2019年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语(一)真题及答案

1、2019年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语(一)真题及答案（江南博哥）材料题根据以下材料，回答1-20题Today,we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps are all available on our smart phones.1of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone.But phones2on batteries,and batteries can die faster than were alize.3yo

2、u get lost without a phone or a compass, and you4cant find north, a few tricks may help you navigate5to civilization, one of which is to follow the land.When you find yourself well6a trail, but not in a completely7area,you have to answer two questions: Which8is downhill, in this particular area?And

3、where is the nearest water source? Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water.9,if you head downhill, and follow any H20 you find, you should10see signs of people.If youve explored the area before, keep an eye out for familiar sights - you may be11how quickly identifying a

4、 distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings.Another12: Climb high and look for signs of human habitation.13,even in dense forest, you should be able to14gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and other paths people carve15the woods.Head toward these16to find a way out.At night sca

5、n the horizon for17light sources, such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of light pollution.18, assuming youre lost in an area humans tend to frequent, look for the19we leave on the landscape. Trail blazes, tire tracks, and other features can20you to civilization.1单选题第1题答案是_.A.Som

6、eB.MostC.FewD.All正确答案：C参考解析：此题考查词义辨析和上下文语境。首句为主题句：今天，我们生活在一个GPS定位系统，数字地图和其他导航应用程序都能在我们的智能手机中找到的世界里。空格所在句指出：我们中的_在没有电话的情况下直接走进树林。空格句前谈到我们生活在一个靠智能手机指引的世界里，所以句意为在没有手机的情况下我们很少有人走进树林。本句由without和few构成双重否定表肯定。根据句意应填入few“几乎没有人”，符合题意，故选c。2单选题第2题答案是A.putB.takeC.runD.come正确答案：C参考解析：此题考查固定搭配。run on battery表示手机用

7、电池发动，运行。其他选项：put on“穿上，使运转”，take on“承担，呈现”，come on“快点，开始”，代入文中，语义不通顺，故选c。3单选题第3题答案是_.A.SinceB.IfC.ThoughD.Until正确答案：B参考解析：此题考查逻辑关系。空格所在句译文：_你在没有手机和指南针的情况下迷路，_找不到北方，我们有一些技巧可以帮助你导航_文明之地。联系上下文，此处为假设的情况，故填入if，符合题意，故选B。4单选题第4题答案是_.A.formallyB.relativelyC.graduallyD.literally正确答案：D参考解析：空格所在句译文：如果你在没有手机和指南

8、针的情况下迷路，_找不到北方，我们有一些技巧可以帮助你导航_文明之地。此处literally表示“确实地，真正地”，代入原文，语义通顺，即确实找不到北方，故选D。代入其他选项后，不符合原文意思，故排除。5单选题第5题答案是_.A.backB.nextC.aroundD.away正确答案：A参考解析：空格所在句译文：如果你在没有手机和指南针的情况下迷路，确实找不到北方，我们有一些技巧可以帮助你_导航文明之地。前文讲lost(迷路)，此处填入back(回到)文明之地，相互呼应，故选A。6单选题第6题答案是_.A.ontoB.offC.acrossD.along正确答案：B参考解析：此处考查词义辨析

9、和词组搭配。空格所在句的译文为：当你_路径，但不是完全_的区域，你需要回答两个问题：在这个特殊区域，哪条_是下坡?哪里有最近的水源?通过后半句的问题，能了解到前面是当你偏离轨道，迷失踪迹的时候。B项off意为“逃离，离开”符合语义要求，故选B。7单选题第7题答案是_.A.unattractiveB.uncrowdedC.unchangedD.unfamiliar正确答案：D参考解析：此处考查词义辨析。空格所在句的前一句说迷失踪迹，偏离轨道。空格所在后半句but开头，所填入的形容词需要和前面构成逻辑转折关系，虽然偏离轨道，但也不是完全不熟悉的路。只有D项unfamiliar“不熟悉的”，符合题意

10、。A项意为“不吸引人的”，B项意为“宽敞的”，C项意为“未改变的”，均不符合题意，故排除。8单选题第8题答案是_.A.siteB.pointC.wayD.place正确答案：C参考解析：此处考查词义辨析。空格所在句句意：你需要回答两个问题，在这个特殊区域，哪个_是下坡?哪里有最近的水源?空格处所填的词需要符合上下文语境。c项意为“道路”，即哪个是下坡路?符合语义要求。9单选题第9题答案是_.A.SoB.YetC.InsteadD.Besides正确答案：A参考解析：此处考查词逻辑关系。空格所在句的前一句指出：生活在山谷的人，基本都靠淡水为生。后面也就是空格所在句：_如果你下山，沿着水走，你_会

11、发现人类的迹象。很明显空格处所填的连词和前面构成因果逻辑关系，只有A项符合题意，故选A。10单选题第10题答案是_.A.immediatelyB.intentionallyC.unexpectedlyD.eventually正确答案：D参考解析：此处考查词义辨析。空格所在句句意：所以如果你下山，沿着你找到的水一直走，你_会看到人类的迹象。空格处所需的副词需要符合本句语境并使句子通顺。D项eventually“最后，终于”，符合语义要求，故选D。A项意为“立刻”，B项意为“有意地”，c项意为“出乎意料地”，三个选项代入空格均不符合题意。11单选题第11题答案是_.A.surprisedB.ann

12、oyedC.frightenedD.confused正确答案：A参考解析：空格所在句提到：如果你之前去过这个地方，一定要注意熟悉的景象，你或许会_识别出一块特征明显的岩石或树木能如此快速地帮助你恢复方位感。此句明显体现了积极褒义的感情色彩，根据这个线索，可直接选出A项为正确答案，即“你或许会惊讶于”12单选题第12题答案是_.A.problemB.optionC.viewD.result正确答案：B参考解析：这里提到了一个关键词another，所以说明它所指代的内容在上文中提到过，且后面有冒号解释说明：爬到高处，寻找人类居住的迹象。说明这也是另一种方法，所以只有option最合适，故选B。13

13、单选题第13题答案是_.A.Above allB.In contrastC.On averageD.For example正确答案：D参考解析：此处考查上下文逻辑。此处需要根据空格前后两句话之间的语义关系来选择。空格前提到“另一个办法就是来寻找有人类居住的迹象”是一种大致的方法，后面内容是具体分析，所以用表示举例分析的for example最合适，故选D。14单选题第14题答案是_.A.bridgeB.avoidC.spotD.separate正确答案：C参考解析：结合原文语境，“即使是在茂密的森林里，你也能够_林木线的缝隙。”所以这里填上的动词需与缝隙搭配，只有spot“观察”，符合题意，故

14、选C。15单选题第15题答案是_.A.fromB.throughC.beyondD.under正确答案：B参考解析：空格处需填入介词来和前面的动词carve及后面的名词woods构成顺畅的语义搭配。Carve_ the woods：在森林中开辟道路，B项through用法最恰当，故选B。16单选题第16题答案是_.A.postsB.linksC.shadesD.breaks正确答案：D参考解析：本题空格前有一个指示代词these，通过语义，“these_”指代上文的“roads，train tracks，and other paths”，并有定语从句“people carve through

15、the woods”修饰，从语义上看，breaks“岔路口”最合适，即朝着这些岔路口走，找到一条出路，故选D。17单选题第17题答案是_.A.artificialB.mysteriousC.hiddenD.limited正确答案：A参考解析：本题所在句子“scanfor_ light sources”，与本段开头“look for signs of human habitation”结构一致，语义相关，空格处所填的形容词和human意思相近，选择artificial“人造的”。除此之外，该空后所列举的两种光源的共同特点就是artificial“人工的，人造的”，故选A。18单选题第18题答案是

16、_.A.FinallyB.ConsequentlyC.IncidentallyD.Generally正确答案：A参考解析：本空位于段首，并由逗号隔开，所以考查上下文逻辑。空后为条件状语从句“assuming you”，与上文构成顺接递进关系，选项中，只有finally表顺接递进，故选A。19单选题第19题答案是_.A.memoriesB.marksC.notesD.belongings正确答案：B参考解析：空格后的定语从句“we leave on the landscape”，由语义得知此处应填“标记”，即假设你迷失在一个人类常去的地方，寻找我们在风景中留下的标记，故选B。20单选题第20题答

17、案是_.A.restrictB.adoptC.leadD.expose正确答案：C参考解析：本空主要考查语义搭配，所填动词需要与主语“Trail blazes，tire tracks and other features”，宾语“you”，以及不定式“to civilization”之间构成完整语义，所以此处填lead“引导”最合适，即引导你回归文明之地，故选C。材料题根据以下材料，回答21-25题Financial regulators in Britain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bosses of big banks.Start

18、ing next year, any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 10 years if their banks are under investigation for wrongdoing.The main purpose of this clawback rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk-taking and to restore public trust in financial institutions.Yet officials also

19、 hope for a much larger benefit: more long-term decision-making not only by banks but by all corporations,to build a stronger economy for future generations.Short-termism or the desire for quick profits, has worsened in publicly traded companies,says the Bank of Englands top economist, Andrew Haldan

20、e.He quotes a giant of classical economics, Alfred Marshall, in describing this financial impatience as acting like children who pick the plums out of their pudding to eat them at once rather than putting them aside to be eaten last.The average time for holding a stock in both the United States and

21、Britain, he notes,has dropped from seven years to seven months in recent decades.Transient investors,who demand high quarterly profits from companies, can hinder a firms efforts to invest in long-term research or to build up customer loyalty.This has been dubbedquarterly capitalism.In addition, new

22、digital technologies have allowed more rapid trading of equities, quicker use of information, and thus shorter attention spans in financial markets. There seems to be a predominance of short-term thinking at the expense of long-term investing, said Commissioner Daniel Gallagher of the US Securities

23、and Exchange Commission in a speech this week.In the US, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 has pushed most public companies to defer performance bonuses for senior executives by about a year, slightly helping reduceshort-termism. In its latest survey of CEO pay, The Wall Street Journal finds thata subs

24、tantial part of executive pay is now tied to performance.Much more could be done to encourage long-termism, such as changes in the tax code and quicker disclosure of stock acquisitions.In France, shareholders who hold onto a company investment for at least two years can sometimes earn more voting ri

25、ghts in a company.Within companies, the right compensation design can provide incentives for executives to think beyond their own time at the company and on behalf of all stakeholders.Britains new rule is a reminder to bankers that society has an interest in their performance,not just for the short

26、term but for the long term.21单选题According to Paragraph 1, one motive in imposing the new rule is to_.A.enhance bankers sense of responsibility.B.help corporations achieve larger profits.C.build a new system of financial regulation.D.guarantee the bonuses of top executives.正确答案：A参考解析：细节题。根据题干关键词“para

27、graph 1”和“one motive in imposing the new rule”可定位在文章第一段第三句“The main purpose of thisclawback rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk-taking and to restore public trust in financial institution”，由此可知这个规则的主要目的是让银行家为不良风险负责以及修复公众对金融机构的信任。对比四个选项，只有A项enhance banks sense of responsibility“增加银行的

28、责任感”与原文表述一致，故为正确答案。22单选题Alfred Marshall is quoted to indicate_.A.the conditions for generating quick profits.B.governmentsimpatience in decision-making.C.the solid structure of publicly traded companies.D.short-termismin economic activities.正确答案：D参考解析：根据题干中的Alfred Marshall可定位在文章第二段最后一句“Alfred Marsha

29、ll，in describing this financial impatience as acting like”，其中的“this financial impatience”指上文提到的“short-termism”，也就是Alfred Marshall描述“短期主义”的行为就像，由此可知，D项“short-termism”in economic activities“经济活动中的短期主义”为正确答案。其他选项在原文均未提及，故排除。23单选题It is argued that the influence of transient investment on public companie

30、s can be_.A.indirect.B.adverse.C.minimal.D.temporary.正确答案：B参考解析：由题干中的关键词“transient investment”定位到文章第三段第二句“Transient investors，who demand high quarterly profits from companies，can hinder a firms efforts to invest in long-term research or to build up customer loyalty”，由此可知，短期投资会对公司的长期规划设阻，并影响客户的忠诚度。B项

31、adverse“不利的”对应原文“hinder”，故为正确选项。ACD项在原文并未提及，故排除。24单选题The US and France examples are used to illustrate_.A.the obstacles to preventing short-termism.B.the significance of long-term thinking.C.the approaches to promoting long-termism.D.the prevalence of short-term thinking.正确答案：C参考解析：根据题干定位到文章第五、第六段，第

32、五段为美国的例子，主要讲述美国延迟发放才上任一年左右的高管绩效津贴，继而促进缓解“短期主义”盛行的现状。第六段为法国的例子，主要讲述法国持股两年以上者拥有更多的选票权。第六段首句承前启后讲到“Much more could be done to encourage long termism ，即促进“长期主义”还有很多做法。C项the approaches to promoting long-termism“促进长期主义的方法”，与原文一致，故为正确答案。25单选题Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A.Fai

33、lure of Quarterly CapitalismB.Patience as a Corporate VirtueC.Decisiveness Required of Top ExecutivesD.Frustration of Risk-taking Bankers正确答案：B参考解析：主旨大意题。综观全文，文章围绕西方国家的金融企业的“短期主义”投资和“长期主义”投资展开。第一段由金融管理者制订一项限制高管津贴措施引出全文中心话题，促进金融投资的“长期主义”规划；第二段介绍了目前英国银行高管中“短期主义”投资愈发盛行；第三段指出“短期主义”投资的弊端；第四段主要介绍美国现阶段仍然通过

34、技术手段使得“短期主义”投资愈发盛行；第五、第六段点明美法两国为促进“短期主义”投资所采取的措施；文章尾段再次呼应首段，点明英国新政提醒银行家们注重“长期主义”投资。B项Patience对应文章中反复出现的short-termism和longtermism，Corporate本身在文章就多次出现，所以为最佳标题。材料题根据以下材料，回答26-30题Grade inflation the gradual increase in average GPAs (grade-point averages) over the past few decades is often considered a p

35、roduct of a consumer era in higher education,in which students are treated like customers to be pleased.But another,related force a policy often buried deep in course catalogs called grade forgiveness- is helping raise GPAs.Grade forgiveness allows students to retake a course in which they received

36、a low grade, and the most recent grade or the highest grade is the only one that counts in calculating a students overall GPA.The use of this little-known practice has accelerated in recent years, as colleges continue to do their utmost to keep students in school (and paying tuition) and improve the

37、ir graduation rates.When this practice first started decades ago, it was usually limited to freshmen, to give them a second chance to take a class in their first year if they struggled in their transition to college-level courses.But now most colleges,save for many selective campuses, allow all unde

38、rgraduates, and even graduate students, to get their low grades forgiven.College officials tend to emphasize that the goal of grade forgiveness is less about the grade itself and more about encouraging students to retake courses critical to their degree program and graduation without incurring a big

39、 penalty.Ultimately, said Jack Mine, Ohio State Universitys registrar, we see students achieve more success because they retake a course and do better in subsequent courses or master the content that allows them to graduate on time.That said, there is a way in which grade forgiveness satisfies colle

40、ges own needs as well.For public institutions state funds are sometimes tied partly to their success on metrics such as graduation rates and student retention so better grades can, by boosting figures like those, mean more money.And anything that raises GPAs will likely make studentswho, at the end

41、of the day are paying the bill - feel theyve gotten a better value for their tuition dollars, which is another big concern for colleges.Indeed, grade forgiveness is just another way that universities are responding to consumersexpectations for higher education.Since students and parents expect a col

42、lege degree to lead to a job, it is in the best interest of a school to turn out graduates who are as qualified as possible or at least appear to be.On this, students and colleges incentives seem to be aligned.26单选题What is commonly regarded as the cause of grade inflation?A.The change of course cata

43、logs.B.Students indifference to GPAs.C.Collegesneglect of GPAs.D.The influence of consumer culture.正确答案：D参考解析：根据题干关键词定位到文章第一段第一句，句子主干“Grade inflationis often considered a product of a consumer era in higher education”可知高校分数膨胀问题通常被认为是消费者至上时代的产物。选项The influence of consumer culture“消费者至上文化的影响”正是该句原因的同义

44、表达，故选D。27单选题What was the original purpose of grade forgiveness?A.To help freshmen adapt to college learning.B.To maintain colleges graduation rates.C.To prepare graduates for a challenging future.D.To increase universities income from tuition.正确答案：A参考解析：根据题干要求定位到文章第三段第二句。该句中的this practice对应题干中的grade

45、 forgiveness，first started对应题干中的original，而以不定式短语“to give them a second chance to take a class in their first year if they struggled in their transition to college-level courses”为目的，即给他们第二次机会去上课，对应题干中的purpose，故正确答案为A项To help freshmen adapt to college learning“帮助大一新生适应大学学习”。28单选题According to Paragraph

46、 5, grade forgiveness enables colleges to_.A.obtain more financial support.B.boost their student enrollments.C.improve their teaching quality.D.meet local governments needs.正确答案：A参考解析：根据题干关键词可定位到文章第五段第一句。通过第一句话可以看出“grade forgiveness”满足了大学自己的需要，而具体的需要在第二句体现。因此，本题真正的答案出于第二句“For public institutions sta

47、te funds are sometimes tied partly to their success on metrics such as graduation rates and student retentionso better grades can,by boosting figures like those,mean more money”，即对于大学来讲，国家的基金有时候是跟一些因素有关的。比如，毕业率和学生在学率，因此好的分数意味着钱。由此可知“grade forgiveness”使大学能够获得更多的国家的基金，这与A项obtain more financial support

48、“获得更多的经济支持”匹配，故选A。29单选题What does the phrase to be aligned (Para.6) most probably mean?A.To counterbalance each other.B.To complement each other.C.To be identical with each other.D.To be contradictory to each other.正确答案：C参考解析：根据题目定位到文章第六段最后一句“On this,students and colleges incentives seem to be aligne

49、d”，解决本题的关键是this指代的内容，根据上文“Since students and parents expect a college degree to lead to a job，it is in the best interest of a school to turn out graduates who are as qualified as possibleor at least appear to be”可知由于学生和家长都希望通过大学学历找工作，因此符合学校最佳利益的便是尽可能地证明学生的能力或者说至少看起来如此，即学生和学校有着共同的利益目标，所以正确答案选C。30单选题T

50、he author examines the practice of grade forgiveness by_.A.assessing its feasibility.B.analyzing the causes behind it.C.comparing different views on it.D.listing its long-run effects.正确答案：B参考解析：由题干可知，表面上问作者通过什么论述方式来探讨grade forgiveness的实践操作，实际是考全文的主旨写作手法，方法即是串读每段段落的大意句，把握作者的论述角度。文章的每段都突出了grade forgiv

51、eness能够满足大学自身的需求，这也是分析了grade forgiveness的原因。因此，该题答案是B项analyzing the causes behind it。材料题根据以下材料，回答31-35题This year marks exactly two centuries since the publication of Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus, by Mary Shelley.Even before the invention of the electric light bulb, the author produced a r

52、emarkable work of speculative fiction that would foreshadow many ethical questions to be raised by technologies yet to come.Today the rapid growth of artificial intelligence (AI) raises fundamental questions:What is intelligence, identity, or consciousness? What makes humans humans?What is being cal

53、led artificial general intelligence, machines that would imitate the way humans think, continues to evade scientists.Yet humans remain fascinated by the idea of robots that would look, move, and respond like humans, similar to those recently depicted on popular sci-fi TV series such as West world an

54、dHumans.Just how people think is still far too complex to be understood, let alone reproduced,says David Eagleman, a Stanford University neuroscientist.We are just in a situation where there are no good theories explaining what consciousness actually is and how you could ever build a machine to get

55、there.But that doesnt mean crucial ethical issues involving AI arent at hand.The coming use of autonomous vehicles, for example, poses thorny ethical questions. Human drivers sometimes must make split-second decisions.Their reactions may be a complex combination of instant reflexes, input from past

56、driving experiences,and what their eyes and ears tell them in that moment.AI vision today is not nearly as sophisticated as that of humans.And to anticipate every imaginable driving situation is a difficult programming problem.Whenever decisions are based on masses of data, you quickly get into a lot of ethical questions, notes Tan Kiat How, chief executive of a Singapore-based agency that is helping the government develop a voluntary code for the ethical use of AI.Along with Singapore, other governments and mega-corporations a