(完整版)英语专八英美文学常识汇总

1、3专八人文知识：英国地理概况the english channel: the channel is a narrow sea passage which separates england and france and connects the atlantic ocean and north sea.英吉利海峡：英吉利海峡是一道狭长的海峡，分割英法两国，连接大西洋和北海。the dee estuary: a small sea ( in irish sea) where the dee river enters.迪河河口 ：是迪河流入的一个小海。"the act of union

2、of 1801”: in 1801 the english parliament passed an act by which scotland, wales and the kingdom of england were constitutionally joined as the kingdom of great britain.1801合并法：1801年英国议会通过法令，规定英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士根据宪法合并成为大不列颠王国。gaelic: it is one of the celtic language, and is spoken in parts of the highlands.

3、盖尔语：是盖尔特语言的一种，在高地地区仍有人说这种语言。the "backbone of england": it refers to the pennies, the board ridge of hills.英格兰脊梁：指的是山脉的背脊。lead ore: british lead ores have been worked since pre-roman times. it contains silver.铅矿：自前罗马时代开始，英国的铅矿就被开发了。内含银。china clay: the deposits of china clay in cornwall are

4、of great economic value.瓷土：康沃尔的瓷土沉淀带来了巨大的经济价值。4专八人文知识复习：美国地理概况本文针对英语专业八级考试的人文知识部分，总结了美国国家的主要地理概况，希望对同学们有所帮助。The Fall Line瀑布线： A point where water-falls or rapids suddenly drop from a higher level to the lower one.瀑布线指的是瀑布急速地从高处向低处流泻的点。The Appalachian Range 阿巴拉契亚山脉：1200 miles long , consists of the P

5、iedmont Plateau, Appalachian Plateaus and Appalachian Range.阿巴拉契亚山脉全场1200英里，由皮德蒙特高原、阿巴拉契亚高原及阿巴拉契亚山脉组成。The Cordillera Range 科迪勒拉山脉：Composed of the Coast Range, the Cascades and the Rocky Mountains.科迪勒拉山脉由海岸山脉、卡斯卡德山以及洛基山组成。The Great Basin 大盆地： The Part between the Colorado and Columbia Plateaus.指的是科罗拉

6、多和哥伦比亚高地之间的部分。The Great Central Plain 中音 B 大平原： The land mass between the Rocky Mountains and the Appalachians.指的是洛基山和阿巴拉伊亚山之间的平原。The Great Plain 大平原： The western part of the central plain.大平原：指的是中部平原以西的部分。The Mississippi River 密西西比河：The longest, the most important river in the U.S.A. . It has a dra

7、inage area of3225000 square kilometers.密西西比河是美国最长、最重要的河流。它的流域面积达3225000平方公里。The Five Great Lakes 北美五大湖：Lake Michigan, Superior, Erie, Huron and Ontario.北美五太湖指的是密歇根湖、苏必利尔湖、伊利湖、休伦湖以及安大略湖。The Niagara Falls 尼亚力口拉瀑布：Famous falls in North America, 1240 meters wide, the drop averages 49 meters.尼亚加拉瀑布是北美最著名

8、的瀑布，有 1240米宽，平均落差为 49米。Yellow stone National Park 黄石国家公园：Located in the northern part of Wyoming. It is the oldest national park in the world and the largest wildlife preserve in the U.S.A.黄石国家公园位于怀俄明州的北部地区。是世界上最古老的国家公园，是美国最大的野生保护区。Grand Canyon 大峡谷：In northern Arizona, one of the great natural wonde

9、rs of the world. It measures about 277 miles long, up to 18 miles wide, and more than a mile deep. Its walls show layers that tell the story of the formation of the earth.大峡谷在亚利桑那州的北部，是世界上最伟大的自然奇迹之一。它约有 277英里长，18英里宽，约1英里深。它的墙 壁断层记录了地球形成的过程。Old Faithful 老忠实喷泉： The most famous gayer in Yellowstone Nat

10、ional Park, erupting more than l00 feet in the air about every 73 minutes.老忠实喷泉是黄石国家公园最著名的喷泉，每73分钟向空中喷水100英尺多高。Chinatown 唐人街：An area in a city where many Chinese people live and where are Chinese shops, restaurants, clubs; two, important Chinatowns: New York City and San Francisco.唐人街是许多中国人生活、居住的地区，

11、那里有许多中国店铺、饭店、夜总会。两条最重要的唐人街分别在纽约和旧 金山。Indian Reservation 第安保留地： It refers to the barren desert regions where only Indians live exclusively.印第安保留地指的是专门给印第安人居住的贫瘠的沙漠地区。New England 新英格兰：It consists of six states: Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Connecticut. This region is

12、featured with mountains, valleys, rivers.新英格兰由六个州组成：缅因州、新罕布什尔州、佛蒙特州、马萨诸塞州、罗德岛州以及康涅狄格。这个地区主要以 多山、多山谷、河流为特征。The Mountain States 山地诸州： Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, and New Mexico.山地诸州指的是蒙大拿州、怀俄明州、科罗拉多州以及新墨西哥州。The Pacific Coast States 太平洋沿岸诸州：Washington, Oregon and California.太平洋沿岸诸州包括华盛顿州、俄勒冈州以及加利弗尼亚州。M

13、ount McKinley 麦金利山：6187 meters high, on the middle of the Alaska, the highest peak on this continent.麦金利山高达6187米。在阿拉斯加的中部。是这片大陆上最高的山峰。Pearl Harbor 珍珠港： The base of the Pacific Fleet of the U.S.A. near the city of Honolulu in Hawaii.珍珠港是美国太平洋舰队的基地，在夏威夷的火奴鲁鲁市附近。5专八人文知识复习：加拿大地理概况Canada is the world'

14、;s second largest country after Russia. 60% of the population in Canada inhabit in the area between Quebec city and the western end of Lake Ontario.加拿大是世界上幅员第二大的国家，大约 60%的人口集中在魁北克市与安大略省西端。Toronto 多伦多： Toronto is Canada's largest city and the provincial Capital of Ontario.多伦多是安大略省的省会，加拿大经济中心，第一大城

15、市。Ottawa 渥太华： Ottawa is the capital of Canada and the country's fourth largest city. It is located in the Ottawa Valley in the eastern part of the province of Ontario.加拿大首都，第四大城市，地处安大略省东部的安大略谷。Vancouver 温哥华： Vancouver is British Columbia' s largest city and the third largest city in Canada.

16、It is an importantice-free harbor and the major Canadian outlet to the Pacific Ocean and the largest cargo port on the Pacific.不列颠哥伦比亚省的最大城市，也是加拿大第三大城市。它是加拿大一个非常重要的不冻港，而且是加拿大通往太平 洋的主要通道，太平洋最大的货运港口。Quebec 魁d匕克省： Quebec is the largest province in Canada geographically, and the second most populous, af

17、terOntario. It differs from the other provinces of Canada because of its strong French culture. Montreal, the second largest city of Canada, is located in this province. The Quebec city is the center of the province.魁北克省是加拿大最大的省，人口仅次于安大略省。法国文化的强烈影响使它与其他省区不一样。加拿大第二大城市 蒙特利尔位于该省。其中心是位于圣劳伦斯河上的魁北克城。The C

18、anadian Shield 加拿大地盾：The Canadian Shield is a semicircle band of rocky highlands and plateaus around the Hudson Bay from the northern shores of Quebec to the Arctic shores of the Northwest Territories. The Shield covers almost half of the Canadian territory.这是围绕哈得孙海湾的一块半圆形多石高低和高原，从魁北克省的北部海岸一直延伸到西北自治

19、领的北极沿岸。几乎 加拿大的一半面积在加拿大地盾一带。Mount Logan 洛跟峰： Mount Logan is the highest peak in Canada and is located in the Yukon Territory of northwest Canada.加拿大最高峰，位于加拿大西北部的育空地区。The Mackenzie River 马更些河： The Mackenzie River is the longest river in Canada, flowing between the Canadian Shield and the Rocky Mountai

20、ns.马更些河是加拿大最长的河流，流经加拿大地盾与西部落基山脉之间，全长1600公里。英国文学(English Literature)450-1066Old English (or Anglo-Saxon) Period古英语(或盎格鲁 一撒克逊)时期1066-1500Middle English Period中占央语时期1500-1660The Renaissance义艺复兴1516-15781) The beginning of the Renaissance1578-16252) The flowering period1625-16603) The epilogue of the Re

21、naissance1660-1785The Neoclassical Period新古典主义时期1785-1830The Romantic Period浪漫主义时期1832-1901The Victorian Period维多利亚时期1901-1914The Edwardian Period爱德华时期1910-1936The Georgian Period乔治五世时期1914 -The Modern Period现代时期1945 -Postmodernism后现代主义一、 Old and Medieval English Literature 中古英语文学 （8 世纪-14 世纪）1） The

22、 Old English Period / The Anglo-Saxon Period 古英语时期 （449-1066）a. pagan poetry （异教诗歌）：Beowulf贝奥武甫-最早 的诗歌；长诗（3000 行）heroism & fatalism & Christian qualities the folk legends of the primitive northern tribes; a heroic Scandinavian epic legend;善恶有报b. religious poetry: Caedmon （凯德蒙 610-680）: the f

23、irst known religious poet; the father of English songCynewulf（基涅武甫 9C）: The Christc. 8th C, Anglo-Saxon prose: Venerable Bede（673-735）; Alfred the Great（848-901）2） The Medieval Period 中世纪（1066-ca.1485 / 1500）:a. Romance 中世纪传奇故事 （1200-1500）: the Middle Ages;英雄诗歌无名诗人 -Sir Gawain and the Green Knight高文

24、爵士与绿色骑士：Celtic legend; verse-romance; 2530 lines 14th C, Age of Chaucer:* Geoffrey Chaucer （乔叟 1340-1400）:文风：vivid and exact language, his poetry is full of vigor and swiftness the father of English poetry; the father of English fiction ; 首创 双韵体”；首位用伦敦方言写作英国作家 The Canterbury Tales: pilgrims stories

25、受 Boccaccio（薄伽丘）-Decameron十日谈启发The House of Fame; Troilus and Criseyde; The Romaunt of the Rose玫瑰罗曼史 （译作）* William Langland （朗兰1332-1400）： The Vision of Piers Plowman农夫皮尔斯之幻象：普通人眼中的社会抗议b. 15th C, English ballads: Thomas Malory （1395-1471） : Morte d ' Arthur亚瑟王之死-圆桌骑士二、The Renaissance Period英国文艺复

26、兴（1500-1660）: humanism 十四行诗，文艺复兴，无韵诗，伊丽莎白戏剧1）诗歌Henry Howard（霍华德 1516-1547）c. Thomas Wyatt （怀亚特 1503-1542）: the first to introduce the sonnet into English literatured. Sir Philip Sidney （雪尼爵士 1554-1586）:代表了当时的理想-the complete man "Defense of Poetry为诗辩护Astrophel and Stella; Arcadia 阿卡狄亚 :a prose r

27、omance filled with lyrics; a forerunner of the modern world c.Edmund Spenser（斯宾塞 1552-1599）: the poets ' poet; non-dramatic poet of 伊丽莎白时代 -long allegorical romance 文风：a perfect melody, a rare sense of beauty and a splendid imagination.The Shepherd CalendarThe Faerie Queen仙后：long poem for Queen

28、Elizabeth; Allegory - nine-line verse stanza/ the Spenserian Stanza Spenserian Stanza（斯宾塞诗体 ）:Nine lines, the first eight lines is in iambic（ 抑扬格）pentameter（五步诗）,and the ninth line is an iambic hexameter（ 六步诗）line.2） Prose 散文a. Thomas More （莫尔1478-1535）:欧洲早期空想社会主义创始人Utopia乌托邦：More与海员的对话b. John Lyly

29、（黎里 1553-160,居U作家 &小说家）：EupheusEuphuism （夸饰文体）:Abundant use of balanced sentences, alliterations（ 头韵）and other artificial prosodic（ 韵律）means.The use of odd similes（明喻）and comparisonsc. Francis Bacon （培根1561-1626）:英国首位散文家，中世纪至现代欧洲时期；近代唯物主义哲学奠基人和近代实验科学先驱the trumpeter of a new age; Essays（论说文集）:Of

30、Studies, Of Love, Of Beauty: the first true English prose classic3）戏剧a. Christopher Marlowe （马洛 1564-1593）: University Wits 大学才子派 Edward II; The Jew of Malta马耳他的犹太人first made blank verse（ 无韵诗：不押韵的五步诗） the principle instrument of English dramaThe Tragical History of Doctor Faustus 浮士德博士的悲剧：根据德国民间故事书写

31、成; 完善了无韵体诗。Tamburlaine the Great 帖木儿大帝：残酷而野心勃勃的帝王b. William Shakespeare （剧作家&诗人, 1564-1616）: 154 sonnets（ 十四行诗） + 37 plays + long poems; 现实主义创始人16 comedies : Merchant of Venice （Shylock; Antonio; Bassanio; Portia）; The Taming of the Shrew驯悍记A Mid- Summer Night ' s DreaAs You Like It皆大欢喜；The

32、Twelfth Night; The Comedy of Errors;Much Ado About Nothing 无事生非；The Winter ' s Tae天的故事；All is Well that Ends Well终 成眷属11 tragedies: Romeo and Juliet; Hamlet; Macbeth麦克白；The Tempest暴风雨Othello : a hero Othello vs. bad man Iago; Venice and CyprusKing Lear: British King; greatest achievement; most c

33、omplex in plot and most painful10 historical plays: Henry IV; Henry Vc. Ben Jonson（琼生 1562-1637 诗人 &剧作家 &批评家）：Comedy of Humors; Volpone狐狸；The Alchemist炼金 术士三、 17 世纪文学1） Literature of the Revolution Period （Age of Milton） 资产阶级革命时期: poetry （ Metaphysical 玄学派 + Cavalier 骑士派 ）a. John Donne （多恩15

34、72-1631）： 玄学派 创始人 ; A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning 临别辞：莫悲伤文风：obscene, vulgar and serious philosophical thinking - the conflict between body and soulThe Holy Sonnets; The Flea; Go and Catch a Falling Star; The Songs and Sonnets （主题-爱）b. John Milton （弥尔顿1608-1674）： Renaissance and Reformation （宗教改

35、革）Paradise Regained复乐园; Paradise Lost失乐园：the greatest English epic; Satan is the heroSamson Agonistes力士参孙：closet drama; for reading rather than performing;On His Blindness目盲自咏；Areopagitica论出版自由；Comus; L allegro快乐的人；Lycidasc. John Bunyan（班扬 1628-1688）: prose writing in the Puritan Age; 文风：simple and

36、lively prose styleThe Pilgrim ' s Progress历程 :prose allegory depicting a human soul searching for salvation宗教寓言“具有永恒意义的百科全书”，英国文学史上里程碑式著作。与但丁神曲、奥古斯丁忏悔录并列世界三大宗教题材文学杰作。2） Literature of the Restoration Period （Age of Dryden） 王政复辟/德莱顿时期: tendancy to Realism and Formalismrestoration literature: cliqu

37、ish culture 小集团文化; French classical tastea. John Dryden （德莱顿1631-1700, 批评家 &戏剧家）： first poet laureate （桂冠诗人）; the father of English Criticismestablish the heroic couplet （英雄史诗式两行诗） as the fashion for satiric, didactic（ 说教 ） and descriptive（ 描写 ） poetry最先 提出 “玄学诗人”一词；他创造的“英语双韵体couplet”, 成为英国诗歌的主要

38、形式之一。All for Love;Alexander s Feast;An Essay of Dramatic Poesy论戏剧诗歌：the great playwrights of Greece and Rome,英国文艺复兴 &当代法国四、 18 世纪英国文学: Realism （关注社会现状，普通人） The Neoclassical Period （17 世纪中期-18世纪 ） Enlightenment （ 启蒙运动）: 18th C, 法国-西欧, a progressive intellectual movement. 文艺复兴的衍伸；资本主义反对封建主义Enlight

39、en the world with modern philosophical and artistic ideas; rationality, equality & science Neo-Classicism: 早期 （Addison, Steele and Pope）; 中期 （Samuel Johnson） old classics Conform to rules and principles established by Roman and Greek Classical writers; use rimed couplet（ 押韵的两行诗）Order, logic, res

40、trained emotion and accuracy, be judged in terms of the thematic concerna. Samuel Pepys伴博思 1633-1703）: The greatest diarist in 17 th CThe Diaryb. Alexander Pope （蒲柏 1688-1744）:新古典主义代表；master in satire and heroic couplet; Age of Pope T8 世纪初 期文风：词句工整、精练、富有哲理；对Byron 影响巨大first introduced rationalism to

41、EnglandAn Essay on Criticism（处女作）;An Essay on Man; Odyssey; The Rape of the Lock夺发记；Dunciad愚人记c. Richard Steele （斯梯尔1672-1729） & Joseph Addison （艾迪生1672-1719）: literary periodicalsThe Tattler（闲谈者报）：1709, by Steele; Addison wrote essays;抨击封建偏见，傲慢的富人，及大众对赌博和决斗的反The Spectator （旁观者报）：共同创办；the Specta

42、tor Club - 现代英语小说先锋贡献：资产阶级新社会道德；18 世纪英国社会真实写照；英语散文正式成为一大文学流派d. Samuel Johnson （字典约翰1709-1784） : literary dictator; “grand champion in literature of that age ”The Dictionary of the English Language : 英语字典的基础；The Lives of English poets: 52 early English poets2）十八世纪小说的崛起 ：首批英国小说家-the Sentimentalist &am

43、p; the Realist* 现实主义a. Daniel Defoe（笛福 1661-1731）:英国现实主义小说奠基人；Father of English and European Novels MollFlandersThe Life and Strange Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe : the first person singularCrusoe represented the English bourgeoisie at the early stage of its development.A Journal of the P

44、lague Yearb. Henry Fielding （菲尔丁 1707-1754, 小说家 &戏剧家 ）: 英国小说之父; 英国现代小说创始人；comic epic in prose 创始人文风： exact study and observation of real lifeJoseph Andrews; AmeliaThe History of Tom Jones, a Foundling弃婴汤姆 琼斯的故事：18 世纪英国群像；Mr. Allworthy Prose Humor”c. Jonathan Swift （斯威夫特1667-1745, 政论家&讽刺小说家）:

45、 伟大文学创造者之一；master of English satirical prose文风： simple, clear and vigor; “Proper words in proper places, makes the true definitions of a style ”Gulliver ' s Traves列佛游记：Liliput（小人国）;Brogdingnagians（大人国）；Laputa（勒普泰岛）;Houyhnhnms（慧马国） The Battle of the Books; The Tale of a Tub; A Modest Proposal （bi

46、tter irony） d. Tobias George Smollett （1721-1771）：冒险小说* Sentimentalism（ 感伤主义）: It indulges in emotion and sentiment , which are used as a sort of relief for the grief felttowards the world s wrongs and as a kind of mild protest against social injustice.a. Samuel Richardson （理查森1689-1761）: the founde

47、r of the English domestic novel 小说开始审视“发生于内心的东西”Pamela; Clarissa; The History of Sir Charles Grandisonb. Laurence Sterne （斯特恩 17131768） : Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy项狄传-unusual and queer artistic formc. Oliver Goldsmith （戈德史密斯1728-1774）： Romantic school; The Deserted Village 荒村; She stoops

48、to ConquerThe Vicar of Wakefield 威克菲尔德的牧师： one of the most enduring characters in English fiction3） Poetry of the Pre-Romanticism and Sentimentalism （前浪漫主义和感伤主义诗歌）： 18 世纪中期a. James Thomson（汤姆森 1700-1748 苏格兰）:The Seasons: theme - nature; blank verse ； the first significant poem in the tradition of Pr

49、e-Romanticismb. Edward Young（杨 1683-1765） c. William Collins（柯林斯 1721-1759）: Ode to Evening晚颂d. Thomas Gray（格雷 1716-1771） : sympathy for the poor and unknown, mocks the great ones who despise and hurt themElergy Written in a Country Churchyard 墓园挽歌； Ode on the Springe. William Blake （布莱克1757-1827 浪漫

50、派诗人、画家、 雕刻家）：symbolism The Marriage of Heaven and HellSongs of Experience经验之歌：The Tiger; London; The Chimney-Sweeper1扫烟囱的孩子世间的丑恶Songs of Innocence天真之歌:The LambPoetical Sketches素描诗集f. Robert Burns （彭斯1759-1796 苏格兰）： the greatest songwriter ; the national poet of Scotland; the people s poet文风： lyrics

51、on love and friendship; simplicity; Scotch dialects My Heart s in the HighlandA Red, Red Rose Auld Lang Syne旧日美好时光；For a ' That and a 4不That一套4） 戏剧a. John Gay（盖伊 1685-1732）: The Beggar s Opera乞丐歌剧：one of the most conspicuous stage triumphsb. Richard Brinsley Sheridan （谢立丹 1751-1816 喜剧作家）：tendenc

52、y to Realismthe artificial comedy （风俗喜居 1 ） & anti-sentimental movement 顶峰The Rivals情敌The School for Scandal造谣学校：best English comedy since Shakespearetwo brothers Joseph/Charles surface; criticize English high society for its vanity, greed and hypocrisy五、 The Romantic Period 英国浪漫主义文学（1798-1832）

53、女性小说家涌现passion, emotion and natural beautyIt begins with William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge s joint work -Lyrical Ballads in 1798.It ends with the death of Walter Scott in 1832. The Poetic Revolution（1798-1837）: Blake, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Shelley and Keats 反对新古典主义文学1） 特点 indivi

54、duals1. It is marked by a strong reaction and protest against the bondage of rule and custom.2. It returns to nature and to plain humanity for its material.3. It is marked by renewed interest and medieval ideals and literature.4. It is marked by intense human sympathy and by a consequent understandi

55、ng of the human heart.5. It is the expression of individual genius rather than established rules.6. Spenser, Shakespeare and Milton are inspiration of the Romantic Movement.2）诗歌 -Lakers / Lake Poets （湖畔诗人，第一代）：Wordsworth, Coleridge & Southey - worshipper of naturea. William Wordsworth （华兹华斯1770-

56、1850）： Poet LaureateLyrical Ballads抒情歌谣集：Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey丁登寺杂咏;Lines Written in Early Spring 英国浪漫主义开端The Prelude序曲；The Solitary Reaper孤独的割麦女； I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud;Composed upon Westminster Bridge ; Lucy Poems; My Heart Leaps Up;To the Cuckoo致布谷鸟b. Samuel Taylor

57、Coleridge （柯勒律治 1772-1834）： poet and literary critic ;Kubla Khan忽必烈汗；Christabel;The Rime of the Ancient Mariner （Lyrical Ballads）古舟子咏； The Fall of the Bastille巴士底狱的倒塌c. Robert Southey （骚赛）:Joan of Arc圣女贞德3）诗歌 -第二代 诗人：早熟、热情而短命； against the bourgeois society and the ruling class; 自由至上a. George Gordon Byron （拜伦 1788-1824）： lyrical poems deal with nature and love Cain该隐Don Juan唐璜：西班牙贵族子弟周游各国，发生在 18世纪后半叶。长诗Childe Harold ' s PilgrimagW德 哈罗尔德游记：Childe是其诗歌中首位拜伦式英雄。长诗Byronic Heroes : 孤傲、狂热、浪漫，却充满反抗精神。内心孤独苦闷，却又蔑视群小。She Walks in Beauty; When We T