英语外来词的翻译

1、 On the Translation Skills of English Loanwords in ChinesebyLi MeilianA thesis submitted to School of Foreign Languagesin conformity with the requirements for theDegree of Bachelor of Arts Qujing Normal UniversityQujing, Yunnan, P.R. ChinaMay, 2014AcknowledgementsThis thesis originates from four yea

2、rs study at School of Foreign Languages at Qujing Normal University. Upon the completion of this thesis, I would like to express my great gratitude to all those who have contributed to this thesis either directly or indirectly.Special thanks go to all the other teachers at English Department of Quji

3、ng Normal University. During the four years study, I benefited a great deal from their teaching and enlightening lectures. Especially I should really say my supervisor Professor Li Jianwei for her insightful suggestions that contribute to the framework of this thesis. She spared a lot of time from h

4、er busy schedule to read the different versions of the manuscript and gave advice for improvement. To her, I owe much more than words.My gratitude also goes to my classmates and roommates. They gave me much encouragement and support. I would like to thank my family, for their spiritual and financial

5、 support.Finally, my thanks go to those who have devoted much time to reading this thesis and given me much advice, which will benefit me in my future study and work.iiAbstractWith the accelerating pace of globalization，the culture from different countries are mix together. The language is affected

6、by each other. The words from a language into another language，we call these words as “Loanwords” or “Foreign Language”. No matter in theory or in practice, the translation of loanwords has a very important significance. In theory, it is an indispensable part lexical and translation studies. In prac

7、tice, the studies of English translations of loanwords that can help us further understand the regular of foreign words translation. This article discusses the definition of foreign words, the development trends and characteristics of foreign words, their social function, and then describes the impa

8、ct on Chinese loanwords in English, then English loanwords translation rules. Meanwhile the author discusses the translation rules, that is, four translation rules-Free Translation, Chromatic Half Translation and Transliteration Method of Pun, which makes the readers to understand the English loanwo

9、rds better and the use of it in Chinese. Thus it can help promote cultural exchange and communication between people.Key words：English loanwords；social function；cultural influences；translation rules；请好好修改摘要，文章开篇以及结尾部分！摘 要随着全球化步伐的加快，各国文化不断地融合，并且语言彼此受到影响一种语言的词汇进入了另一种语言的词汇当中，我们把这类词汇称之为“外来词”或者“外来语”。外来词的

10、翻译无论在理论上或是实践上都具有很重要的意义。在理论上，它是翻译学和词汇学研究不可缺少的一部分；在实践上，对英语外来词翻译的研究，可以帮助我们进一步认识外来词翻译的规律。本文论述了外来词的定义、外来词的发展趋势特点及其社会功能等基本概念, 以及英语外来词对汉语的影响，从而得出英语外来词的翻译规则,文章进一步从音译法、意译法、半音半意法、音译双关发四个方面对翻译规则进行了具体阐述，使笔者更好的了解英语外来词及其它在汉语中的使用，有助于人们更好的进行文化交流与沟通。关键词：英语外来词；社会功能；文化影响；翻译规则；iiiContentsAcknowledgementsiAbstract in En

11、glish iiAbstract in Chinese iii1. Introduction12. Literature Review22.1 Related Research in China32.2 Related Research Abroad43. Analysis and Discussion53.1 Definition of Loanwords53.2 The Development Trend and Features of translation of English Loanwords53.2.1 The Development Trend of English Loanw

12、ords53.2.2 Morphological characteristics of English loanwords in Modern Chinese73.3The English Loanwords Function83.3.1 Language Function of English Loanwords83.3.2 Cultural Function of English Loanwords83.3.3 Social Function of English Loanwords93.3.4 Mental Function of English Loanwords103.4 The I

13、nfluence of English Loanwords in Chinese113.5 Common Translation of English Loanwords123.5.1 Transliteration123.5.2 Free Translation133.5.3 Chromatic Half Translation143.5.4 Transliteration Method of Pun154. Conclusion16References181. IntroductionWith the development of history and society, the livi

14、ng language also has a growing change in the world; one of the most notable features is the innovation and introduction of vocabulary. When a language can not describe social phenomena or things, people often build a new vocabulary word or introduce words from other languages. That is loanwords. Loa

15、nwords are also called “borrowing”, broadly speaking; it refers to any form of words borrowed from other languages, while the narrow sense, loanwords refers to the sound and meaning which borrowed from other foreign words. As a major means of communication, Chinese languages come into contact with o

16、ther languages inevitably.Language contact can have a variety of outcomes. “Loanwords” is the most common one. Through contact between English language and Chinese language, a large number of English loanwords have flooded in, penetrating into various fields and every aspect of social life. Now we f

17、ind a lot of loanwords from English everywhere in China. English loanwords add a great number of new words to the Chinese language and enrich the Chinese vocabulary greatly. They not only change the features of Chinese vocabulary but also bring about semantic changes to some traditional Chinese word

18、s. Furthermore, while there appears a large-scale lexical borrowing, morpheme may be abstracted or detached from loans and become new morphemes in Chinese. The emergence of new morphemes and new words leads to adjustment and updating of Chinese lexical, semantic, morphological system. That is to say

19、, Chinese language is undergoing great changes because of the lexical borrowing from English. The study of English loanwords in contemporary Chinese is of great significance. In theory, it will contribute to a deeper and richer understanding of language contact. Besides, it can help better understan

20、d how English loanwords influence Chinese language and how Chinese language changes and develops.Linguist Campbell (1998) has pointed out “loanwords are borrowed from the source language, and has become part of the target language words”. In general, under the premise that meaning from the loanwords

21、 in the other language, in a voice form, in whole or in part borrowed loanwords, and were finished in varying degrees.Since the reform and opening up, many new things and ideas are constantly appeared in China, an especially loanword is overwhelming. Loanwords are also called borrowing, or foreign l

22、anguage, which refers to learn a language coming from another language word. Loanwords are the inevitable product among peoples of the world political, economic, cultural and technical exchanges. Language Masters Edward Sapir once said, “Language like cultures, are rarely self-sufficient. As the nee

23、d for communication, people who speak different languages will occur directly or indirectly touch”. “The simplest impact of a language is the borrowing that a language from another language” (Language, 1921:192).As the English loanwords involves all areas of peoples social life, and have a major imp

24、act on peoples live and Chinese culture. Therefore, loanwords and their English translations study have an important significance. This article discusses the definition of foreign words, translation rules, the basic concepts of the development trends and characteristics of foreign words, and their s

25、ocial function, and then describes the impact on Chinese loanwords in English. The article use a lot of chapters to introduce the following two aspects, the translation rules about introduce loanwords, they are transliteration, free translation, chromatic half translation, transliteration method of

26、pun. And from four aspects introduce the social function of loanwords, the four translation rules are language function, cultural function, social function, mental function. At the end of the article, the author focuses on the influence of English on Chinese loanwords, and research loanwords transla

27、tion studies, make people have a better understanding to English loanwords. 2. Literature Review2.1 Related Research AbroadThe linguistic phenomena of loanwords and language contact have always been special interest of linguists and scholars and productive researches have been made. H. Busman (Rutle

28、dge Dictionary: 287) defines “loanwords” with its contrastive equivalent “foreign word”. “In narrower sense: in contrast with foreign words, words borrowed from one language into another, which have become lexicalized (which equals to be assimilated phonetically, graphically and grammatically into t

29、he new languagein the broader sense: an umbrella term for foreign word and loan word.”Howard Jackson and Etienne Zoë Am vela regard loanwords ad having the same meaning as borrowing, which also refers to a process of this kind. “By definition, when speakers imitate a form from a foreign languag

30、e, at least partly, adopt it in sound and grammar to their native language, the process is called borrowing, and the word thus borrowed is called a loanword or borrowing.”Edward Sapir said, “Languages, like cultures, are rarely sufficient unto themselves.” In his Language History (1965:44), Bloomfie

31、ld defined linguistic borrowing as “the adoption of features which differ from those of the main tradition”. He divided borrowing into cultural borrowing, intimate borrowing and dialect borrowing.From the above study of domestic and foreign loanwords in English, we can clearly know those different h

32、istorical periods; there are some differences in the field of loanwords which is involved. Loanwords will also show what trends, loanwords propagation speed faster, broader, higher quantity, form complex, diversification. To solve the above problems, this paper discusses the definition of foreign wo

33、rds, the basic concepts of the development trends and characteristics of foreign words, their social function, and then describes the impact on Chinese loanwords in English, to get English loanwords translation rules, in order to have a better understanding of loanwords.2.2 Related Research in China

34、Globalization has become an important feature in the development of the world community today; there are many loanwords in Chinese, especially English loanwords. Loanwords are a product under the new historical conditions, Chinese culture and foreign culture contact with each other. Meanwhile, as Ch

35、inas reform and opening and the liberate of peoples minds, multi-level foreign exchange and multi-channel culture of words borrowed offers a variety of conditions, promoting higher loanwords into Chinese peoples lives. A number of loanwords greatly increase gradually affecting peoples lives. Loanwor

36、ds generation is an inevitable product of cultural contact, starting from the mid-19th century modern China, translation of Western culture, science and technology, in the rise of 19th century Western literature. Social science books of the translations, which make a lot of new words into Chinese, a

37、nd impact on peoples language and thought.For modern Chinese loanwords, many people have been for researching and discussion in many ways. Chinese researches on loanwords were based on the previous study of western scholars in early twentieth century. The systematic study of loanwords in Chinese beg

38、an only late as in the middle of twentieth century. Luckily there are more and more loanwords translation researches that have been conducted from the cultural and pragmatic perspectives (Luo Changpei, 1989).Tzu-mo in the “Chinese vocabulary speech” said that “the Chinese word absorb in other langua

39、ge, translated meaning is the main approach. On the one hand to avoid excessive syllables, on the other hand is to understand the meaning. Of course, Italian translation of the word was not loanwords”. In 2000, Shi Youwei promised “loanwords” a book out special chapter also conducted a loanword type

40、s studied from different angles.3. Analysis and Discussion3.1 Definition of LoanwordsAccording to ordinary people, loanwords means that absorbed from other languages, loanwords are also called “foreign language” or “borrowing”, which is a language from other languages in absorption over the words, a

41、rising from contact with the language (“Dictionary” abridged, 1999:933). With the friendly political exchanges between people and nations, the increasingly powerful economic, cultural and technological advance, and from each other more closely, the number of loanwords are also increasing. “ Loanword

42、s” the term are widely accepted and used, foreign language scholars have also made the definition of the word, but there has been no unified conclusion, usually summed up the following definition: In Chinese, loanword generally refers to the premise of alien languages in the meaning of a word derive

43、d, form all or part of the speech by the alien from the corresponding word, and to some extent the Chinese of Chinese words; Strictly speaking, Loanwords should be used of a longer period in Chinese conditions as alien to the true sense of the word. This definition is a summary of the history of pro

44、mising to make the transliteration of foreign words. Chen Yuan (1980：285) states “Every living language has a greater absorbing function which, in most cases, is reflected in its vocabulary In time of social necessity, it will absorb new words it does not have, new words that mirror the reality of t

45、he outside objective world”. In this paper, English loanwords refers to the Chinese loanwords from English, loanwords classification is diverse, including transliteration, translation and transliteration and translation of (Ding Zhenglin: selective receiving loanwords to explore , 1977 Section 3).3.

46、2 The Development Trend and Features of translation of English Loanwords3.2.1 The Development Trend of English LoanwordsSocial Development Dimension: In the Tang dynasty, large numbers of English loanwords was absorbed. English loanwords a beginning of new things appeared in Chinese, so different pe

47、ople treated them with different perspectives, communication and contacting with other countries, people often brought a lot of foreign things and concepts. Contemporary Chinese for their own rise has absorbed a large number of English loanwords. English as the worlds most widely used influx of mode

48、rn China; the Chinese have become the largest foreign language users. With contemporary Chinas reforming and opening deepening, international exchange is the increasingly widespread, with western culture loanwords continuous influx of China. English loanwords as the carrier of foreign culture, with

49、a full range of Chinese Language contact in the larger scope and wider areas.Technological Dimension: The world today is the era of rapid development of science and technology, thus new technologies and new discoveries in various fields are emerging. Nearly two decades, the application of a lot of E

50、nglish loanwords in Chinese people's lives, in particular vocabulary in computers and information technology. For example: 软件 (software), 硬件 (hardware), 奔腾 (Pentium), 电子邮件 (E-mail), and so on. Meanwhile, with online forums, online message boards and chat rooms into peoples lives, some of the onl

51、ine users in order to save time in text input, they create a large number of new foreign words in English-based networks. Cultural Dimension: Today, more and younger Chinese worship in Western culture, they even imitate Western lifestyles, and these are due to the large influx of Western culture, th

52、e results of Chinese culture. Since the 1980s, the reform and opening up, a lot of “foreign goods” especially international brand-name goods are widely favored by Chinese people, especially young people. In the era of economy dominated society, western people admire a strong economy, Chinese people

53、are constantly pursuit of the western economic model of psychological and material life, which prompting people to passively accept foreign words in English. While all aspects of life also gradually changed toward the Western model. 3.2.2Morphological characteristics of English loanwords in Modern C

54、hineseThe first feature is that the foreign affixes are increasing. Xie Yaoji (1989) analyzed the phenomenon of modern Chinese grammar Europeanization, he pointed out that a variety of word formation in modern Chinese, and affixation was most affected by Western European languages. Some former affix

55、es in today's English through an interpreter are converted to the corresponding word in modern Chinese. Such as, super-/over-/non-/, etc, are translated into “超” ，“多” ，“不” in Chinese. As “super-” an example, works with ultra-high popularity and hits Get Press favored. “Compared with most Western

56、 languages, Chinese vocabularies are lack of true morphological and morphological changes. English affixes are more rich than Chinese affixes, English application is also wider than Chineses”(Xu Yulong，2002), which accelerates the development of Chinese affixes.The second feature is that loanwords m

57、orpheme is finished by Chinese. After long-term using of these words are gradually gained independence (Guo Hongjie, 2002). For example, a transliteration of the word “taxi”in the morpheme “的”, become a morpheme of word formation, it can generate"的吧"，“的哥”“打的”，“叫的”，etc.Besides these two fea

58、tures, loanwords have the following characteristics. Since 1978, the reform and opening up, with the domestic economy increasingly frequent and cultural exchanges, with the further development of international economic integration, loanwords are also constantly developing. The new loanwords continue

59、 to emerge, such as cloning, internet, blog, WTO, CPI (consumer price index) etc. The most notable feature of this period of Chinese loanwords development is large numbers of foreign-letter word, and rapid development, such as in the 1980s appeared Kara OK.In the early 1990s, with the rise of the internet in the world