第七讲、高中英语完形填空解题思路与能力训练(上) [讲义]

1、高考英语完形填空解题思路与能力训练Part One:高考英语完形填空命题与解题思路完形填空题是高考英语卷中的重要题型, 不仅侧重于考查学生的逻辑思维能力和对具体语境把握能 力, 更是对学生整体语篇意义理解的连贯性和运用语言的准确性考查。 它属于有一定难度的障碍性阅读 理解题,是学生感到最难把握的题型之一。分析近几年高考题,完形填空所选短文的体裁多为记叙文、说明文和议论文。写人或记事,兼有个 别议论的句子。趣味性强并兼有教育意义。一般为 300单词左右的一篇短文,其内容逻辑性强,文章结 构严谨,层次分明。文章首句不设空,但交待相关的背景材料,可挖掘的信息点很多,对整篇文章的理 解起着至关重要的作

2、用。近几年上海试题中尤为注重说明文和议论文。说明文命题趋势:说明型完形填空选材难度一般低于试卷中的阅读理解大题。 在设空与选项设计方 面充分体现了语言知识运用题的要求:以实词为主(名、动、形、副 ,绝大多数小题都要从全文角度 进行判断。这一命题思路体现了“语篇意识” 。议论文命题趋势:议论文是一种通过剖析事物,论述事理,提出主张,发表见解的文体。议论型完 形填空分为两种,一种是夹叙夹议型完形填空;另一种是纯议论型完形填空。第一种的基本模式是:叙 述事件,提出感悟,作出结论。第二种的基本模式是:提出论点,列举论据,提出看法。那么如何做好完形填空呢?十大解题技巧对学生会有很大帮助。解题思路一:通读

3、全文,了解大意,先易后难。通常在答题之前 , 要花 1 2分钟把文章略读一遍 , 以便对文章有个大概的了解。在详读的过程中, 可以边读边选择一些容易的选项 , 对个别不理解的单词、短语 , 可以先不管它们。等读完文章后 , 大部分 的空格已填完 , 全文的意思基本已掌握 , 剩下的难题也就比较容易解决了。解题思路二:依据首句线索,紧扣主题选择。首句通常是文章的主题句, 通常不设空, 便于考生对短文主题、 内容或背景有个大概了解。 它的目 的是向考生提供时间、地点、人物、事件、论点等有用的信息。把握了主题句 , 对于理解全文和解题很 有帮助。例 1:Why is a space left bet

4、ween the rails of a railway line where one piece joins the next解析:这句话从铁轨之间的缝隙引出了问题。根据常识,文中内容应与热涨冷缩的物理现象有关。 例 2:On a hot summer day in last August, I sought shade and a cool drink at a waterfront cafon a Greek island. Over a hundred degrees in _ air.A. fresh B. cool C. still D. thin解析 : C。 故事发生在一个炎热的

5、夏天 , 温度高 , 自然没风。 still 在此处为形容词 , 意思是“静止 的 , 不动的” , 即没风。解题思路三:瞻前顾后 , 谨慎选择。有些选择项根据上下句就能比较容易地做出正确判断 , 有些则必须根据整篇文章的大意才能推出。 通过上下文 , 寻找隐含的各种信息和紧抓语境暗示是解答完形填空题的主要手段和策略。例 1:The man stepped _1_ for the two chairs. He politely _2_ his lady in the knee - deep water and then sat down himself.1. A. outside B. for

6、ward C. down D. back2. A. led B. seated C. watched D. received解析:1. D。根据上下文 , 不难看出 , 那两口子搬完桌子后 , 又回来搬椅子 , 即 : step back for sth. 2. B。 本空后有宾语 his lady , 根据后半句 “ and then sat down himself” , 答案应为 seated his lady “让他夫人就坐” 。例 2:It was one of the most _ any tiring games Ive ever had.A. encouraging B. ho

7、peless C. surprising D. regular解析 :C。看完全文,即可得出“它是一场我曾打过的比赛中最令人意外又最使人疲劳的比赛” 。解题思路四:借助语法知识 , 选择正确的答案。例 1:When Ed first phoned and _ we play, I laughed quietly A. declared B. mentioned C. persuaded D. suggested解析:D 。 根据学过的语法知识 , 我们知道主句的谓语动词表示建议的意思时 , 宾语从句的谓语要 用虚拟语气 , 即用“ ( should + 动词原形” 。题干句中“ play ”的

8、形式是关键信息。例 2:Moreover, inaccurate or indefinite words may make _ difficult for the listener to understand the message which is being transmitted to him.A. that B. it C. so D. this解析:B 。例 3:Finally Peter decided to go to the USA and, as his father had told him, _ to be a doctor. A. studies B. studying

9、 C. study D. studied解析:C 。分析句子结构可知,空白处与前面的动词 go 为并列动词不定式,均作谓语 decided 的宾 语,故选 C 。此题若忽略分析句子结构,很容易误选 D 。此题的难点在于句中有一个插入性质的 as 引 导的从句,将两个不定式分隔开了。从而造成辨认第二个动词不定式的困难。解题思路五:利用生活常识,文化背景。例 1:One day, the girl _1_ into the plane, started it and soon left the _2_.1. A. climbed B. looked C. reached D. fell2. A.

10、house B. floor C. water D. ground解析:1. A。 2. D。根据生活常识,这女孩应是先爬进机舱,才能起动飞机,最后使飞机飞离地面。 例 2:Immediately the officers jumped into their cars and rushed to the _ hospital.A. animal B. biggestC. plant D. nearest解析:D 。在这样的紧急情况下,人们的第一个反应是到最近的医院就医,因此答案为 D 。例 3:Every morning she would give him breakfast in bed

11、and bring him the paper to _.A. check B. read C. keep D. sign解析:B 。 外国人早上有读报的习惯 , 其中 paper 即为报纸, 这是理解本文细节的关键 , 有了这些文 化背景知识 , 可迅速推断出正确答案为 B 。解题思路六:采取排除法。解答完形填空题的过程中, 有时我们会遇到这样的情况:对某一题的正确选项的含义、 用法不甚明 白,但发现其他选项有显而易见的谬误。这时我们可以尝试排除法 , 剔除错误的选项。随着选择范围的 缩小 , 选中正确选项的机会就会增大。例 1:Finally I was _ by his lively s

12、ense of humor.A. disturbed B. moved C. attracted D. defeated解析:C 。首先根据句子及选项的意义 , 可马上排除选项 A 和 D 。再根据句子的意思判断 , “我被 他的幽默感吸引” , 而不是“被感动” 。例 2:However, the typical teenage lifestyle is already filled with so much competition that it would be_1_ to plan activities in which there are more winners than lose

13、rs, _2_, publishing newsletters with many student-written book reviews, _3_ student artwork, and sponsoring book discussion clubs.3. A. displaying B. describing C. creating D. exchanging解析:A 。第 3题的解题步骤为:首先从动宾搭配上看, C 选项(创造学生艺术品可以排除,再 从该句的上文看。上文说应该设计竞争性小的活动,所以答案应该是“展示学生艺术作品” 。解题思路七 : 找寻固定词组、常用句型或习惯用法。

14、例 1:A waiter appeared. He paused for just a second , walked into the water to _ the table and A. set B. wash C. remove D. check解析:A 。 set the table 在饭桌上摆好刀叉等餐具准备开饭。这是一种固定说法。例 2:I started surfing about five years ago and _ in love with the sport on the very first day. A. stayed B. came C. dropped D.

15、fell解析:D 。因为 fall in love with 是习惯搭配,意为“爱上” 、 “喜欢上” 。例 3. With it, astronauts will acquire a workhouse vehicle _ of flying into space and returning many times.A. capable B. suitable C. efficient D. fit解析:A 。 be capable of是习惯搭配,意为“能够” 。例 4. During the summer holidays, they usually _ much time playing

16、 football on the play ground. A. use B. need C. take D. spend解析:D 。 四个选项从语法角度看似乎都正确。 但从习惯搭配来看, spend (in doing sth.表示 “花 时间做某事” ,使固定句式,正确答案为 D 。建议:1注意词语的搭配:动词的搭配 (do 和 make 的搭配能力较强,要记牢、记熟 。do(a job, work, shopping, cooking, reading, typing, sewing, good, wrong, damage, harm, a favor, an injury, etc.

17、make(a study, an appointment, arrangements, a breakthrough, a call, a comparison, contribution, a deal, a decision, a discovery, distinction, a guess, preparations, a start, a start, a survey, an attempt, an error, a profit, a fortune, a living, ones way, sense, point, peace, bed, coffee, a fuss, et

18、c.2形容词与名词的搭配有的具有一定的文化背景,学生要注意“貌合神离”的词语。如:lucky dog 幸运儿、 right hand得力助手、 narrow escape死里逃生、 dark horse出人意料的获胜者 3 有些形容词可以加一个形容词修饰, 表示强调, 使表达更加生动。 如:pitch dark(漆黑的 、 brand new (崭新的 、 crystal clear(水晶般的 、 wide open(张得大大的 、 fast asleep(睡得很熟的 、 wide awake (完全醒着的 、 icy cold(冰冷的 , etc.4有些形容词可以和不同的介词搭配,学生应注意

19、比较、归纳。如:sick for 渴望、 tired from因 而 疲劳、 engaged in 忙于、 sick of 厌倦、 tired of 对 厌倦、 engaged to 与某人订婚。解题思路八 : 利用原词复现或同现 , 选择最佳选项。1. 在完形填空中 , 某一词语通常重复出现 , 使得语篇中的句子相互衔接和连贯 , 从而构成一个完整的意 义整体。例 1:When the waiter brought my _ , the man was clearly puzzled by the A. menu B. bill C. paper D. food解析:D 。上文中有 wait

20、ing for the food I had ordered to arrive , 所以应为:服务员为我端来食物。 例 2: First of all he was a window-cleaner and in his first week he managed to _ six windows.A. rub B. drop C. break D. clean解析:D 。同源词复现,由 window-cleaner 可知为 clean the window。2.同现指意义上相互联系的单词同时出现在同一语篇中。一个语篇,一个话题,要求有与之相连的词 汇。1名词同现:与一个话题或一个名词出现在

21、同一个语境的另一个名词。如:school-primary school middle school college universitystudents pupils graduates postgraduates2动词同现:与一个话题或一个名词出现在同一个语境的另一个动词。如:school teach learn attend found drop out graduate be dismissed3 形容词同现 ; 就某一语境而言所能出现的形容词也是有规律的。如:在学校这个语境中:(key school (optional course (compulsory course4 结构同现 :

22、 结构同现批搭配之类的句型和成对出现的短语。如:some,others; on one hand,on the other hand; former,latter; sothat; not onlybut also;hardly/scarcelywhen; no soonerthan; be about to do /be doing /had done /be on the point of doing/be to do/be ready to do/be on the way when;例 3: I put my head in, expecting the worst. But to m

23、y surprise, the room wasn t empty at all. It had furniture, curtains, a TV, and even paintings on the wall. And then on the well-made bed sat Amy, my new _, dressed neatly.A. roommate B. classmate C. neighbor D. companion解析:A 。名词同现,从 room, furniture,等同现信息可知。例4:We were _ to go back for class again wh

24、en the headmaster called us togetherand said, A. about B. able C. sorry D. sure解析:A 。结构同现, be about to do when 。解题思路九:顺应文意 , 定位选词。做题时 , 要充分利用上下文 , 找到有提示作用的词。这些词可以是同义词、近义词或反义词 , 也可 以是并列连词或转折连词等等。例1:At the table next to mine sat an attractive _couple, waiting for .A. lonely B. curious C. well - dresse

25、d D. bad - tempered解析 : C。 根据上文的 attractive (吸引人的 和下文的叙述 , 只能选择 well - dressed “ 穿着漂亮的” , 这样才能是一对浪漫夫妻。例 2:Geese are known to take the first living thing they see as their mother. _, to these young geese, the girl was their mother.A. But B. Also C. Thus D. Still解析:C 。 A. But “但是” B. Also“也” C. Thus“因

26、而” D . Still “仍然” 。例 3: After you have learned to think of several words in English, then move on to the next step thinking in _.A. sentencesB. passagesC.1essons D. classes解析:A 。需注意上下文逻辑推理以及名词的含义。第一步是考虑单词,接下来应该是考虑句子。 故选 A 。例 4: Some parts of the water are very shallow. But in some places it is very_

27、.A. deep B. high C. cold D. dangerous解析:A 。根据转折连词 but 的提示,所填入的词应与 shallow 相反,因此答案为 A 。例 5: Comparisons were drawn between the development of television in the 20th century and thediffusion of printing in the 15th and 16th centuries. Yet much had happened _1_. As was discussed before, it was not _2_

28、the 19th century that the newspaper became the dominant pre-electronic _3_.1. A. between B. before C. since D. later2. A. after B. by C. during D. until3. A. means B. method C. medium D. measure解析:1. A. 2. D. 3. C。我们注意到文章讲了两个时间:20世纪和 15、 16世纪,而 19世纪显然是 处在两者之间,故第 1题填 between 。第 2题是一语法结构题,固定结构:It was

29、not until-that-。第 3题属于前面介绍的 信息词 题。上文中出现的:television, printing, newspaper均说明该题应填 medium 。解题思路十:仔细推敲 , 注重逻辑。做完完形填空题后 , 要根据所选答案迅速地把文章完整地读一遍 , 看语法、惯用法对不对 ; 看是否符 合上下文的逻辑 ; 看是否符合故事情节的发展 , 以便更正可能的错误选择。一个完整的语篇应该是符合逻辑的, 文章逻辑关系的取得主要靠过渡词的使用。 作者利用转承语保证文 章的逻辑, 学生在做完形填空时应通过自己对上下文的理解, 找到适当的逻辑关系, 然后选择正确的过 渡词。学生必掌握常

30、见的过渡词:1. 递进in addition, furthermore, again, also, besides, moreover, whats more, whats worse, to make matters worse , to make things worse , worse still2. 比较in the same way, as with, similarly, equally, in comparison, just as3. 对照in contrast, on the other hand, instead, however, nevertheless, unlike

31、, on the contrary, while4. 因果because, because of, for, since, due to, owing to, thanks to, as a result (of, so, thus5. 强调certainly, above all, indeed, of course, surely, actually, as a matter of fact, especially, in particular, absolutely, 6. 让步although, though, after all, in spite of7. 举例for exampl

32、e, for instance, that is, namely, such as, in other words, in this case, by way of illustration.8. 时间和空间afterward, after, first, later, then, soon, finally, at lastoutside, near, beyond, above, below, on the right(left, in the middle, opposite, in front of9. 总结to sum up, to conclude, in a word, in s

33、hort, in brief, all in all, in all, in summary例 1: It has been many years since I was last in London _ I still remember something that happened during that visit.A. and B. for C. but D. as解析:C 。根据句前的 many years和句后的 still remember,答案应选表示转折的连词 but 。例 2: Getting enough vitamins is essential to life, al

34、though the body has no nutritional use for excess vitamins. Many people _ believe in being on the safe side and thus take extra vitamins.A. nevertheless B. therefore C. moreover D. meanwhile解析:A 。从句意可知,尽管服用额外的维生素是没用的,但很多人还是会服用。 Nevertheless 的 意思是“尽管如此,然而” ,符合句意。Part Two 高考英语完形填空能力训练Passage 1To be a

35、good teacher, you need some of the gifts of a good actor; you must be able to hold the attention and interest of your students, you must be _1_-speaking, with a good, strong, _2_ voice which is fully under your control; and you must be able to _3_what you are teaching, in order to make its meaning c

36、lear. _4_ a good teacher, and you will see that he does not sit still before his class; he _5_the whole time he is teaching; he walks about, using his _6_, hands and fingers to help him in his explanations, and his face to express his _7_. Listen to him, and you will _8_the loudness, the quality and

37、 the musical note of his voice always _9_according to what he is talking about. The fact that a good teacher has some of the gifts of a good actor doesnt _10_that he will indeed be able to act well on the stage, for there are very important _11_between the teachers work and the actors. The _12_has t

38、o speak words which he has learnt by heart; he has to repeat exactly the _13_words each time he plays a certain part, even his movements and the ways in which he uses his voice are usually _14_beforehand. What he has to do is to make all these carefully learnt words and actions seem _15_on the stage

39、.1. A. clear B. slow C. small D. low2. A. frightening B. fearing C. exciting D. pleasing3. A. act out B. talk C. say D. repeat4. A. Listen B. Look C. Watch D. Learn5. A. stands B. sits C. lies D. talks6. A. tongue B. words C. legs D. arms7. A. attention B. thanks C. feelings D. sentences8. A. hear B

40、. see C. think D. guess9. A. making B. changing C. expressing D. giving10. A. tell B. express C. show D. mean11. A. things B. differences C. points D. jobs12. A. actor B. teacher C. boy D. student13. A. different B. same C. above D. following14. A. read B. known C. fixed D. written15. A. natural B.

41、bad C. false D. clearPassage 2The word “plastic” comes from the Greek word “Platicos” and is used to describe _1_which can be easily shaped.The history of plastics is longer than you might _2_.In fact _3_ manmade plastics ever to appear on the market was made over a hundred years ago. It was called

42、“celluloid(赛璐璐 ”. It was discovered by both an Englishman and an American in the same year. _4_ it was the Americans who first produced it on a large scale during the year 1860. Everybody was _5_ by this new material which could be moulded into shapes and _6_ so cheap to buy.Poor young men _7_ in ci

43、ties with lots of smoke and dirt were _8_ to buy white celluloidcollars. The collars were hard and uncomfortable. But they did not have to be sent to wash. The poor young men _9_ rub them clean every evening with soap and water! Poor mothers,_10_ had not been able to afford playthings _11_ their chi

44、ldren, were now able to buy them playthings _12_ of celluloid. But celluloid had one very serious fault. It caught fire very easily. In factit burned even more quickly than wood or cloth. There were many terrible accidents, particularly _13_ children. For years scientists worked hard to find a bette

45、r plastic material than celluloid. They had _14_ success. Then in 1932 an American scientist called Baekeland produced a hard plastic material which did not burn. _15_ became known as bakelite(酚醛塑料 .Other plastic materials like bakelite were also produced. They were used to make electrical fittings

46、and plates and cups. Poor people liked them because they were both cheap and safe, but rich people disliked them because they were cheap, and because they could only be made in dark colours.1. A. something B. everything C. thing D. anything2. A. wish B. think C. want D. hope3. A. first B. at first C

47、. for the first D. the first4. A. So B. But C. And D. As5. A. surprised B. excited C. told D. frightened6. A. be B. were C. was D. is7. A. waiting B. running C. walking D. working8. A. going B. sure C. about D. able9. A. could B. ought to C. must D. should10. A. which B. who C. whom D. that11. A. fo

48、r B. like C. in D. of12. A. done B. produced C. worked D. made13. A. between B. on C. among D. about14. A. much B. great. C. never D. little15. A. The man B. He C. It D. The scientistPassage 3In Britain, people have different attitudes to the police. Most people generally _1_ them and the job they d

49、o although there are certain people who do not believe that the police _2_ have the power that they do.What does a policeman actually do? It is not _3_ job to describe. After all, a policeman has a number of jobs in _4_. A policeman often has to control traffic, either _5_ foot in the centre of a to

50、wn, or in a police car on the roads. Indeed, in Britain, he might be in the Traffic Police and spend all, or a lot of, his time _6_ up and down main roads and motorways. A traffic policeman has to help keep the traffic moving, stop _7_ motorists and help when there is an accident.A policeman has to

51、help keep the _8_, too. If there is a fight or some other disturbance, we _9_ the police to come and restore order. And they often have to _10_ situation at great risk to their own _11_. We expect the police to solve crimes, of course, so an ordinary policeman, _12_ he is not a detective, will often

52、 have to help_13_and arrest criminals.And _14_ do we call when there is an emergency an air crash, a _15_, a road accident, or a robbery? We call the police. So a policeman has to be prepared to face any unpleasant emergency that may happen in the modern world.1. A. dislike B. join C. appreciate D.

53、admire2. A. should B. would C. could D. must3. A. a funny B. a pleasant C. an interesting D. an easy4. A. it B. one C. his D. them5. A. on B. by C. under D. with6. A. walking B. driving C. wandering D. searching7. A. resting B. tired C. speeding D. drunken8. A. peace B. silence C. situation D. condi

54、tion9. A. wait for B. call C. think of D. expect10. A. turn to B. avoid C. deal with D. treat11. A. safety B. families C. future D. friends12. A. although B. as if C. however D. even if13. A. get rid of B. question C. look for D. sentence14. A. how B. where C. what D. who15. A. power failure B. fire

55、 C. thunder storm D. thiefPassage 4Marriage is still a popular institution in the United States, but divorce is becoming _1_ as “ popular”. Most American people get married, _2_, at the present time, and fifty percent of American marriages end _3_ divorce. However, four out of five divorced people d

56、o not _4_ single. They get married a second time to _5_ partners. Sociologists tell us that in the next century, _6_ American people will marry three _7_ four times in one lifetime. Alvin Toffler, an American sociologist, _8_ this new social form serial marriages. In his book Future Shock, Toffler g

57、ives many _9_ for this change in American marriage. In modern society, _10_ lives dont stay the same for very long. Americans _11_ change their jobs, their homes, and their circles of _12_. So, the person who was a _13_ husband or wife ten years ago is sometimes not as good ten years _14_. After some years of marriage, a husband and wife can _15 _ that their lives have become very different, and they dont share the same interests anymore.1.