江门一中高考英语语法复习资料

1、江门一中高考英语语法复习资料 816整理2006年 高考复习 英语语法系列名词一、考点聚焦1.可数名词单、复数变化形式 （1）规则变化。单数名词词尾直接加-s。如：boy boys, pen pens。以s、x 、ch 、sh结尾的单词一般加-es。如：glass glasses, box boxes, watch watches, brush brushes。特例：stomach stomachs。以“辅音字母 + y”结尾的变“y”为“i”再加“-es”。如：baby babies, lady ladies, fly flies。以“o”结尾的多数加-es。如：tomato tomatoe

2、s, potato potatoes, hero heroes。但以两个元音字母结尾的名词和部分外来词中以o结尾的词只加-s。 如：radio radios, zoo zoos, photo photos, piano pianos, kilo kilos, tobacco tobaccos。 以“f”或“fe”结尾的名词复数形式变“f”或“fe”为“v”，之后再加-es。如：wife wives, life lives, knife knives, wolf wolves, self selves, leaf leaves等。特例：handkerchief handkerchiefs, ro

3、of roofs, chief chiefs, gulf gulfs, belief beliefs, cliff cliffs。改变元音字母的。如：man men, mouse mice, foot feet,woman women, tooth teeth, goose geese, ox oxen。特例：child children。复合名词的复数形式。（A）在复合词中最后名词尾加-s。如：armchair armchairs, bookcase bookcases, bookstore book-stores。（B）man和woman作定语修饰另一个名词时，前后两个名词都要变成复数。如

4、：man doctor men doctors, woman driver women dri-vers。（C）与介词或副词一起构成的复合名词应在主体名词部分加-s。如：brother-in-law brothers-in-law, passer-by passers-by。 有的名词有两种复数形式。如：zero zeros 、zeroes, deer deers 、deer。penny的两种复数形式含义有所不同。如：pence（便士的钱数），pennies(便士的枚数)。（2）不规则变化。单、复数同形。如：means, aircraft, deer, fish, Chinese,Japane

5、se, sheep, works（工厂）,cattle。合成名词的复数。如：boy-friend boy-friends, go-between go-betweens(中间人)，grown-up grown-ups。有些名词通常只用作复数。如：glasses眼镜，clothes衣服，goods货物，trousers裤子，belongings所有物,wages工资，riches财富, surroundings环境，ashes灰尘, campasses圆规，cattle家畜，congratulations祝贺，have words with sb. 同某人吵架，in high spirits以很

6、高热情地，give ones regards to sb.向某人问侯，in rags衣衫破烂，It is good manners to do sth.有礼貌做某事。集体名词的数。有些集体名词通常只用作复数，如：people, cattle, police; 有些名词只用作单数，如：machinery, furniture, mankind, jewellery;有些名词既可用作单数又可用作复数，单数看做整体，复数看做集体的各个成员。如：The crew is large.船员人数很多（指整体）；The crew are all tired.船员们都累坏了（个体）。2、不可数名词的数（1）一般

7、说来抽象名词为不可数名词，但当抽象名词表示具体的东西时，可用作可数名词且词义发生变化，主要类型如下：抽象名词表示具有某种特性、状态、感情情绪的人或事。如：抽象名词（不可数） 具体化（个体名词，可数名词）in surprise惊讶地 a surprise一件令人惊讶的事win success获得成功 a success一个(件)成功的人(事)win honor赢得荣誉 an honor一个(件)引以为荣的(事)Failure(失败)is the mother of success a failure失败者失败是成功之母。by experience靠经验 an experience一次经历yout

8、h青春 a youth一个青年人have pity on sb.怜悯某人 a pity可惜的事情with pleasure乐意 a pleasure乐事抽象名词与a(an)连用，淡化了抽象概念，转化为似乎可以体验到的动作、行为或类别。如：A knowledge of English is a must in international trade.Would you like to have a walk(swim, bath, talk)with me?It is waste of time reading such a novel.She made an apology to her mo

9、ther for her wrong doings.(2)物质名词是不可数名词，但表示数量或种类之多时，可以用作可数名词。如：物质名词有形或数的相应物体，有单、复数。如：some coffee一些咖啡，a coffee一杯咖啡，three coffees三杯咖啡，some drink一些饮料, a drink一杯饮料，three drinks三杯饮料，his hair他的头发，a few grey hairs几根白发，glass玻璃，a glass一只玻璃杯。物质名词有前置后置修饰时，前面要使用不定冠词。have breakfast The road is covered with snow.

10、have a wonderful breakfast They have a heavy snow every year.Time and tide wait for no man.We had a wonderful time last night.(3)有复数形式的不可数名词有些抽象名词往往以复数形式出现，起到一种丰富语言感情色彩或强调某种特殊状态的作用。如：Use your brains, please.They have smoothed away the difficulties.Have you made preparations for tomorrows meeting?Man

11、y thanks for your kindness.No pains, no gains.After many failures, they finally succeeded.有些物质名词以复数形式出现，表示数量之多，范围之广。如：The boy burst into tears at the bad news.The rising waters did a lot of harm to the crops.The stone bridge broke down in heavy rains.3.名词所有格（1）“s”所有格的特殊表示形式有：    

12、 用于表示时间、距离、价格、重量等的名词后，如：todays newspaper, five minutes walk(drive),five pounds weight, tendollars worth of coffee。用于表示国家、世界、城市等地方的名词后。如：the earths planet, the words population, Chinas industry, New Yorks parks。（2）“of”所有格的特殊表示方式有：表示“部分”时，一般在所修饰的名词前有一个表示数量的词（a、two、several、some、no、many等），如：Some student

13、s of Mister Zhangs have gone to college.张老师的一些学生已经上大学了。表示“其中之一，其中一部分”的意思时，用：a friend of Toms汤姆的一个朋友（许多朋友中的一位）。表示赞扬、批评或厌恶等感情色彩时，应该用：that/this/these/those + 名词（单、复数）of Marys/yours/his/hers。如：That invention of hers belongs to the world. 她的那项发明是属于全世界的（表赞赏）。4、名词作定语英语中有些名词没有其对应的同根形容词，这些名词可以直接用来作定语修饰另一个名词。

14、（1）分类意义。air pollution 空气污染 boy friend 男朋友coffee cup咖啡杯 income tax所得税tennis ball网球 song writer歌曲作家body language身体语言 road accident交通事故Nobel Prize诺贝尔奖 （2）时间、地点、称呼等。Doctor Jack杰克医生 Professor Li李教授evening school夜校 winter sleep冬眠street dance 街舞 country music乡村音乐village people村民 school education学校教育 C

15、hina problem中国问题（3）表目的、手段、来源，所属意义。reception desk接待台 sports field田径场stone table石桌 color TV彩电weather report天气预报二、精典名题导解选择填空1. It is generally believed that teaching is _it is a science.(NMET 2001)A. an art much as B. much an art asC. as an art much as D. as much an art as解析：答案为D。当名词前有what、so、as、too、qu

16、ite等词修饰时，其形容词被这些词修饰，组成下列结构，如：What a nice book! This is too heavy a box for me to carry. He is not as honest a boy as Mike.等，应采取too/how + 形容词（副词）+ a(an) + 名词的形式。要记住一些类似的特殊结构，并加以分析。2. The police are offering a _to anyone who can give information about the lost key.（NMET 1999）A. price B. prize C. rewar

17、d D. money解析：答案为C。price 价格，价钱；prize奖金。项是钱，属不可数名词，题中所要填的是“酬金，报酬”。注意正确理解名词的含义及其搭配是活用语言的基础，在复习备考中要熟练掌握考纲中一些名词的词义、搭配、习惯等，才能更好辨析名词，从而选择最符合句意的选项。3.Youll find this map of great _in helping you to get round London.（NMET 1998）A. price B. cost C. value D. usefulness解析：答案为C。本题考查特定语境中名词的词义及“be of + 抽象名词”结构。Pric

18、e (价格)，cost（价钱，费用，成本）不符合题意，value作“quality of being useful or desirable”解时，常与of搭配，在句中作表语或补语，意为“有用，有价值”。故选择value。注意名词词义辨异及惯用法表达，题中“of + 抽象名词”相当于该名词的形容词形式。2006年 高考复习 英语语法系列 介词和连词一、考点聚焦 1、介词的分类与语法功能 （1）介词是虚词，不能单独作句子成分，必须与名词、代词（或相当于名词的其他词类、短语或从句等）构成介词短语，在句中充当一个成分。介词分为：简单介词，如at、in、for等；合成介词，如within、inside

19、、onto、throughout等；短语介词，如according to、out of、because of、by means of、in spite of、instead of等。双重介词，如from behind / above / under、until after等。分词介词，如considering、including、judging(from / by) 等。 常见的介词宾语：名词、代词、动名词、从句、不定式等。如：It is going to rain this afternoon according to the weather forecast.He quarreled wi

20、th her yesterday.He succeeded in passing the final exam.Im still thinking of how I can fulfill the task ahead of time.The professor will give us a talk on how to study English well.（2）介词短语在句中可作表语、定语、状语和宾补等。如：This machine is in good condition.(表语)Where is the key to my bike?(定语)Nothing in the world c

21、ould live without air or water.(状语)She always thinks herself above others.（宾补）2、介词搭配（1）“动词+介词”搭配：注意特定搭配与同一介词与多个动词搭配意义不同的情况。rob sb. of sth. / clear the road of snow(“夺去、除去”意义的动词与of 连用)supply us with food / fill the glass with wine（“供给”意义的动词与with连用）make a desk of wood / make bread from flour / make th

22、e material into a coat（“制作、制造”意义与of、from、into连用）介词 + the + 部位与动词的关系（=动词 + sb.s + 部位，可换用）strike him on the head(“击，拍，碰，摸”意义与on连用)catch him by the arm(“抓，拉，拿，扯”意义与by连用)hit the boy in the face（“肚，胸，眼，脸”等人体前部与in连用）prevent(stop, keep)sb. from doing sth.(“阻止，禁止”意义与from连用)persuade(advise, warn)sb. into doi

23、ng sth.（“说服，建议”意义与into连用）buy sb. for sth.(leave、get、win、gain、lose等“得失”意义与for连用)tell sth.to sb.(show、teach、sing、write、read等“告知”意义与to连用)give sth. to sb.（give、allow、promise、pass、hand等“授予”意义与to连用）注意：可换成buy sb.sth.双宾结构。say to sb.(suggest、explain、apologize、murmur、whisper与“对象”连用必须用to)不可说suggest sb.sth.。同一动

24、词与不同介词搭配意义不同。 for（寻找） to sth. of(听说) on(拜访)look to (眺望) agree with sb. hear call for(需要) at（看） on sth. from(收到信) in(请)同一介词与不同动词搭配，意义各异。reply to the letter回信，sing(dance)to the music和唱（跳），amount to 达到，加起来有，devote to把贡献给，drink to为干杯，object to反对，look forward to 渴望，come to苏醒，belong to属于，search for搜，ask f

25、or 寻找，use for用作，leave for前往，take for误以为，call of倡导，wait for等待，care for喜欢，make up for弥补损失，turn to求助（救）于，help oneself to随意，agree to同意，compare to把比作，send for派人去请（拿），sail for驶向，航向，set out for动身去，go in for爱好。（2）常见“形容词 + 介词”搭配。 of担心 about / at sth. afraid angry for 替而担心 with sb.for sth.渴望 different from与不同

26、 anxious about sth. / sb担心 different to 不关心 of讨厌 with sb.tired strict from/ with因疲倦 in sth.要求严格 at擅长 with sb.受欢迎good for对有益 popular in some place流行在 of sb. to do so友好 for 因而流行 with + 名词或what从句 pleased helpful to对有帮助 at + 抽象名词（听 / 看到而高兴） to sb.为人所知 known for因而出名 be familiar with熟悉 as作为出名 be familiar

27、to为熟知（悉）sorry for 替后悔 disappointed at sth.失望 from缺席rich in富有 absent in离开此地去了worthy of值得的，glad about sth. for sb.为某人某事高兴，far from离远，grateful for sth. to sb.为某事感激某人，free from没有（免除），proud of(take pride in)自豪，satisfied with (by)满意，sure of / about确信，fond of喜欢，fit for适合，busy with sth.(in doing sth.)忙着干某事，

28、full of充满，ready for准备，similar to相似，wrong with不对；有毛病（3）“名词 + 介词”要注意习惯搭配和意义区分。the absence of water缺水 the hope of success成功的希望have a chance of (for) entering college上大学的机会take pride in them为他们感到骄傲the key to the question问题的答案a medicine for cough治咳嗽的药the ticket for tomorrow明天的票 in Beijing去了北京 his absence

29、 from Beijing不在北京 to study学习方法the wayof studying math学习教学的方法3、核心介词用法归纳与辨析（1）表示时间的介词in的用法如下。表示在某一较长时间内，如世纪、年、月、季、周等一般用介词in，如：in the 1990s, in the year, in January, in(the) winter / summer / fall / spring, in the first week of May。还可以用时段名词组成固定短语或词组。如：in a while, in no time, in the daytime, in a short

30、while, in time, in the morning (afternoon, evening)。但要注意：at night / at noon, in the day(在白天),in the night（大夜间）。in five days（weeks, months, years）中in意思是“在以后”。in和during表一段时间内两词可互用。如：in the night, during the night, in the war, during the war。但略有区别：当接表示“活动”的抽象名词时多用during，接“活动”的动名词及短语时用in。如：during the di

31、scussion in discussing the problemduring her stay in Hubei in playing basketballduring the course of in digging the tunnel （2）在具体的某一天或某天上午、晚上、前夕，常用on。on Sunday(s).on Tuesday morningon Christmas Day(但at Christmas),on Christmas Eve, on Childrens Dayon March 8, on the morning (afternoon, evening)of Oct

32、.1early on the morning of Oct.1(区别：in the late / early morning of Oct.1) on a rainy night, on warm winter days(3)表示某一时刻或某一点时间用at,如小时、分钟等。at breakfast(supper, lunch),at sixat noon (sunrise, sunset, midday, night, midnight, dawn)at the age of 15, at the time of war,但in time of danger/ trouble。注意：有些时间名

33、词前不接介词。如：next day、last Sunday、that morning、these yearsone、each、any、every、some、all修饰时,一般不用介词,如some day one day、yesterday / afternoon, the night before（4）till、until、to的用法。till(until)与持续动词连用一般用于肯定句中，与短暂动词连用一般用在否定句中。如：He waited for me till twelve oclock.He didnt get up till(until) 10 a.m.(不可用to).但注意：在句首

34、出现或强调句型中一般不用till而用until。如：Not until 9 a.m. did Mr. Smith come back to school.to表“终结”时常用和from连用，但要注意不与from连用时的意义。如：from July to September, from six to(till)eight（从到为止），但from morning till night（从早到晚），不能用to。from to常构成习惯搭配，不可换用其他介词。（A）表持久连续、传递、转移的含义。from time to time(不时，有时)，from day to day (天天),fro

35、m hand to hand(不断传下去)，from place to place（处处，到处），from side to side(左右摇摆)，from door to door（家家户户），from house to house（挨家挨户），from shop to shop（一个商店接一个商店）。(B)表起始终止的全过程或程度加深、状态变化。from beginning to end(从头到尾，自始至终)（from the beginning to the end of）;from hand to mouth(仅能糊口)，from bad to worse(越来越糟)，from head

36、 to foot(从头到脚),from top to bottom（整个地，彻底地），from top to toe(全身)，from start to finish（自始至终，从头到尾）。（C）from one + 名词 + to another表示“依次”。如from one car to another（顺着车厢依次地）。（D）名词 + by + 同一单数名词，表示“一个一个地”，要与from to短语区别开：one by one 一个一个地；little by little(bit)一点一点地；step by step 一步一步地，逐渐地（但by and by 不久以后）；senten

37、ce by sentence逐句地；day by day一天一天地；side by side(with)(和)并肩，一起；shoulder to shoulder肩并肩地，齐心协力；hand in hand 手拉手，紧紧地;face to face面对面。（5）in、after、laterin + 一段时间：表示说话时为起点一段时间之后，与一般将来时连用；但表示“在之内”时，用于各种时态。一段时间 + later(later是副词)：表示某一具体时间或某一方面具体时间算起的一段时间后。after + 一段时间表示：“在之后”，用于一般过去时；但时间为点时间时，只能用after,即after +

38、 点时间，用于各种时态。The doctor will be with us in six minutes.She graduated in 1981,and eight years later she became the manager of the factory.He received her letter after four weeks.另外，in + 一段时间 + s + time 与 within + 一段时间的用法如下：in a weeks time = in a weekThey will arrive in three days time.(与将来时连用)My broth

39、ers birthday is in two weeks time.（作表语）Ill finish the book within two weeks.(within = in less than用于各种时态，不超出，在之内)（6）地点介词at、on、in、to、across、through、over、under、below。at 在较小的场所，in在较大的场所，on在的平面上。如at thedoor、at the airport、at the station、at 55 Park Street、in China、in the north、in Asia、on the desk、on the

40、wall等。on、at、in还可以表示两地相对位置。若A地属于B地，用in;A地位于B地的外面且有边缘衔接用on；无边缘的衔接有to。如：Japan lies to the east of China.(范围之外)Taiwan lies in the southeast of China.（范围之外）Hunan province lies on the west of Hubei province.(毗邻)The island lies off the coast of China.(相隔一定距离)地点介词的引申、比喻意义：in the sun在阳光下，in the dark(ness)在黑暗

41、中，in the dark不知道，in freezing weather在严寒天气中，in the mud在泥中，in the earth在地下,in the desert在沙漠中,in a heavy rain 在大雨中，in the snow / wind在雪/风中,in public 当众，in trouble 在困境中，get into trouble陷入困境，out of trouble摆脱困难，beyond hope绝望。across在物体表面“穿过”；through则表示在三维空间内部“穿过”。如：They walked across the playground.I walke

42、d through the forest.over / under / above / below。over、above译作“在之上”；under、below译作“在的下面”，其区别在于over、under表示一种直接的、垂直的上下关系；而above、below则表示一般的“高于”或“低于”，不一定是垂直“在上”或“在下”。如：A little boat is now under the bridge.There is a bridge over the river.The sun sinks below the horizon(地平线)The window is well above the

43、 tree.表示地点介词的静态性和动态性He walked to the station（静态，表示方向和目的地）He walked towards the station.(动态，只表示方向) He is kind to (towards)us.（两者通用）He is at the station.(静态，表示地点)They arrived at the station.(动态，表示地点)He swam away from the ship.(动态“离开”)He stood away from the shop.(静态“远离”)He fell onto the floor.(动态“到地面”)

44、The city is on the Changjiang River.(静态“平面”)Go off the road.偏离了道路（动态“离去”）Come along the river.沿着河过来（线）across the fields 跨过田野，over the desert跨越沙漠across the river横跨这条河，over the hill翻过这座山be in the house(静态，在这里)stay out of the car(静态，在外)go into the house(动态，进入)fly out of the country(动态，离开)（7）表示方式、手段、工具的

45、介词by the year/hour/day按年/小时/天。如He rent a house by the year(day, hour).(按by + the+单位名称)但to the pound按磅算，to the ton按吨计。表泛指的方式、手段by post/mail邮寄，by telephone(radio),但on the phone/on the radio/on TV(电讯器材)，by electricity用电，by machinery用电器，by hard work, learn sth. by heart, through the satellite, through p

46、ractice, through his own efforts, through experience, through the telescope交通工具类by bus/train/car/taxi(road)by bike/bicycle ,on horse back/on footby plane/jet/spaceship, by airby ship/boat/lifeboat, by sea/by water另外：by means of 用方法，by way of 经由，取道于，用方法，with the help (permission)of sb./with sibs help

47、 (permi-ssion)。表方式、手段的其他用法He beat the dog with a whip.(with+工具机器)One smells with his nose.(with+人体器官，但by hand“手工，用手”)He stood up with pride.(with+情绪、情感、态度的名词)注意：使用语言、材料、文字等用in。如in English(ink, pencil)。另外如：in high (good, low) spirits, in anger, in joy, in comfort, in sorrow, in safety, in danger, in

48、need, in debt, in love, in fun, in pain, in tears, in surprise, in good(poor)health, in good order, in flower, in a way, in a low voice, in silence, in(with)satisfaction, in a hurry, in(with)words, live/feed on food, kneel on ones knee, take(catch)sb. by surprise(出其不意)（8）表示“除之外”的几组常用介绍比较。besides 除以外

49、，（还有）。作副词时意思是“而且，更何况”。Well all went to the cinema besides Shaw.除了肖外，我们都去了电影院。It was too late to see a film, and besides, I was tired.except除去，除之外（不再有）。We all went except John.我们都去了，约翰没有。在否定句中，两词可以换用，如：He has no other hats except / besides this one.except for除了（对句子主题进行细节校正或附加说明）后接名词、代词或what从句，此时与exce

50、pt that + 句子意思相同。He was very clever except for carelessness.except that 除了一点以外。He has not changed except that he is wearing dark glasses.but与exceptbut和except在表示“除了以外”时可以通用，但应注意以下三点：前面有不定人词、疑问代词在意义上对称时，多用but。All but one are here.Nobody but I likes making model ships.后接不定式短语为排除对象时，多用but。He has nothing

51、 to do but wait.（前有do,后省to）but与一些固定结构连用。have no choice but to do sth.只得做某事，can not but do sth.不得不,can not help but do sth.不得不，but for 如不是（9）between与among.between通常指两者之间。也可以用于三者以上的两者之间。如：Ann is between Tom and Bill.Switzer land lies between France, Germany, Australia and Italy.They soon finished the

52、work between themselves.(共同，合作)She was busy between cooking, washing, sewing and looking after the baby.(表示接连不断地，一个接一个地忙这忙那)A horse can be seen between trees now.among表示三者以上之间。如：The story is said to have happened in a village among the hills.He was happy to be among friends again.We must agree among

53、 ourselves.(一起，共同)我们必须达成共识。London is among the largest cities.( = one of与最高级连用)（10）表原因的介词for、because of、due to。He didnt come to the meeting because of his illness.The reason for his coming late is that he was ill.He was praised for his bravery and courage.The accident is due to your careless driving.(11)不定式复合结构中的for、of。这里所说的不定式复合结构形式指的是for 或of加上人或事，作动词不定式逻辑主语的结构。It is clever of you to answer it like that.It is quite hard for me to explain why.注意：两句中的of和for的使用，表语形容词能够说明不定式逻辑主语的性质、特征与面貌时用of,如果说明不定式行为本身的性质、状态等则用for。（12）兼作连词和副词的介词。after、since、till / still、before这些词既是介词，又是连词。The