英文学术论文常用高级词汇和精美句型第一版

1、 英文学术论文常用高级词汇和精美句型1.与时间相关的 no change on 1-day intervals for 3 consecutive days at given intervals of time (30, 50, and 90 min) for a given exposure time increased with age. for different time span. After the scheduled time, each sample was tested. throughout the entire test period. It will decrease

2、as time passes.2. 表示增加或下降的 An increase in the FA content decreased the decrease with increase in deceases as increases, and increases as increase. As is lowered. augment The cumulative AE energy increases with a stepwise pattern in which each sudden jump of energy can be related to develop at an inc

3、reasing rate with time3. 表示原因, 由哪些因素决定 probably due to A possible mechanism contributing to the reduction of is This might be attributed to depends on the two main mechanisms is a common cause of is the essential parameter governing the , contributing in part to the interface separation phenomenon,

4、besides the above-described possible interfacial material toughening mechanism. the cause of this resides in Two parameters are considered in this study to evaluate the strengthening effectiveness with regard to the amount of FRP (i.e., the number of layers of sheets) and construction imperfections.

5、4. 表示展示。 exhibit illustrate present reflect depict is plot in describe 5. 表示某种掺量。 high volume fly ash contain high percentages of fly ash as a replacement of cement (0,15,30 by weight of total cementitious materials) for concrete incorporating 30% and 40% fly ash. increase the amount of fly ash in c

6、oncrete as partial cement replacement materials with partial fly ash substitution are incestigated. the dosage of fly ash with a certain amount of fly ash added6. 性能的词汇 mechanical property transport property workability flexibility sustainability serviceability7. 表示测试 examine 8. 表示超过 exceed 9. 有关图片或

7、表格的 As seen from Table 2, The result ofare presented in Table 4. A was plotted against square root of time (t0.5 in min0.5) was monitored with the SC3000 which was positioned, as seen in Fig.2a. Sketch of the experimental setup T is plotted as absolute value against the impact energy in Fig.9 Fig.5(

8、c) and (d) shows the load versus strain and midspan deflection versus strain curves of the concrete.10. 至于，对于而言 As for In the case of11. 表示比较，对比 The mixture containing 10% FA replacement showed higher strength than mixtures containing 40% and 70% FA replacement. As compared to Ais higher than when i

9、t substitutes in contrast to Existing damages may lead to catastrophic failures at loading stages earlier than those corresponding to intact specimens. is comparable to or greater than these values are theoretically detectable. The test results were compared with the axial stress-strain behavior of

10、water saturated specimen to that of dry specimens. a tremendous amount of AE activities, much greater than that of CB, was recorded because12. 表示效果更明显 The effect was more pronounced with increased dominant have determinant impact on13. 表示结构或材料致密 matrix densification pore structure densification the

11、pore system becomes finer and less connected14. 影响 Increases in FA contents showed no significant effect on seemed to be insensitive to become decisive for the durability of the concrete The durability of concrete structures has substantial economic, social, and environmental implications. Deicers m

12、ay also pose detrimental effects on15. 因此 Consequently, As a result,16. 表示评价，评估 quantify evaluate assess interpret17. 学科术语（阻抗谱） impedance response EIS spetra electrode arcs in a Nyquist plot (plot of real vs. imaginary impedance) Rct1 extracted from the model captures the changes in microstructure w

13、ith time.（孔特征） pore structure distribution total porosity pore structure pore network pore walls tortuous pathways（掺合料） fly ash slag silica fume supplementary cementing materials mineral additives low-and high-calcium fly ash（测试方法） SEM：Scanning electron micrograph pigmentation X-ray diffraction anal

14、ysis microscopy observation ultrasonic speed measurement acoustic emission technique accelerated ageing test（土建工程） civil infrastructures wide use in Civil Engineering historical heritage masonry structures concrete structures, pavements, and bridge decks（测试仪器） vibrated for 30 sec on a vibration tabl

15、e testing machine with maximum load capacity of 50kN. the hammer is hemispherical 24mm in diameter（测试试剂） coupling agent between the sensor and the concrete surface（操作工艺） The molds were stripped after 24 hours Each measure was performed on five samples and the results averaged. Aggregates were carefu

16、lly sieved and remixed to conform to the ASTMC33 grading standard. reference specimens Specimens were cylindrical with a diameter of 55mm and a length of 115mm One of the beams was tested in its virgin condition to serve as reference. the CFRP was intentionally bonded without adhesive in the centerm

17、ost 10% and 20% area of the bonding area of the CFRP sheets. Four AE sensors of Model SE900-MWB, produced by the firm DECI, having a frequency range of 100-900 kHz were mounted on the specimen surface using a tape. Artificial defect type 1 was cubic-like (3.8cm-by-3.8cm-by-2.5cm), and artificial def

18、ect type 2 was delamination-like (7.6cm-by-7.6cm-by-0.5cm). （环境类别） high atmospheric humidity sea water rain water acid rain exposure to freeze-thaw cycles deteriorating chemicals alkaline environment environmental variables to simulate the environmental conditions in regions with average relative hu

19、midity conditions aggressive media/influencesChloride-laden environement（材料性能） compressive strength-fcb (MPa) flexural tensile strength-ftb (MPa) tensile strength-ftf (MPa) ultimate strain-(%) elastic modulus-Ef (GPa) Axial strain lateral strain Youngs modulus Poissions ratio(材料形状) the outer concret

20、e layer “coverconcrete”18. 表示相同 were nearly same. A behave like B A similar trend is also observed in the E/h ratio, see Fig.11(b).19. 某种程度 the extent of the reduction20. 某些配比 water to binder ratios (W/B) weight to strength ratio21. 表示抵制 high resistance to resistance against carbonation22. 方程，公式 in

21、Eq.(1). Eqs.(2)-(7):23. 参考文献1 this was also confirmed by several studies This result was also confirmed by previous research. , which has been quantified in . Similar results were reported by other researchers This is consistent with other reports. Based on the previous studies in the open literatur

22、e/in previous publications Numerous surveys have indicated that In the study of research from the review of the literature23. 参考文献2 have been quoted in literature. In particular there is also published work about real time monitoring Detailed surveys and literature accounts on the carbonation proble

23、m and related aspects concerning the durability ofconcrete-based materials can be found, for instance, in 16 and references therein. We do not go into detail in what the modelling of the hydration is concerned but rather refer the reader to 7,1214 for fairly detailed descriptions of the involved phy

24、sicochemical processes and to 15,16 for a presentation of a few qualitative (mathematical) issues concerning some of the existing hydration models. In a study undertaken by , it was shown that7. Vast majority of existing works in the literature assume a uniform corrosion pattern around the , e.g. 1-

25、324. 缺陷，缺点，不足 Another explanation forlies in there are certain limitations they suffer from serious limitations of When applied to, limitations include the need to25. 表示变化 modifications and variations an altered matrix microstructure transformations26. 根据 based on the procedure outlined in procedure

26、s fully conformed to the stipulations set forth in ASTMC 192 Tests have been performed on the materials constituents following relevant test standards are based on the fundamental principle that27. 情况不同，现象不同 might have lead to different observations In the study of research28. 研究意义 The understanding

27、 of is a crucial step. The tests performed in this study are also a contribution towards the application of AE techniques for on-site health monitoring of strengthened masonry structures. have made FRPs an efficient solution for strengthening purpose it is of utmost importance understanding the mate

28、rial behavior in order to improve the material performance and to elongate its lifetime. NDT technique is developed mainly to overcome this obstacle, while providing desired levels of resolutions for different inspection purposes.29. 关系密切，相关性 is closely related to . is closely linked to is connected

29、 to The correlation betweenand is correlated to is intrinsically dependent on 30. 研究领域的缺乏 efforts in the direction ofare very limited. Despite the numerous contributions of investigation regarding the there is no common understanding about the effect of Due to inconsistency on understanding of inner

30、, further investigation is still regular. Actual data onis sparse, not always well documented and, when available, not easily accessible to the designer. Few research works published in the last years on this subject indicate Aspects such as failure initiation, interfacial damage propagation and loc

31、alization, as well as nondestructive bond quality monitoring are still open.However, significantly more literature is needed that addresses the numerous and various conditions that are inherent in applying the AE technique to the assessment of 31. 侵入，渗入 penetration carbonation propagation chloride d

32、iffusing/contamination32. 如前所述 As aforementioned, As already specified (stated),33. 建立 establish construct34. 与结合 in conjunction with A laser vibrometer and an acoustic excitation can be combined to form a standoff system that is capable of locating and measuring defects in matwrials.35. 破坏 environm

33、ental induced defects matrix cracking surface buckling delamination fibre shear-out fibre rupture/fibre breakage the failure mode of RC beams occurs in a brittle manner laminate separation fiber pullout36. 期望,需要 It is anticipated that There is a general need for NDT methods that can be conducted fro

34、m a distance because standoff capacity confers numerous advantages as mentioned previously. 37. 后面介绍，随后提及 is further discussed in the following section. , as will be illustrated in subsequent sections. The results obtained from the shear bond tests and the AE data are next presented and discussed.38

35、. 成为一种可能 have demonstrated to be an attractive alternative for rehabilitation or renewal of civil infrastructures, providing significant advantages to the restoration applications not often attainable with conventional materials.39. 特殊混凝土，加固混凝土，特殊材料, 试件 Fibre-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) glass fiber rei

36、nforced polymer (GFRP)-wrapped concrete column artificially damaged GFRP-concrete specimens FRP composite jacketing system plain concrete beam control specimen40. 文章目的 The objective is to initiate the creation of a user-friendly health monitoring system for RC structures strengthened with CFRP sheet

37、s using AE techniques. this study aims to develop a .41. 世界各地混凝土协会 American Concrete Institute (ACI) American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) Canadian Society of Civil Engineers (CSCE) Japanese Society of Civil Engineers (JSCE) 42. 其他 fill in the po

38、re space enclosed by cement hydrates due to both the fulfillment of systematic laboratory testing It is always the case that service life design句型汇总：1. 分类叙述 The results indicate that: (i); (ii); (iii) The results in SRG-strengthened specimens were equal to 14.4% and 20% for reference and aged specim

39、en, respectively. It can be observed that the CoV of the reference GFRP-brick specimens is very low, while for the aged specimens this value is larger. This paper is structured in the following order:2. 越.越 The larger the size of the aggregate, the more segment the deflection of propagating and the

40、greater the FRP can form.3. 举例子 Once inside, water may alter the properties of the polymer either in a reversible manner, for example by plasticization, or in an irreversible manner, for example by hydroxylation.4. 结合 FRP debonding from masonry substrate can be accompanied by failure of the bricks,

41、debonding in the, debonding in theor a combination of these fracture processes. In most studies mentioned therein, however, AE is not suggested as a stand-alone tool, but is rather used to indicate qualitative trends or to complement other methods in the investigation of damage progression. 5. 公式含义

42、Ib=+ （1） With being the standard deviation andbeing the mean value of the amplitudes of a group of AE hits.6. 观点分歧 With respect to, the scientific community is divided into two main groups. One group is mainly interested inThe attention of the second group is instead driven towards the7. 当, 某某条件时 th

43、e developed AE model is recommended in cases where matrix cracking is the dominant damage mode. The analysis is valid only when: (1);(2);(3); and (4) 8. 解决问题 has limitations such as To cover the limitation of, acoustic emission was introduced to study9. 应用 The external plating of RC structures with

44、CFRP sheets is now a widely recognized repair and retrofit technique to prolong their service life.10. 鉴于 Standoff methods of damage detection have numerous advantages over contact measurement methods since they allow for measurement of damage in locations that are physically difficult to access, such as high above the ground or over water. 精美句子： Since the high probability of impact-damaging composite materials during manufacture, service and maintenance, it is of paramount importance the