英语常用单词词义辨析

1、英语常用单词词义辨析1. abolish, eliminate, extinguish, cancelextinct /disappear （ to abolish slavery 废除奴隶制 /She has been eliminated from theswimming race because she did not win any of the practice races.她已被取消了游泳比赛， 因为她在训练中没有得到名次。 / to extinguish a fire 灭火 / She cancelled the order. ）2. abridge, shorten, abbr

2、eviate（删节；缩短It was abridged from original work. 这是由原本删节的。 / 削减 The rights of citizens must not be abridged. 公民权利不能擅予削减。 /剥夺 abridge one of his rights 剥夺某人的权利 / to shorten a dress 把衣服改短/ 使简短；缩写，节略to abbreviate the December to Dec 把 December 简写为 Dec）3. absurd, foolish, silly, ridiculous （ 荒谬的 Their re

3、quest is absurd. 他们的要求是荒谬的。/ 愚蠢的 It's foolish to idle away one's precious time. 把大好时光浪费掉是愚蠢的。 It wasvery foolish of you to park the car near the bus stop." 你真愚蠢 ,竟然把汽车停在公共汽车站附近。 " / 愚蠢的；糊涂的；傻的； 可笑的 Don't be silly, that insect can't hurt you. 别傻了，那虫子不会伤你的。 "Don't st

4、and there, you silly ass!"" 别站在那儿,你这笨蛋 !" / 昏晕的；懵头转向的 I was knocked silly by the blow. 我被那一击打昏了头。 ）4. abundant, plentiful, ample （ 丰富的； 充足的 abundant in petroleum deposits 石油储量丰富 /充足的；充分的 We have ample money for the journey. 我们有足够的钱去旅游。Ample food and clothing by working with our own ha

5、nds. 自己动手 ,丰衣足食。 / 宽敞的；广大的 an ample lobby 宽敞的休息室 ）5. accelerate, quicken6. accent, dialect7. accumulate, amass, gather （积累，积存He accumulated a good library. 积累了丰富的藏书。 accumulate, amass 这两个词都可解释为“积累”accumulat强调“经过一段比较长的时间由少积多的积累”，使用范围较广，似乎凡是数量方面的增长都可以表示。 However, asthe evidence began to accumulate, ex

6、perts from the Zoo felt obliged to investigate.然而，随着迹象开始积聚，伦敦动物园的专家们感到有必要进行调查了。 amass 强调“大量的聚集”，常用于财富、信息、所有物等的聚集，这种积累可能一下子完成，也可能在短期内完成，也可能在比较长的时间内完成，但是数量总是很大的。 People tend to amass possessions, sometimes without being aware of doing so. 人们倾向于积攒东西， 有的并未意识到这样做。 /vt, vi (使)聚集，集合The teacher gathered the

7、 pupils round her. 老师把小学生们聚集在她周围。 "Children, gather round, and Miss Alice will tell you a fable."" 孩子们 ,大家聚拢点,爱丽丝小姐给你们讲个寓言故事。"/收集，搜集to gather information 搜集资料 / 采集；收拾；收获Gather your toys up. 把你的玩具收拾起来。 / 推断；得结论；了解 I didn't gather much from the confused story he told me. 他告诉我的故

8、事挺乱的，我不怎么明白。 "I gather she won the first prize, since she came out of the hall with a crowdof reporters following her."" 我猜想她是得头奖了 , 因为她从大厅里出来时后面跟着一群记者。 ")8. accuse, charge (vt 控告； 指控 The police accused him of murder. 警方指控他谋杀。 The police accused him of stealing. 警方控告他犯有盗窃罪。 Mary

9、was accused as an accomplice. 玛丽被指控为同谋犯。 / vt, vi charged, charging 要价；索价；要人支付；收费 The fruit seller charged me too much money. 这个水果商要了我很多的钱。 How much did he charge you for repairing the bicycle? 他修理自行车收了你多少钱?How much do youcharge for your mushrooms? 你的蘑菇要什么价钱?Do you charge for the use of the officete

10、lephone at off-duty time? 下班时间打办公电话你们收不收费 ?That seaside hotel chargesexorbitant prices during the summer holidays. 那家海滨旅馆在夏天休假期间漫天要价。 /（与 to, up to 连用）t己账；在帐册等上t己入一Don't forget to charge the money of the shoesto my account. 别忘了把鞋钱记在我帐上。 / 猛冲；攻击；向前冲 Charge! 冲锋 !The boycharged into the room. 男孩冲进屋

11、里。 Suddenly the wild animal charged at us. 突然那头野兽朝我们冲过来。 （常与 with 连用） 责令； 公开指责； 控诉 He was charged with stealinga car. 他被指控偷了一辆汽车。 Those young men were charged by the police with causinga disturbance in the neighborhood. 警察指控那些青年人在这一带犯了扰乱治安罪。 The taxcollector has been charged with extorting money fro

12、m several shopkeepers.收税员受到指控 , 罪名是向几个店主勒索钱财。 / 命令； 使负责 She charged me to look after her daughter.她要我负责看管她的女儿。 / （常与 up 连用） 使充电 Does your car battery charged easily?你那辆汽车的蓄电池容易充电吗 ?/ in charge of 负责 The chief engineer was in charge ofdirecting the building of the subway. 主任工程师负责指挥地铁的建造工程。 I was in c

13、hargeof my sister. 我在照看我妹妹。 / charge, accuse 这两个动词都有“指控”，“控告”的意思。charge 在表示“指控”时，仍然包含着这个动词的基本含义- “使承担责任或任务”，同时强调被指控者的过错相当严重， 而且， 要将这种过错郑重宣布。 I won't charge you this time. Butyou'd not do it again! 这一次我就不告发你了，不过你最好别再这么干了！ The policecharged the driver with careless driving. 警察指控那个司机开车粗心。注： cha

14、rge 可用于对罪行很重的人指控，也可用于对于一般过错的人的指控。 accuse 通常表示直接而严厉地指出某人的过错。这两个词的常用搭配是to accuse somebody of doing something, 和 tocharge with Dimitri apologized to Aleko for having accused him. 迪米特利指责了阿列科， 因此他向阿列科道了歉。 His neighbor accused him of playing the musical instrumenttoo loudly. 他的邻居指责他的乐器弹奏得太响了。 ）我承认9. ackno

15、wledge, admit, confess （vt 承认 I acknowledge the truth of his statement.他说的是事实。/公认为；认为He was acknowledged to be the best player. 他被公认为是最佳选手。 It is universally acknowledged that dogs have an acute sense of smell. 大家都认为狗的嗅觉敏锐。 Joe is acknowledged as the best basketball player of the year. 乔被公认为是今年最佳篮球选

16、手。/对表示感谢，答谢，致谢 to acknowledge a favor 答谢所受到的关照 / 表明已收到 to acknowledge his letter 表明已收到他的来信/许可进入，准许进入 This ticket admits two people to the football match. 这张票可供两人入场看足球赛。/ 容纳 , 容许 The cinema admits about 2000 people. 这座电影院大约可坐2000 人。 Therules and regulations admit of no other explanation. 这些规章制度不容许有其他

17、解释。 His illness admits of no delay. 他的病不容拖延。 / 承认；供认He admitted his crime. 他招认了罪行。 He never admits that he is wrong. 他从不承认自己错了。 John has admitted breakingthe window. 约翰已承认打碎了窗子。 / vt, vi 供认（罪行）；坦白；招认 When the police questioned the man, he confessed. 警察审问这个人时，他坦白了。 / （与 to 连用）承认Mr Foster confessed th

18、at he'd broken the speed limit. 福斯特先生承认自己超速了。 She confessed stealing the money.; She confessed to stealing the money. 她承认偷了钱。 / 忏 悔；听取忏悔）10. advantage, benefit, profit （n 优势；长处Mary speaks good English, but she has anadvantage because her mother is English. 玛丽英语说得好，因为她有一个有利条件，她妈妈是英国人。 At the end

19、of an hour's play the advantage lay definitely with him. 经过一个小时的比赛, 他已肯定取得优势。 Many women think this is an advantage for men. 许多妇女认为这是男人的优越之处。 / 利益；便利 Is there any advantage in getting there early?早到那里是否值得?This hall combines the advantages of the ball room and of a meetingplace. 这个大厅既可作舞厅,又可作会场。

20、take advantage of 利用， 欺骗 /n 利益； 好处 It issaid Yogo is of great benefit to human health. 据说瑜咖功对人体健康有极大好处。 I did it for his benefit. 我做这个是为了帮助他。 A five-day week benefits more than individually and economically. 五天工作制不仅仅对国家经济和个人有好处。 / (pl) 救济金 / n 利润 make a penny profit on each orange 要每只橘子盈利一便士 This ne

21、w invention will bring yougreat profits like a goldmine. 这项新发明会像一座金矿一样给你们带来利润。 / 利益；得益Ihave read it to my profit. 我读了它大有收益。 ) profit-seeker money-seeker job-seeker job-hunter profit-maker profitable enable11. affect, effect, influence, impact (vt 影响 Smoking affects health. 吸烟影响健康。 / (使)感动deeply affe

22、cted by the news 深深被这消息所感动/ affect, influence, touch,impress, sway, move 这组动词的一般含义为使人或能作出反应的物产生或受到影响。 affect 的宾语是物时， 它包含着足以引起反应的刺激， 有时包含一定的改变。 The slight change of weather can affect her delicate health 天气稍有变化就会影响她那脆弱而娇嫩的身体。当 affect 的宾语是人时， 它表示引起心智上或感情上的影响， 即感动 He was in no way affected by their mis

23、ery. 他们的惨状一点也没打动他的心。 We are lucky in that only the lower fields, which make up a very small proportion of our farm, are affected by flooding,我们的运气好，因为只有占我们农场极少部分的较低的田地受到洪水的影响。 influence 所表示的影 响包含着“力量”， 比如“他是个有影响的人物”。 有时它包含着“诱使”的意思。 They, having first persuaded themselves, contrive to influence their

24、 neighbours. 他们首先自己信服了之后， 便设法诱使邻居No one can avoid being influenced by advertisements. 谁也不能避免受到广告的影响。 In the organization of industrial life the influence of the factory upon the physiological and mental state of the workers has been neglected.在工业生活的组织中，工厂对工人的生理和心理状态上的影响完全被忽视了。touch 所表示的“感动”有些象汉语的“感触

25、”，它总含有密切接触的意思。此外， touch 在表示使人或物受到影响或感动时，总有如下的内涵： 激发、 搅起、 伤害等等。 I do not wish to do anything which may touch your credit我不想做任何会影响你的荣誉的事情。 Parents would be greatly surprised and deeplytouched if they realized how belief their children usually have in their character andinfallibility.如果父母意识到孩子通常多么相信父母的

26、品格和父母的绝对正确，他们会大大震惊和深深被感动的impress通常用于表示深受“感动”，而且把所看到的东西，铭记在心。but I could not conceal the fact that I was impressed by the size of the diamonds 。 但是我掩盖不了这一事实，那些钻石之大给我留下了深刻的印象。 sway 的原义同上）12. affection, love13. allege, claim （vt 断言； 宣称 / 法 指控 The police allege that the man was murderedbut they have giv

27、en no proof. 警方声称这男子是被人谋杀的,但未提出任何证据。/ vt （根据权利）要求，认领，索赔Did you claim on the insurance after your car accident? 你的车子出事之后，要求领保险金了吗？ I claimed the coat that the teacher found. 我认领了老师找到的外套。Did you claim on the insurance after your house fire? 你家失火后你要求保险公司赔偿了吗? / 声言；自称；主张He claimed that he hadn't don

28、e it, but I didn't believehim. 他声称没有做这件事，可是我不相信他。 Fishermen and sailors sometimes claim tohave seen monsters in the sea. 渔夫和水手有时声称看到过海里的妖怪。 His claim aboutthe number of people killed in the spring forest fire was evidently overstated. 他所说的春天森林大火中的死亡人数显然是夸张了的。 He claims that he has got one of the

29、 two earliestBritish stamps but nobody believes him." 他自称得到了英国两张最早的邮票中的其中一张,但是无人相信。 " / claim n （依据权利的）要求They made a claim for higher pay. 他提出更高报酬的要求。 / 权利 The poor have a claim to our sympathy. 穷人值得我们同情。 / 声明；声称 The government's claim that war was necessary was clearly mistaken.政府声称战争

30、是必然的，这说法显然是错误的。 / 索赔 / jump a claim 强占他人的土地）14. alter, change, vary （n 改变，变化 You will see many changes in the village since lastyear. 你会看见自去年以来村里发生的变化。 / 找头； （找回的） 零钱 Here is your change.这是你的找头。 I gave him a pound, and he gave me 20 pence change. 我给了他一英镑，他找了我 20 便士的零钱。 If it costs 25 cents and you g

31、ive her an American dollar youshould get 75 cents change. 如果这件东西值二十五分,而你给他一美元,应找回七十五分的零钱。 / change vt, vi 成为；改变change the mind 改变主意 I'm just going to change. 我正打算换换衣服。 She used to change her dress every day. 过去她常常每天换一次衣服。Nothing will change him, and he will always be the same. 什么也改变不了他,他始终是那个样子。

32、 This town has changed since I was a child. 从我童年的时候起，这个城镇就一直在变化。 In autumn the leaves change from green to brown. 秋天树叶由绿变黄。 / （常与 for连用） 换； 交换； 换去 She took the dress back to the shop and changed it （for another）. 她把衣服拿回到商店又换了一件。 / 换衣服 He changed when he arrived home from school.他从学校到家后，换了衣服。 / 兑换钱币

33、Where can I change my English money fordollars? 我在哪儿可以把英镑兑换成美钞?Can you give me change for a $10 note? 你能替我把十美元钞票换成辅币吗 ?He changed his European dollars for the / an equivalentamount American dollars. 他把欧元换成等值的美元。 / 换车 Where do we change? 我们在哪儿换车？ He changed trains at Chicargo. 他在芝加哥换了火车。 / 换（挡） Chang

34、e intosecond gear when you go up the hill. 上山时要换第二挡。 / change hands 易手，（买卖）转手 / change into 变为；使改变The next morning, the water had changed into ice. 第二天早晨水变成了冰。 The witch tried to change iron into gold. 那位巫婆试图把铁变成金。 /change over (大幅度) 改变； 完全改变 In 1971 Britain changed over from pounds, shillings,and p

35、ence to the new decimal money system. 一九七一年英国把英镑、先令、便士改为新的十进位币制。 / change, alter, vary, modify 这组动词的一般含义是“改变”或“变化”。 change是通用词， 它有两层基本含义：“变”和“换”。“变”可以指和原来的样子或性质稍有不同， 也可以指有本质的差异。 At first, she decided to go to the police, but fearing that she wouldnever see Rastus again-the letter had made that quite

36、 clear-she changed her mind.起初，她决定去警察局，但是她由于担心再也见不到拉斯特斯了-那封信说得相当清楚-她改变了主意。 He then changed into overalls and spent the next eight hours as a dustman.然后他换上工装裤，作为清洁工人度过接下去的八小时。 alter 所表示的“改变”只是细节的，或外表的变化，并不表示本质的改变。 如： 把一件衣服改小一些或只把衣袖稍放肥一些， 但衣服的式样仍然不变，这时用 alter 便很确当 He may gently reprimand an official o

37、r even suggestto parliament that a law be altered. 他可以温和地指责一个官员， 或者甚至建议议会修改法律条款。 vary 一般表示转换、变易、增生所致的“变化”或“不同” The action he takes variesaccording to the nature of the complaint. 他所采取的行动，根据怨言的性质，而有所不同。modify 主要用来表示有局限性的“改变”，当用于事物时，它所表示的“改变”，在程度上要大于 alter, 在用于人的态度时，它仅仅表示略加修饰，并不含有很大的变化 The industrialr

38、evolution modified the whole structure of English society. 工业革命变革了英国的整个社会结构。 )15. alternative, choice, preference (adj 随便一个的； 二者择一的 The way was blocked, sowe went by an alternative road. 这条路被挡住了，因此我们走了另一条路。 / n 抉择；选择余地 I wanted to go out, but I had no money. I had no alternative to staying at home.我

39、想出去，可是没钱；只能待在家里。 We have no alternative but to go on. 除了继续下去,我们没有选择的余地。 There was no other alternative but to fight till the victory. 除了战斗直到胜利 ,别无选择。16. amiable, amicable （adj 和蔼的；亲切的 The foreign guests are always amiable to thehost when they visit his house 。外宾来到主人家拜访时总是友好的。 / adj 友好的； 和睦的 to settl

40、e a question in an amicable way 用友好的方式解决问题 ）17. apparatus, equipment, facility18. approve, sanction, ratify （vt, vi 批准；认可；通过My parents don't approve of mesmoking cigarettes. 我的父母不准许我吸烟。 The resolution was approved 82 to 16 with 18abstentions. 决议以八十二票对十六票通过,十八票弃权。 The mayoress approved the newbui

41、lding plans. 女市长批准了新建筑计划。/ （常与of 连用）赞成，赞同 I don't approve ofwasting time. 我不赞成浪费时间。 I don't approve of smoking. 我不赞成抽烟。 /vt 批准；认可 to ratify the treaty 批准条约 ）19. article, essay, composition, paper, thesis dissertation20. artificial, man-made Her performance is .21. assume, presume, suppose （v

42、t 假定；假设I assume you always get up at the sametime. 我想你总是在同一个时间起床。 / 采用； 承担 to assume new duties 承担新的职务 /vt, vi （ 常与 that 连用） 假定； 假设； 认为 I presume from your speech that you are a foreigner.根据你的谈话， 我还以为你是个外国人呢。 "Mr. Nelson, I presume?" 你就是尼尔逊先生吗?/当作；姑且认为 If a person is missing for 7 years, h

43、e is presumed dead. 假如一个人失踪七年，即作已经死亡论。/ （与on, upon连用）指望；寄希望于 We must not presume toomush on the reliability of such sources. 我们不应过分指望/相信这类消息来源的可靠性。/ vt你放学后想that 连用)认定；猜想What do you suppose you will do after school?干什么？ / 应该；准；允许We are not supposed to play football on Sundays. 不准我们在星期日踢足球。 )22. avenu

44、e, street, road, terrace, highway, lane, way, path ， freeway, expressway, track, high street EMS(Express Mail Service / courier field and tract23. carpet, rug24. cease, stop , freeze, halt( At last they ceased working for lack of capital.他们终于由于缺乏资金而停工了。 Her mother never ceases telling you about her

45、trouble. 她妈妈从来没有停止过向你诉说她的困难。 ) freeze, cease fire25. childish, childlike26. circumstances, environment, surroundings, under no circumstances27. commence, begin, initiate, (initiative) start(The mass meeting commenced inTiananmen's Square at 8 o'clock. 群众大会八时在天安门开始。 )28. compile, edit (We are

46、 compiling an English dictionary for students.我们正在编一本供大学生用的英语词典。 ) chief editor editor-in-chief29. concrete (abstract), specific (general) (Beauty is not concrete but a door is.美丽不是具体物， 但门是。 Have you any concrete suggestions on how to deal with these difficulties?(喻)"对怎样解决这些困难,你有没有什么具体建议?"

47、 / I want a specific answer. 我想要一个明确的回答。 )30. confront, face (to confront danger (勇敢地)面对危险/ I am confronted with manydifficulties. 我面临很多困难。 Only when the police confronted her with evidence did she admit that she had stolen the money. 在警察让她面对证据时她才承认偷了钱。 )breadwinner31. conquer, win, beat, defeat, ov

48、ercome （"According to the textbook of history, theNormans conquered England in 1066." 据历史书记载诺曼底人于一零六六年占领了英格兰。 Man has yet to conquer the stars. 人类尚需征服星球。 Modern medical science hasconquered many diseases. 现代医学征服了许多疾病。 / They were defeated in the footballmatch. 他们在足球赛中输了。 Our hopes were def

49、eated. 我们的希望破灭了。 ）32. contest, competition, match, game33. contrast, compare （The writer contrasts good with evil. 作家使美好与邪恶形成对照。Your action contrast with your principles. 你的行为和道义对比时就显示出差别。 /compareone thing with another 将一物与另一物比较Man's life is often compared to a candle. 人生常被喻为蜡烛。 The poet compar

50、es his lover to a rose in his poems. 诗人在他诗歌中把他的情人比作玫瑰花。 Walking can't compare with flying. 走路比不上飞行。 Living in a towncan't compare with living in the country in many respects. 在许多方面城市生活比不上在乡村生活。34. correspondent, reporter, journalist35. costly, expensive, valuable （The ring was very costly. 这

51、枚戒指价钱很贵。 thecostliest war in history 历史上代价最高的战争/ It is expensive to travel by plane. 坐飞机旅行很费钱。 The diamond ring is more expensive than the silver ring and the gold ring. 钻石戒指比银戒指和金戒指都要贵。 Buying that airbus was an expensive mistake. 买那种客机是个代价高昂的错误。 ）36. costume, dress, clothes （Her national costume s

52、howed which country she came from.她的民族服装表明了她是从哪个国家来的。 ）37. press conference, meeting, congress, assembly, gathering, council, convention, rally38. crush 压碎 , crack 敲碎 , smash 打碎 , shatter 粉碎39. dash, dart, hasten （突进； 飞跑 The wolf dashed through the woods. 狼突然跑进树林中。 / n The child made a sudden dart a

53、cross the road. 那小孩突然横穿过马路。 vi, vtSwallows were darting through the clouds. 燕子穿云急飞。 /She hastened home 她急忙回家。 The deathbed struggles of the enemies can only hasten their own doom. 敌人的垂死挣扎只能加速他们的灭亡。 I hasten to say that he is not hurt. 我赶紧说明他没有受伤。）40. decline, refuse, reject41. dedicate, devote （ He

54、dedicated his life to the service of his country. 他献身于为国服务 He dedicated his first book to his mother. 他把第一本书献给他母亲/He devoted allhis time to his job. 他把他的全部时间都用在工作上了。 This magazine is devoted toscience. 这个杂志专门刊载科技文章。 Everybody knows that our director is very devotedto his wife. 从都知道我们的厂长对妻子十分忠诚。）42.

55、departure, parting43. destined, doomed （They destined him for the navy. 他们指定他去海军。 ）44. disgrace, shame （He was in disgrace because he had lied. 他很丢脸 , 因为他说了谎。Being poor is no disgrace. 贫穷并非耻辱。 The dirty walls are a disgrace to the school. 这些肮脏的墙壁是学校的耻辱。 / When his teacher told his parents about his

56、behavior, hefelt great shame. 当老师告诉他父母他的行为时，他感到非常羞愧。 It's a shame. I shouldbe at work instead of lying here in bed." 真丢人,我应当在工作岗位上,而不是在这儿躺在床上。 "He put her to shame. 他使她感到羞耻。 What a shame that it rained today. 今天下雨了，真可惜。 ）45. doom, fate, destiny （to go to one's doom走向毁灭 / When they

57、met again after tenyears, they left that fate brought them together. 当他们 10 年后又见面时， 他们让命运使他们到了一块儿。 ）46. despair, hopelessness （ He is the despair of all other pianists. 他使其他所有的钢琴家都感到失望。 vi（ 常与 of 连用） 绝望； 失望 I despair of ever seeing my daughter again. 再也见不到我女儿了， 我很失望。 /a hopeless case 绝症； 患绝症的病人The d

58、octor said theold man's condition was hopeless. 医生说这位老人的病是没有希望的了。 You are hopeless.你是没有希望的。;你真没治。Your work is hopeless. 你的工作一无是处。）47. dirty, filthy, foul, soiled, unclean （ dirty hands 脏手 My shoes were dirty. 我的鞋子脏了。 His feet left dirty marks all over the floor. 他的脚在地板上到处留下了脏印子。 Repairingroads is a dirty job. 修理马路是件肮脏的活计。 dirty stories 下流故事 Those young peopleoften sat in the cafe around the corner drinking and telling dirty stories." 那些年青人常常在拐角的咖啡馆里,边喝酒边讲下流故事。"do the dirty on sb. 用卑劣的手段对