初中英语语法总结(完整)

1、英语时态讲解【注】构成时态的助动词 be (is, am, are), have (has), shall, will等需根据主语的变化来选择。时态是英语中一个重要的语法范畴，它表示不同时间发生的动作或存在的状态以及动作发生或存在的方式。动作发生的时间可分为现在、过去、将来和过去将来四种形式，动作发生的方式可分为一般、完成、进行和完成进行四种形式。将时间形式和动作方式结合起来, 就构成了以下一般完成进行完成进行现在现在一般时do现在完成时have done现在进行时is doing现在完成进行时have been doing过去过去一般时did过去完成时had done过去进行时was doi

2、ng过去完成进行时had been doing将来将来一时will do将来完成时will have done将来进行时will be doing将来完成进行时will have beendoing过去将来过去将来一时would do过去将来完成时would havedone过去将来进行时would be doing过去将来完成进行时would have beendoing英语的时态是靠动词的变化和时间状语来表达的。英语中的时态共有十六种，但是常考的或较常用的只有9种。要掌握英语的时态和语态，必须掌握好英语中的助动词(do, be, have)和时间状语这两个核心问题。1、一般现在时主要用来表

3、示人、事物的现在状况和特点；表示经常或习惯性的动作，句子中常有often, always, from time to time等时间状语；表示客观规律和永恒真理He usually goes to work at 7 o ' clock every mornftnf. 大 7 点上班。2、现在进行时表说话时或目前一段时间内正在进行的活动：或表感情色彩，加强语气。与频率副词，如always , constantly , continually , again等连用表示说话人的某种感情色彩(赞叹、厌烦、埋怨等)We are having English class.我们正在上英语课。3、现

4、在完成时表示动作发生在过去，完成在过去，但强调与现在情况仍有联系，其结果或影响仍存在。They have lived in Beijing for five years.他们在北京已经住了 5年了。4 . 一般过去时表在过去某个特定时间发生且完成的动作，或过去习惯性动作，不强调对现在 的影响，只说明过去。常跟明确的过去时间连用，如： yesterday; last week; in 1945, at that time; once; during the war; before; a few days ago;He used to smoke a lot.他过去抽烟比较厉害。5 .过去进行时表

5、示过去某个时间点或某段时间内正在发生的动作。Beijing was hosting the 29th Olympic Games in August 2008.在2008年8月，北京正在举行29届奥运会。6 .过去完成时表示过去某个时间之前已经完成的动作，即过去完成时的动作发生在过去的过去”，句中有明显的参照动作或时间状语，这种时态从来不孤立使用（before,after, by, up till ）They finished earlier than we had expected.他们提前完成了（工作）。7 . 一般将来时表在将来某个时间会发生的动作或情况。常和 tomorrow, nex

6、t year, in 2008等表示将来的时间状语连用。I am leaving for Beijing tomorrow.我明天就要离开北京。8、将来进行时表将来某个时间正在发生的动作，或按计划一定会发生的事情。I ' ll be doing my homework this time tomorrow. 明天这会我正在写作业。9、将来完成时表在将来某时刻之前业已完成的事情，时间状语非常明显。常用的时间状语一股用 by+将来的时间。如：by the end of this year, by 8 o ' clock this evening, by March next yea

7、r以及由by the time ，befor或when等引导的副词从句。By the end of next month, he will have traveled 1000 miles on foot.到下个月底，他步行将达到1000英里。英语共有十六个时态、四个体。（注：四个体为 一一一般、进行、完成、完成进行。）英语中的四个体相当于法语、西班牙语以及所有印欧语系罗曼语族 中的式，如：直陈式，命令式等。（1） 一般现在时基本形式（以do为例）：第三人称单数：does （主语为非第三人称单数）； 肯定句：主语+动词原形+其他； He works for us.否定句：主语+ don 

8、9;t/doesn't +动词原形+其他； He doesn't work for us.一般疑问句：Do/Does +主语+动词原形+其他。 肯定回答：Yes , （+ 主语+ do/does ）.否定回答：No, （十主语+ don't/doesn't.） 特殊疑问句：疑问词 +一般疑问句语 Does he work for us?Yes, he does. No, he doesn't What does he do for us? He works for us.（2） 一般过去时be动词+行为动词的过去式否定句式：在行为动词前加didn ；t同

9、时还原行为动词，或 was/were + not ;was或were放于句首；用 助动词do的过去式 did提问，同时还原行为动词 例如： Did he work for us?He didn't work for us.He worked for us.（3） 一般将来时am / are / is + going to + do 或 will / shall + do am/is/are/about to + do am/is/are to + do;一般将来时的表达方法 be going to +动词原形 be +不定式,be to+动词原形,be about to +动词原形 b

10、e able to +不定式 be about to+动词原形 will +动词原形； 例如： He is going to work for us.He will work for us;He is coming.这是特殊的用一般现在时表达将来时态 的例子！ ！(4)过去将来时be (was , were ) going to+ 动词原形 be (was , were ) about to+ 动词原形be (was , were ) to+ 动词原形肯定句：主语 +be (was, were ) going to+动词原形 .否定句：主语 +be (was, were ) not going

11、 to+动词原形 疑问句：Be (Was , Were ) +主语+going to+动词原形？ 肯定句：主语 +would ( should ) +动词原形.否定句：主语 +would (should ) not+动词原形.疑问句： Would ( Should ) +主语+动词原形？He would work for us.(5)现在进行时主语+be+v.ing现在分词形式 (其中v表示动词)表示现在正在进行的动作或最近在做的事。例如：I am buying a book.第一人称 +am+doing+sth第二人称+are+doing +sth (doing是泛指所有的v-ing形式)第

12、三人称 +is+doing+sth例：He is working.(6)过去进行时过去进行时表示在过去某一时刻或某一段时间内进行或发生的动作。其形式为was /were + V-ing。常与表示过去的时间状t连用,如： last night, last Saturday等；或者与 when, while, as引导的过去时间状语连用。在复合句中,如果主要动作和背景动作都是延续的或同时发生的，那么主从句的动词都可用过去进行时。例如：While he was waiting for the bus,he was reading a newspaper,他边等车边看报。(两个动作都是延续的)He w

13、as cleaning his car while I was cooking,他擦车时我在做饭。(两个动作同时进行)肯定句：主语 +was/were+doing+ 其它否定句：主语 +was/were+not+doing+ 其它一般疑问句及答语：Was/Were+ 主语+doing+其它 ；答语： Yes,I主语+was/were./No,I 主语 +wasn't/weren't.特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+was/were+ 主语+doing+其它He was working when he was alive.(7)将来进行时主语+will + be +现在分词He will

14、 be working for us.=He will work for us.(8)过去将来进行时should(would)+be+现在分词He said that he would be working or us.for us.=He said that he would work f(9)现在完成时基本结构：主语+have/has+ 过去分词(done)肯定句：主语+have/has+ 过去分词+其他否定句：主语+have/has+not+ 过去分词+其他一般疑问句：Have/Has+ 主语+过去分词 +其他特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句(have/has+主语+过去分词+其他He

15、 has workedHas he workedfor us for ten years.for us for ten years.(10)过去完成时过去完成时(past perfect):表示发生在过去的动作对现在造成的某种影响或结果,用来指定在另一个过去行动之前就已经完成了的一个事件。过去某动作一直持续到现在将来可能还要延续下去。句中的动作发生在过去之前(过去的过去)，即过去完成时动作发生在过去的过去。He said he had been to Beijing twice.他说他已经去过北京两次。(因为 说"said就是过去式，而去北京的动作发生在说said的过去，所以用过完而

16、不用现完。过去完成时常用的 时间状语有:1. by the end of last year. By the end of last term, we had learned 5000 new words.2. By the time sb.+ 动词过去式 如：The bus had already left by the time I got there.基本结构：主语 肯定句：主语 否定句：主语 一般疑问句：+had+过去分词(done)+had+过去分词+其他 +had+not+ 过去分词+其他Had+主语+过去分词+其他肯定回答：Yes,主语+had否定回答：No,主语+hadn

17、9;t特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句(had+主语+过去分词+其他)语法判定：(1 ) by +过去的时间点。如:I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night.(2 )by the end of +过去的时间点。如：We had learnt over two thousand English words by the end of last term.(3 ) before +过去的时间点。如：They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.

18、(11)将来完成时(shall ) will+have+ 动词过去分词before+将来时间或 by+将来时间before 或by the time引导的现在时的 从句He will have worked for us尸He will work for us.(12)过去将来完成时should / would have done sth.He said that he would have worked for us.=He said that he would work for us.(13)现在完成进行时基本与现在完成时相同，但是现在完成进行时只能表示仍然持续的概念 have/has b

19、een +-ing 分词He has been working for us for ten years.=He has worked for us for te n years.(14)过去完成进行时had been +-ing 分词He said that he had been working for us for ten years.=He said that h e had worked for us for ten years.(15)将来完成进行时主语 + shall/will have been doingHe will have been working for us.=He

20、 will work for us.翻译为：他最近一直在为我们工作(过去在工作，现在在工作，将来还会工作)(16)过去将来完成进行时should+have been+现在分词用于第一人称would have been+现在分词用于其他人称He said that he would have been working for us.=He said that he woul d work for us.举例：英语中有12个主要时态，都来自于三时（过去、现在、将来）现在以I listen为例，举例英语中有12个主要时态如下所示：一般现在时：I listen现在进行时：I am listening过

21、去进行时：I was listening现在完成时：I have listened现在完成进行时：I have been listening一般将来时：I shall listen '或"Iwill listen."将来进行时：I shall be listening一般过去时：I listened过去完成时 ：I had listened过去完成进行时：I had been listening将来完成时： I shall have listened将来完成进行时：I shall have been listening英语中不存在属格一个普遍的误解是在英语中只存在一个以“'s结尾表示所属的属格。然而，语言学家已经表明英语的所有格完全不是一个格，而是一个独立的词并且在书写和发音上都不是前一个词的一部分，这可以有下面这个句子表明：The K