGM

5、ATpointsthanwouldotherwisehavebeen20.1.AgrantsBsubmitsCtransmitsDdelivers2.AminorBexternalCcrucialDobjective3.AissueBvisionCpictureDmoment4.AAboveallBOnaverageCInprincipleDForexample5.AfondBfearfulCcapableDthoughtless6.AinBforCtoDon7.AifBuntilCthoughDunless8.AtestBemphasizeCshareDpromote9.AdecisionB

6、qualityCstatusDsuccess1C).AfoundBstudiedCchosenDidentified11.AotherwiseBdefensibleCreplaceableDexceptional12!.AinspiredBexpressedCconductedDsecured13.AassignedBratedCmatchedDarranged14.AputBgotCtookDgave15.AinsteadBthenCeverDrather16.AselectedBpassedCmarkedDintroduced17.AbelowBafterCaboveDbefore18.A

7、jumpBfloatCfluctuateDdrop19.AachieveBundoCmaintainDdisregard20.AnecessaryBpossibleCpromisingDhelpfulSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET.(40points)Text1Inthe2006filmversionofTheDevilWears

8、Prada,MirandaPriestly,playedbyMerylStreep,scoldsherunattractiveassistantforimaginingthathighfashiondoesnaffecther.Priestlyexplainshowthedeepbluecoloroftheassistantsweaterdescendedovertheyearsfromfashionshowstodepartmentstoresandtothebargainbininwhichthepoorgirldoubtlessfoundhergarment.Thistop-downco

9、nceptionofthefashionbusinesscouldntbemoreoutofdateoratoddswiththefeverishworlddescribedinOverdressed,ElizabethCline-yoreiedictmentof“fastfashion”.Inthelastdecadeorso,advancesintechnologyhaveallowedmass-marketlabelssuchasZara,H&M,andUniqlotoreacttotrendsmorequicklyandanticipatedemandmoreprecisely.Qui

10、ckerturnaroundsmeanlesswastedinventory,morefrequentrelease,andmoreprofit.Theselabelsencouragestyle-consciousconsumerstoseeclothesasdisposablemeanttolastonlyawashortwo,althoughtheydontadvertisethafendtoreniewtheirwardrobeeveryfewweeks.Byofferingon-trenditemsatdirt-cheapprices,Clineargues,thesebrandsh

11、avehijackedfashioncycles,shakinganindustrylongaccustomedtoaseasonalpace.Thevictimsofthisrevolution,ofcourse,arenotlimitedtodesigners.ForH&Mtooffera$5.95knitminiskirtinallits2,300-plusstoresaroundtheworld,itmustrelyonlow-wageoverseaslabor,orderinvolumesthatstrainnaturalresources,andusemassiveamountso

12、fharmfulchemicals.OverdressedisthefashionworldsanswertoconsumectivistbestsellerslikeMichaelPollansTheOmnivoreDilemma.“Masproducedclothing,likefastfood,fillsahungerandneed,yetisnon-durableandwasteful,Clineargues.Americans,shefinds,buyroughly20billiongarmentsayearabout64itemsperpersonandnomatterhowmuc

13、htheygiveaway,thisexcessleadstowaste.tbeknockedoff.TowardstheendofOverdressed,Clineintroducedherideal,aBrooklynwomannamedSarahKateBeaumont,whosince2008hasmadeallofherownclothesandbeautifully.ButasClineisthefirsttonote,ittookBeaumontdecadestoperfecthercraft;herexamplecanThoughseveralfast-fashioncompa

14、nieshavemadeeffortstocurbtheirimpactonlaborandtheenvironmentincludingH&M,withitsgreenConsciousCollectionlineClinebelieveslastingchangecanonlybeeffectedbythecustomer.Sheexhibitstheidealismcommontomanyadvocatesofsustainability,beitinfoodorinenergy.Vanityisaconstant;peoplewillonlystartshoppingmoresusta

15、inablywhentheycantaffordnotto.21. Priestlycriticizesherassistantforher.A lackofimaginationB poorbargainingskillC obsessionwithhighfashionD insensitivitytofashionAccordingtoCline,mass-marketlabelsurgeconsumersto.A combatunnecessarywasteB shopfortheirgarmentsmorefrequentlyC resisttheinflueneeofadverti

16、sementsD shutoutthefeverishfashionworldTheword“indictmentPara.2)isclosestinmeaningto.A accusationBenthusiasmCindiffereneeDtoleraneeWhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph?A Vanityhasmoreoftenbeenfoundinidealists.B Thefast-fashionindustryignoressustainability.C Pricingisvitaltoenvironmen

17、t-friendlypurchasing.D Peoplearemoreinterestedinunaffordablegarments.22. Whatisthesubjectofthetext?A SatireonanextravagantlifestyleBChallengetoahigh-fashionmythCCriticismofthefast-fashionindustryDExposureofamass-marketsecretText2Anoldsayinghasitthathalfofalladvertisingbudgetsarewastedthetroubleis,no

18、oneknowswhichhalf.Intheinternetage,atleastintheory,thisfractioncanbemuchreduced.Bywatchingwhatpeoplesearchfor,clickonandsayonline,companiescanaim“behavioral”adsatthosemostlikelytobuy.Inthepastcoupleofweeksaquarrelhasillustratedthevaluetoadvertisersofsuchfine-grainedinformation:Shouldadvertisersassum

19、ethatpeoplearehappytobetrackedandsentbehavioralads?Orshouldtheyhaveexplicitpermission?InDecember2010AmericasFederalTradeCommission(FTC)proposedaddinga“donottrack(DNT)optiontointernetbrowsers,sothatuserscouldtelladvertisersthattheydidnotwanttobefollowed.MicrosoftsInternetExplorerandApplesSafariGiotog

20、oferDNTiromeisduetodosothisyear.InFebruary,theFTCandtheDigitalAdvertisingAllianee(DAA)agreedthattheindustrywouldgetcrackingonrespondingtoDNTrequests.OnMay31stMicrosoftsetofftherow.ItsaidthatInternetExplorer10,theversionduetoappearwithwindows8,wouldhaveDNTasadefault.Advertisersarehorrified.Humannatur

21、ebeingwhatitis,mostpeoplestickwithdefaultsettings.FewswitchDNTonnow,butiftrackingisoffitwillstayoff.BobLiodice,thechiefexecutiveoftheAssociationofNationalAdvertisers,saysconsumerswillbeworseoffiftheindustrycannotcollectinformationabouttheirpreferences.Peoplewillnotgetfewerads,hesays.“Theygetlessmean

22、ingful,lesstargetedads.”Itisnotyetclearhowadvertiserswillrespond.GettingaDNTsignaldoesnotobligeanyonetostoptracking,althoughsomecompanieshavepromisedtodoso.UnabletotellwhethersomeonereallyobjectstobehavioraladsorwhethertheyarestickingwithMicrosoftefeult,somemayignoreaDNTsignalandpressonanyway.sonthA

23、lsouncleariswhyMicrosofthasgoneitalone.Afterall,ithasanadbusinesstoo,whichitsayswillcomplywithDNTrequests,thoughitisstillworkingouthow.IfitistryingtoupsetGoogle,whichreliesalmostwhollyonadvertising,ithaschosenanindirectmethod:ThereisnoguaranteethatDNTbydefaultwillbecomethenorm.DNTdoesnotseemanobviou

24、slyhugesellingpointforwindows8thoughthefirmhascomparedsomeofitsotherproductsfavourablywithGooglecountbefore.BrendonLynch,Microsofthsefprivacyofficer,blogged:Webelieveconsumersshouldhavemorecontrol.”tCollydbethatsimple?23. ItissuggestedinParagraph1that“behavioral”adshelpadvertiserstoA lowertheiropera

25、tionalcosts.B easecompetitionamongthemselves.C avoidcomplaintsfromconsumers.D providebetteronlineservices.24. “ThendustryPafa.3)referstoA onlineadvertisers.B e-commerceconductors.C digitalinformationanalysis.D internetbrowserdevelopers.25. BobLiodiceholdsthatsettingDNTasadefaultA goesagainsthumannat

26、ure.B failstoaffecttheadindustry.C willnotbenefitconsumers.D maycutthenumberofjunkads.26. WhichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtoParagraph6?A AdvertisersarewillingtoimplementDNT.B DNTmaynotserveitsintendedpurpose.C DNTislosingitspopularityamongconsumers.D Advertisersareobligedtoofferbehavioralads.27. T

27、heauthorsattitudetowardswhatBrendonLynchsaidinhisblogisoneofA appreciation.Bunderstanding.Cappreciationindulgenee.Dskepticism.Text3Upuntilafewdecadesago,ourvisionsofthefuturewerelargelythoughbynomeansuniformlyglowinglypositive.Scieneeandtechnologywouldcurealltheillsofhumanity,leadingtolivesoffulfill

28、mentandopportunityforall.Nowutopiahasgrownunfashionable,aswehavegainedadeeperappreciationoftherangeofthreatsfacingus,fromasteroidstriketoepidemicfluandtoclimatechange.Youmightevenbetemptedtoassumethathumanityhaslittlefuturetolookforwardto.Butsuchgloominessismisplaced.Thefossilrecordshowsthatmanyspec

29、ieshaveenduredformillionsofyearssowhyshouldntwe?Takeabroaderlookatourspeciesplaceintheuniverse,anditbecomesclearthatwehaveanexcellentchanceofsurvivingfortens,ifnothundreds,ofthousandsofyears.LookupHomosapiensintheRedList”ofthreatenedspeciesoftheInternationalUnionfortheConversationofNature(IUCN),andy

30、ouwillread:ListedasLeastConcernasthespeciesisverywidelydistributed,adaptable,currentlyincreasing,andtherearenomajorthreatsresultinginanoverallpopulationdecline.”Sowhatdoesourdeepfuturehold?Agrowingnumberofresearchersandorganisationsarenowthinkingseriouslyaboutthatquestion.Forexample,theLongNowFounda

31、tionhasitsflagshipprojectamechanicalclockthatisdesignedtostillbemarkingtimethousandsofyearshence.Perhapswillfully,itmaybeeasiertothinkaboutsuchlengthytimescalesthanaboutthemoreimmediatefuture.Thepotentialevolutionoftodaytechnology,anditssocialconsequences,isdazzlinglycomplicated,anditperhapsbestleft

32、tosciencefictionwritersandfuturologiststoexplorethemanypossibilitieswecanenvisage.ThatonereasonwhywehavelaunchedArc,anewpublicationdedicatedtothenearfuture.Buttakealongerviewandthereisasurprisingamountthatwecansaywithconsiderableassurance.Assooften,thepastholdsthekeytothefuture:wehavenowidentifieden

33、oughofthelong-termpatternsshapingthehistoryoftheplanet,andourspecies,tomakeevidence-basedforecastsaboutthesituationsinwhichourdescendantswillfindthemselves.Thislongperspectivemakesthepessimisticviewofourprospectsseemmorelikelytobeapassingfad.Tobesure,thefutureisnotallrosy.Butwearenowknowledgeableeno

34、ughtoreducemanyoftherisksthatthreatenedtheexistenceofearlierhumans,andtoimprovethelotofthosetocome.28. OurvisionofthefutureusedtobeinspiredbyA ourdesireforlivesoffulfillment.B ourfaithinscienceandtechnology.C ourawarenessofpotentialrisks.D ourbeliefinequalopportunity.29. TheIUCNs“RedList”suggeststha

35、thumanbeingareA amisplacedrace.B asustainedspecies.C theworldsdominantpowerD athreattotheenvironment.30. WhichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtoParagraph5?A Theinterestinsciencefictionisontherise.B Archelpslimitthescopeoffuturologicalstudies.C Technologyofferssolutionstosocialproblem.D OurImmediatefutu

36、reishardtoconceive.31. Toensurethefutureofmankind,itiscrucialtoA drawonourexperieneefromthepast.B adoptanoptimisticviewoftheworld.C exploreourplanetsabundantresourcesD curbourambitiontoreshapehistory.32. Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?A UncertaintyaboutOurFutureB EvolutionoftheHuma

37、nSpeciesC TheEver-brightProspectsofMankindD Scienee.TechnologyandHumanityText4Onafivetothreevote,theSupremeCourtknockedoutmuchofArizonasimmigrationlawMondayamodestpolicyvictoryfortheObamaAdministration.ButonthemoreimportantmatteroftheConstitution,thedecisionwasan8-0defeatfortheAdministrationseffortt

38、oupsetthebalaneeofpowerbetweenthefederalgovernmentandthestates.InArizonav.UnitedStates,themajorityoverturnedthreeofthefourcontestedprovisionsofArizonascontroversialplantohavestateandlocalpoliceenforcefederalimmigrationslaw.TheConstitutionalprinciplesthatWashingtonalonehasthepowertoestablishauniformR

39、uleofNaturalizationandthatfederallawsprecedestatelawsarenoncontroversial.Arizonahadattemptedtofashionstatepoliciesthatranparalleltotheexistingfederalones.JusticeAnthonyKennedy,joinedbyChiefJusticeJohnRobertsandtheCourtsliberals,ruledthatthestateflewtooclosetothefederalsun.Ontheoverturnedprovisionsth

40、emajorityheldthatCongresshaddeliberatelyoccupiedthefield,andArizonahadthusintrudedonthefederalsprivilegedpowers.However,theJusticessaidthatArizonapolicewouldbeallowedtoverifythelegalstatusofpeoplewhocomeincontactwithlawenforcement.ThatbecauseCongresshasalwaysenvisionedjointfederal-stateimmigrationen

41、forcementandexplicitlyencouragesstateofficerstoshareinformationandcooperatewithfederalcolleagues.TwoofthethreeobjectingJusticesSamuelAlitoandClareneeThomasagreedwiththisConstitutionallogicbutdisagreedaboutwhichArizonarulesconflictedwiththefederalstatute.TheonlymajorobjectioncamefromJusticeAntoninSca

42、lia,whoofferedanevenmorerobustdefenseofstateprivilegesgoingbacktotheAlienandSeditionActs.The8-0objectiontoPresidentObamaturnsonwhatJusticeSamuelAlitodescribesinhisobjectionas“ashockingassertionoffederalexecutivepower”.TheWhiteHousearguedthatArizonalawsconflictedwithitsenforcementpriorities,evenifsta

43、telawscompliedwithfederalstatutestotheletter.Ineffect,theWhiteHouseclaimedthatitcouldinvalidateanyotherwiselegitimatestatelawthatitdisagreeswith.Somepowersdobelongexclusivelytothefederalgovernment,andcontrolofcitizenshipandthebordersisamongthem.ButifCongresswantedtopreventstatesfromusingtheirownreso

44、urcestocheckimmigrationstatus,itcould.Itneverdidso.TheAdministrationwasinesseneeassertingthatbecauseitdidntwanttocarryoutCongresssimmigrationwishes,nostateshouldbeallowedtodosoeither.EveryJusticerightlyrejectedthisremarkableclaim.36.ThreeprovisionsofArizonasplanwereoverturnedbecausetheyA overstepped

45、theauthorityoffederalimmigrationlaw.B disturbedthepowerbalancebetweendifferentstates.C deprivedthefederalpoliceofConstitutionalpowers.D contradictedboththefederalandstatepolicies.37.OnwhichofthefollowingdidtheJusticesagree,accordingtoParagraph4?A Statesindependencefromfederalimmigrationlaw.B Federal

46、officersdutytowithholdimmigrantsinformation.C Stateslegitimateroleinimmigrationenforcement.D Congresssinterventioninimmigrationenforcement.38.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph5thattheAlienandSeditionActsA violatedtheConstitution.B stoodinfavorofthestates.C supportedthefederalstatute.D underminedthestates

47、interests39.TheWhiteHouseclaimsthatitspowerofenforcementA outweighsthatheldbythestates.B isestablishedbyfederalstatutes.C isdependentonthestates.supportD rarelygoesagainststatelaws.40.Whatcanbelearnedfromthelastparagraph?A ImmigrationissuesareusuallydecidedbyCongress.B .TheAdministrationisdominantov

48、erimmigrationissues.C JusticeswantedtostrengthenitscoordinationwithCongress.D JusticesintendedtocheckthepoweroftheAdministration.PartBDirections:Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrach

49、oices,whichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET.(10points)Thesocialsciencesareflourishing.Asof2005,therewerealmosthalfamillionprofessionalsocialscientistsfromallfieldsintheworld,workingbothinsideandoutsideacademia.AccordingtotheWorldSocialScienceReport2010,thenumberofsocial-sciences

50、tudentsworldwidehasswollenbyabout11%everyyearsince2000.Yetthisenormousresourceisnotcontributingenoughtotodayglobalchallengesincludingclimatechange,security,sustainabledevelopmentandhealth.(41)Humanityhasthenecessaryagro-technologicaltoolstoeradicatehunger,fromgeneticallyengineeredcropstoartificialfe

51、rtilizers.Here,too,theproblemsaresocial:theorganizationanddistributionoffood,wealthandprosperity.(42)Thisisashamethecommunityshouldbegraspingtheopportunitytoraiseitsinfluenceintherealworld.ToparaphrasethegreatsocialscientistJosephSchumpeter:thereisnoradicalinnovationwithoutcreativedestruction.Today,

52、thesocialsciencesarelargelyfocusedondisciplinaryproblemsandinternalscholarlydebates,ratherthanontopicswithexternalimpact.Analysesrevealthatthenumberofpapersincludingthekeywords“environmentalchange”or“climatechangehaveincreasedrapidlysince2004.(43)Whensocialscientistsdotacklepracticalissues,theirscop

53、eisoftenlocal:BelgiumisinterestedmainlyintheeffectsofpovertyonBelgium,forexample.Andwhetherthecommunityworkcontributesmuchtoanoverallaccumulationofknowledgeisdoubtful.Theproblemisnotnecessarilytheamountofavailablefunding.(44)Thisisanadequateamountsolongasitisaimedintherightdirection.Socialscientists

54、whocomplainaboutalackoffundingshouldnotexpectmoreintodayseconomicclimate.Thetrickistodirectthesefundsbetter.TheEuropeanUnionFrameworkfundingprogramshavelonghadacategoryspecificallytargetedatsocialscientists.Thisyear,itwasproposedthatsystembechanged:Horizon2020,anewprogramtobeenactedin2014,wouldnotha

55、vesuchacategory.Thishasresultedinprotestsfromsocialscientists.Buttheintentionisnottoneglectsocialscienee;rather,thecompleteopposite.(45)Thatshouldcreatemorecollaborativeendeavorsandhelptodevelopprojectsaimeddirectlyatsolvingglobalproblems.A Itcouldbethatweareevolvingtwocommunitiesofsocialscientists:

56、onethatisdiscipline-orientedandpublishinginhighlyspecializedjournals,andonethatisproblem-orientedandpublishingelsewhere,suchaspolicybriefs.B However,thenumbersarestillsmall:in2010,about1,600ofthe100,000social-sciencespaperspublishedgloballyincludedoneofthesekeywords.C Theideaistoforcesocialscientist

57、stointegratetheirworkwithothercategories,includinghealthanddemographicchange,foodsecurity;marineresearchandthebio-economy;clear,efficientenergy;andinclusive,innovativeandsecuresocieties.D Thesolutionistochangethemindsetoftheacademiccommunity,andwhatitconsiderstobeitsmaingoal.Globalchallengesandsocialinnovationoughttoreceivemuchmorea