【金老师教育备考高考英语复习】：应用定语从句的注意事项

1、匚，忘国一线精品工柞室其语一銭一好诸源匚，忘国一线精品工柞室其语一銭一好诸源高中英语语法总复习：应用定语从句的注意事项定语从句是从句中比较复杂的一类，既涉及先行词、关系代词、关系副词的用法，也涉 及各种句法结构、时态、语态、语气等，因此应注意归纳并掌握。一、关系代词和关系副词的省略关系代词和关系副词在限制性定语从句的一些特定情况下皆有省略的情况。1) 关系代词的省略 关系代词在从句中作动词宾语时可省略例句：I have never regretted the decision (that /which ) I madeyears ago.我从来没有为几年前做的决定感到后悔。例句： You

2、9;d better review the words (that/which ) you learnt yesterday.你最好复习一下昨天学过的单词。 关系代词在从句中作表语时可省略 例句： After a score of years,Johnson is not the naughty boy (who/that ) he used to be.W/二十年后，约翰不再是当年淘气的男孩了。例句： The city is not the one (that) it was years ago.Great changes have taken place.这座城市不再是多年前的样子了，已经

3、发生了巨大的变化。 关系代词在从句中作介词的宾语，而介词在从句句尾时，关系代词可省略 例句： Now Olympic Games is a hot topic ( which/that ) people are talking about.现在奥运会时人们正在讨论的热点话题 例句： Amily's health is the biggest thing ( which/that ) her parents are greatly concerned about.艾米丽的健康问题是她父母最担心的事情。2) 关系副词的省略 先行词the place后的关系副词 where可省略: That

4、's the place (where) he lived when he was a child.这就是他小时候住过的地方例句： This is the place (where) we first met years ago.这就是我们多年前第一次见面的地方 先行词the reason后面的关系副词why可省略例句： That's the reason (why) I asked you to do this.这就是我让你做这事的原因。例句： The reas on (why) he did n't want to help us is very clear.他不想

5、帮助我们的理由是很明显的。 当先行词way表示 方式，方法”时，关系副词常常省略。例句：I don't like the way (that) you speak to me.我不喜欢你对我说话的那种方式。例句：I appreciate the way (that) he dealt with this matter.我很欣赏他处理这件事的方式。二、宜用that不宜用which的情况That和which在定语从句中都可作主语或宾语。作宾语时，均可省略。在通常情况下,可以互换使用。但有时that和which却不宜互换。_ 、宀、 /1) 当先行词是不定代词 all、little、few、

6、much、something、anything、everything、nothing、 none、some 等时例句： He did everythi ng that he could to help us.他尽最大可能帮助我们。例句： The government officers promised to do all that they can to alleviate the hardships of people.政府官员承诺尽他们最大努力减轻人民的苦难。例句： There is little that I can do for you.我能为你做得很少。2) 先行词被 all、eve

7、ry、no、some、any、little、much、the only、the very、the right、the last、few、just 等修饰时 例句： All the things that we can do is to give you some advice.我们唯一能做的就是给你提供一些建议。全国一线精品工作室一线一好诸源例句： This is the very book that I want to buy.这正是我想要买得书。例句： Writing is the only thing that interests me.写作是唯一令我感兴趣的事。3）先行词前有序数词或形

8、容词最高级修饰时或者先行词本身就是序数词或形容词最高级时 例句： This is the most touching story that I have ever read.这是我读过的最感人的故事。例句： That's the most expensive hotel that we've ever stayed in.这是我曾经住过的最贵的旅馆。例句： The first thing that we need to do is to find a hotel to have a rest.我们现在要做的第一件事就是找一家旅馆休息一下。4）当先行词既包括人又包括物时全国一线精

9、品工作室一线一好诸源全国一线精品工作室一线一好诸源Children's Palace.例句： The guests spoke highly of the children and their performanee that they saw at the入客人高度赞扬了他们在少年宫看到的这些孩子和他们的表演。例句： Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we learnt the other day ?你能记起我们前几天学过的那个科学家和他的理论吗?5）当主句是以who或which开头的特殊疑问句时例句： Who is

10、 the person that came to see you yesterday ?昨天来看你的那个人是谁?例句： Which is the dressthat fits me most ?哪件裙子最适合我啊?三、宜用which不宜用that的情况1）关系代词前有介词且指物或事时例句： The middle school in which I used to study has become a factory.我过去学习的学校现在已经变成了一家工厂。例句： The pen with which you are writing is Jeff's.你用来写字的笔是杰夫的。2）在非限

11、制性定语从句中例句： Have you ever read the book The Three Musketeers which was writte n by Alexa ndre Dumas ?你读过大仲马写的三个火枪手吗?例句： She did n't pass the examwhich depressed her greatly.她没通过考试，这让她很沮丧。3）先行词本身就是that时例句： What's that which flashed in the sky just now ?刚才在天空中一闪而过的是什么东西?例句：I have that which you

12、 give me.我有你给我的那个东西。4）关系代词后有插入语时例句： Here is the English grammar book which ,as I've told you ,will help improve yourEn glish.这就是我告诉过你的那本英语语法书，它能帮你提高英语水平。四、宜用who不宜用that的情况1）先行词是指人的不定代词时例句： One who has no thi ng to fear for on eself dares to tell the truth.一个无所畏惧的人敢说实话。例句： The ones who flatters me

13、 don't please me.那些奉承我的人并不能取悦我。例句： We don't want anyone who can't afford the tuition fee to drop out of school.我们不想让任何交不起学费的人辍学。2）先行词为指人的those时，关系代词宜用 who例句： Those who have good manners will be highly respected.那些有礼貌的人会受到人们的高度尊重。例句： Those who want to take part in the sports meeting sign

14、up here.全国一线精品工作室关语一线一好诸源想参加运动会的人在这里签名。3）当先行词指人并含有较长的后置定语或在被分割的定语从句中时例句： Professor Smith is coming soon who will give us a talk on how to learn English.史密斯教授就要来给我们做一场关于如何学英语的讲座。例句： The boy was crying hard who lost his way while looking for his mother.这个小男孩在找妈妈时迷了路，正哭得厉害。4）在there be开头的句子中宜用 who例句： Th

15、ere is an old man who says he is your uncle.有位老人说他是你的伯父。例句： There are many young men who supports him.五、as与which引导非限制性定语从句的区别有很多年轻人支持他。关系代词as与which引导非限制性定语从句可以用整个主句作为其先行词，指代上下 文所说的某件事。但 as和which具有不同的词义、句法和用法。1）as引导的从句表示说话人的看法、态度、解释或评论此时的as仍具有 正如，像，由.而知，与.一致”等某些连词的语义，有时可不必译 出。常作实义动词（女口 see know、hear、

16、watch、remember、say、tell、show、expect、 guess等）的宾语，这类动词与as几乎成了一种固定搭配。As引导的非限制性定语从句可以置于句首、句中或句尾。例句： As is often the case ,little boys tend to be very active and out of control.小男孩总是活泼好动，难以控制，这是常见的情况。例句： Einstein,as we know (=as is well known) ,is a famous scientist.众所周知，爱因斯坦是一位著名的科学家。例句： China is a beau

17、tiful country with long history, as is known to all .众所周知，中国是一个有着悠久历史的美丽的国家。2）which引导的从句对主句所叙述的事情进行补充说明，表明事物的状态或结果Which此时指前面主句所提到的这件事，常译为这一点，这件事”等。Which在句法上 一般用作实义动词的主语或宾语，这时它所引导的从句与主句之间常含有并列、因果关 系。主句与从句通常用逗号隔开，只能位于被修饰句子的后面。例句： She stole her friend's money,which (=and that) was disgraceful.她偷了朋友

18、的钱，这真是丢人的事。例句： Tom was admitted to Harvard University, which (=and that) makes his parents very relieved.汤姆被哈佛大学录取了，这件事让他的父母深感欣慰。3）在从句中作定语或介词的宾语时，要用which例句： He was educated at the local grammar school after which he went on to Cambridge.他在当地的文法学校上学，之后去了剑桥大学。例句：Lily might possibly come, in which case

19、 I'll ask her.莉莉可能会来的，要是那样的话我就去问她。4）不能省去非限制性定语从句中的be动词时，用which （反之则用as）例句：Jane told me she had apologized to Lucy for her mistake,which was a lie.简告诉我说她已经为她犯下的错误向露西道歉了，这是一个谎言谎言。was不可省略）全国一线精品工作室关语一线一好诸源/ /例句： As (was) planned,we met at the station after shopping.按照计划，我们买完东西以后在车站见面。（可省略was） 5）当从句

20、的谓语动词是否定形式或从句谓语动词带的是一个复合宾语结构时，一般用 which而不宜用as例句： He prete nded not to know me,which I did n't un dersta nd.他假装不认识我，这让我搞不明白。例句： He seldom com muni cate with the classmates,which I find quite stra nge.他很少和同学交流，我觉得很奇怪。六、the same.as 与 the same.that 的用法区另S般来说，表示同一种类多用as,表示同一事物多用that。1）当先行词被the same修饰

21、时，关系词既可以用 as,也可以用that。在表示具体事物 时，有时两者有一定的区别。在抽象概念上，同种类和同一事物是没有绝对区别的，所以两个词可换用 例句： This is the same computer that I used yesterday.一线一好诸源这就是我昨天用过的那台电脑 例句： This is the same computer as I used yesterday.这台电脑跟我昨天用过的那台一样。例句：I have the same opinion as/that you have.我的观点和你的一样。2) 使用as时，它引导的定语从句中的动词可以省略，但使用tha

22、t时，定语从句中的动 词不可省略例句： Women received the same pay as men (did).|妇女领导了和男子一样的工资。=Wome n received the same pay that men received.3) 在“the same.tha结构中，that只是用来加强语气，强调 相同” That可以省去而不 改变句子的意思，甚至连名词前的 same也可省去。但在 “the same.as吉构中，same和 as都不能省略例句： This is the same song (that) I heard the other day.这就是我前几天听过的那首

23、歌。(=This is the song I heard the other day.4) 在“the same.a结构中的as可以充当关系副词，而 that不可例句： He lives in the same city as I live.他和我住在同一个城市。(=He lives in the same city that I live in.)例句： Shall we meet at the same place as we last met ?我们可以在上次相见的地方见面吗？(=Shall we meet at the same place that we last met at ?)

24、七、介词+关系代词”结构介词+which '可以替代 when、where、why等； 介词+whom/whose "在定语从句中没有 与之对应的关系代词可替代。1) 替代when替代when在定语从句中作时间状语全El线精品工作室关语一线一好诸源例句：I'll never forget the days on which (when) we lived together.我永远不会忘不了我们一起生活的日子。例句： The year in which (when) the Tangshan earthquake happened was 1976.唐山地震发生在197

25、6年。2)替代 where替代where，在定语从句中作地点状语。例句： This is the town in which (where) Shakespeare was born.这就是莎士比亚出生的城镇。例句： The house in which (where) I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.我十年前住的房子已经被推到了。3)替代why替代why，在定语从句中作原因状语例句： There is no reason for which (why) we don't attend the party.我们没有理由不参加聚会。例

26、句：I'd like you to explain the reason for which (why) you were late again.我想让你解释一下你又迟到的原因。4)替代that替代that，在定语从句中作方式状语、时间状语例句： There are varieties of ways in which (that) we can solve this problem.我们有很多方法可以解决这个问题。例句： March is the best time in which/during which (that) farmers plough their fields.三月

27、是农民耕地的最佳时间。5）名词/代词+介词+关系代词”结构此类结构常见的有 some/several/a few/a little/many/more/most/the largest+of+which/whom等形式。例句： Here are the questionsmost of which (=of which some) I thought easy for you.就是这些问题，我认为大部分对你来说很容易。全国一线精品工作室一线一好诸源例句： Present at the meeting were almost experts on psychologymost of whom (

28、=of whom most) came from the US.出席会议的几乎都是心理学专家，其中大部分来自美国。6）关系代词前介词的确定 依据定语从句中动词或形容词某种习惯搭配来确定例句：I bought a great many books,on which I spent all my money that I saved.我买了很多书，花了我所有的积蓄。（on就是依据spend.on.结构来确定的）例句： Tradi ng leather shoes is the bus in essto which the Greens are devoted.皮鞋生意是格林家全力经营的事业。（介词

29、to是依据be devoted to结构而定的） 依据与先行词搭配的具体意义而定例句：In ten yearsjll went from working in the mail room to running the company, in which more tha n 1000 people now work.在十年的时间里，吉尔从在邮局上班做起，一直做到开公司，现在有1000多人在她的公司上班。例句：I'll never forget the time during which I spent my childhood in the country.我永远不会忘记我在乡村度过的

30、童年时光。 根据所表达的意思确定例句： The colorless gas without which the pla nt cannot live is called carb on dioxide.这种无色的、离了它植物就不能活的气体就是二氧化碳。例句： You've any way made several grammar mistakes,except for which your compositi on would be the best.你不知为何犯了几个语法错误，要不是这些错误，你的作文将会是最好的。 在英语中有时为了强调某一名词，不定式前也可加上关系词。例句： Her

31、e is the money with which to buy a computer.这就是买电脑的钱。(=Here is the money to buy a computer with.)全El线精品工作室一线一好诸源例句： Nancy is the right pers on on whom to depe nd.南希是值得信赖的人。（=Na ncy is the right pers on to depe nd on.）有些 动词+介词"习语如look for、look after、call on等不可把介词置于关系代词前。如 果介词提前，将会失去动词短语的意义。例句： M

32、y younger brother, after whom I have to look ,is demanding.（ x）My younger brother,whom I have to look after ,is demanding. （v）我得照看我弟弟，真是让人费心。八、特殊结构的定语从句定语从句在实际运用的过程中，具有较强的灵活性，因此其结构也较为复杂，现将常见 的特殊定语从句列举如下：1）分隔式定语从句定语从句一般紧接被它所修饰的先行词；但有时候它和先行词之间有可能插入其他成 分，使它与先行词分隔开来，这种定语从句叫分隔式定语从句。这阅读文章时会经常遇 到这种情况，因此要注意

33、识别先行词。1一般说来，定语从句被分隔开来大致有以下三种情况： 在先行词与定语从句之间插入一个状语例句： There are many thousands of starsin the sky that are like the sun.在太空中有成千上万颗像太阳一样的星星。（that引导的定语从句在名词 sky的后面，但不能修饰 sky而应修饰先行词stars） 在先行词与定语从句之间插入一个定语例句： Do you remember one after noon ten years ago whe n I came to your house and borrowed a diam ond

34、 n ecklace ?你还记得十年前的一天下午我来到你家，找你借了一条钻项链吗？（定语从句修饰afternoon而不是修饰years） 先行词与定语从句被谓语分隔开来此时，先行词通常是句子的主语，因定语从句较长，主句谓语较短，为使句子平衡，常 将定语从句移至谓语之后例句： A new technician will come tomorrow who will teach you how to use the new equipment .明天，教你们使用新设备的新的技术员会来。2）混杂式定语从句有时定语从句的关系词与从句中的句子成分之间会插入人称代词+thi nk/believe/gues

35、s等”表示某种态度的句子，这种定语从句被称为混杂式定语从句。例句： That evening some Chongqing people saw something that they thought was a UFO flying across the sky.那天傍晚，一些重庆人看到了他们认为是不明飞行物的东西从天空中飞过。例句： Many college students have mastered computer,driving and foreignIanguages,which we all know are the most important things in today

36、's society.很多大学生都掌握了计算机、驾驶和外语，我们都知道这些能力在当今社会是非常重要 的。两个或两个以上的定语从句同时修饰个先行词时，这样的定语从句叫作多重定语从3）多重定语从句句。例句： Tibet is a place where the Tibetan people have been living for generations and which/that all the people across the world are dreaming of visiting.西藏是西藏人民世代生活的地方，也是世界人民都渴望去观光旅游的地方。例句： He said he

37、 would never forget the moment when he first met Gorky and which he regarded as the happiest in all his life.他说他永远忘不了第一次与高尔基相间的时候，那一刻被他视作人生中最幸福的时刻。I 多重定语从句中第二个以及之后的所有关系词都不能省略，以免引起句意的模糊不清。例句： China is an attractive country which has the largest population,where there are lots of mysterious stories an

38、d lege nds an dthat many wester ners are still not familiar with.中国是一个充满魅力的国家，她拥有世界上最多的人口，有许多神秘的故事和传说，但 也是很多西方人还不熟悉的过度。4）省略式定语从句在含有将来意义的定语从句中， 可以省略主语和谓语的一部分（主要是情态动词和助动 词），而代之以介词+关系代词+不定式”的形式，这叫省略式定语从句，或叫作定语从 句的缩略形式。主句的主语必须与不定式的逻辑主语一致，否则不能改成省略式定语从全国一线精品工作室关语一銭一好诸源例句：I intend to make friends with some

39、 English from whom to improve English.我打算交一些英国朋友，从他们那里我可以提高英语水平。（完整句式是：I intend to make frie nds with some En glish from whom I can improve myEn glish.）例句：She dreams of earning a big sum from the stock market with which to buy her family a big flat.她很想从股市赚一大笔钱给她的家人买一套大公寓。（完整句式是:She dreams of earning

40、 a big sum from the stock market with which she canbuy her family a big flat.）九、定语从句与同位语从句的区别1）被修饰词不同同位语从句的先行词常是一些具体信息内容或一定内涵的名词，如idea、fact、news、hope、 belief > suggestion、 proposal、 word、 thought、 doubt、 truth、 possibility、 promise、 order等，而定语从句的先行词可以是名词、代词、主句的一部分或是整个句子。厂n例句： The ideathat compute

41、rs can recognize human voices surprises many people.计算机能够识别人声的想法使许多人感到惊奇。（同位语从句）f二个羽“/例句： We are not looking into the question whether he is worth trusting._ / /我们正在调查的问题不是他是否值得信赖的问题。（同位语从句）例句： The doctor whom you are looking for is in the room.你找的那位医生在房间里。（定语从句）例句： His mother did all she could to h

42、elp him overcome the difficulty.他妈妈尽最大努力帮他渡过难关。（定语从句）2）从句表达的含义不用定语从句是从句对其先行词的修饰或限制，属于形容词性从句的范畴而同位语从句是对 前面抽象名词的 进一步的说明和解释，属于名词性从句的范畴。例句对比： The n ews that our team has won the game was true.我们队赢了那场比赛的消息是真的。（同位语从句，补充说明news到底是一个什么消息）The news that he told me yesterday was true.news在从句中作told的宾语）昨天他告诉我的那个消

43、息是真的。（定语从句，例句对比：I made a promise that if anyone in vested in my compa ny I would make him very rich.我许诺如果谁投资我的公司，我就会让他变成富翁。（同位语从句，补充说明promise到底是什么诺言）The mother made a promise that pleased all her childre n.妈妈许下一个令所有孩子都兴奋的诺言。（定语从句，promise在从句中作pleased的主语）3）引导词及其在句子中的成分不同一些引导词如how、whether、what可以引导同位语从句

44、，但不能引导定语从句。例句： The question whether we need new staff has not been considered.我们是否需要新员工这个问题还没被考虑。（同位语从句）例句：I have no idea what has happened to him.我不知道他发生了什么事。（同位语从句）4）that引导的同位语从句与定语从句的区别引导词that引导定语从句时，在从句中作主语或宾语（指物时还可以用which代替），并且作宾语时常常省略。That在同位语从句中仅起连接作用，不充当任何成分，并且不 能省略，也不能用which代替。例句： The order

45、 that we should send a few people to help the other groups was received yesterday.派几个人去帮助别的小组的命令是昨天收到的。（同位语从句，是对 order的具体解释，that虽不作成分，但不能省略）例句： The order that we received yesterday was that we should send a few people to help the other groups.我们昨天接到命令是，我们应该派几个人去帮助别的小组。（定语从句，是名词 order的修饰语，that在从句中作re

46、ceived的宾语，可以省略）十、定语从句与定语从句和状语从句之间的转化在转化的过程中，限制性的定语从句仍需要转化成限制性的，非限制性的定语从句仍需 要转化成非限制性的。定语从句与分词的转化分为以下几种情况：1）直接转化为-ing或-ed形式这种形式只需去掉定语从句中的who/which is/was/are/were既可。全国一线精品工作室例句： The teacher (who is) giving a lecture now just returned from England.正在做演讲的老师刚刚从英国回来。例句：I love the poems (which were) writte n by Shelley.我喜欢雪莱的诗。2）将动词的形式重新进行-ing形式的转化例句：Look at the house.That is my home which sta nds at the top of the mountain.f Look at the house,That is my home sta nding at the top of the mounta