英语专业八级改错与校对练习学生讲义

1、实用标准文案改错与校对练习PROOFREADING & ERROR CORRECTIONPassage OneIt is very difficult imagine an educational system which transmits values1._seriously in conflict with that of the government and the state, or which2. _contributes nothing to training young people for their future adult work-roles.However,

2、educational systems are often only partial successful. This is partly3._because people have different views of what elements of culture ( norms andvalues) should be stressed on, and what skills are useful. Such disagreement has4._a fundamental basis in social structure of modem Britain because there

3、 is often5. _a contradiction among the two functions of socialization and training. This is6. _because the two functions are not easily separate in practice. The norms and7. _values transmitted to any group of children have to be somehow relating to the8._kinds of skills they taught. The culture of

4、the aristocracy is not the same as9. _that of working-class neighborhoods in the inner cities. Similarly, training fordifferent sorts of work need to be different: to be proficient in Latin is not10._useful to the shop assistant, just as expertise in woodwork is irrelevant to a university teacher.Pa

5、ssage TwoAs people live in a fast-moving world where tensions build up,die effects of long-distance miming are uplifting.Each hill is approached as a positive challenge, causing the runnerto grow strongly with each stride and leading him to tranquility and harmony.1. _Long-distance running that help

6、s a person to forget pressure on family2. _problems as well as job related annoyances. An example comes quickly in3. _mind. One day I had a really terrible fight with my landlady over some foolishincident. I screamed and yelled at her but she very nearly threw me out. A few4._minutes later, I set fo

7、r my daily run. By the end of the first mile, the argument5. _seemed like the bad dream. At the end of the fourth mile, I was6. _full with feelings of remorse and forgiveness towards the landlady. I saw how7._unreasonable I have been, I stopped at the local flower shop and bought my8._landlady a bea

8、utiful rose. which I immediately gave her I stepped inside the9. _house. Running has that kind of effect on most runners. It makes us feelpositive and serene. Incorporating long-distance running into a daily routine精彩文档实用标准文案will significantly change a runner's life. I do not know whether it com

9、es fromfollowing a strict routine the improved physical condition of the runner.10. _But I do know that people quickly become addicted to the sport.Passage ThreeWhat is drug? Most of people probably think there s a perfect simple1._answer to this question. In fact, if one carries a quick survey on a

10、ny street corner,one finds (hat, according to vast majority of people, there are two groups2. _of drugs: those prescribed by doctors, and those people take for non-medicaluse. As medicine and medical profession are generally self-respectful, there3. _aren't any objections to the use of prescribe

11、d drugs. What moat people don trealize is (hat when prescribed drugs are usually beneficial, they can also4._present a serious problem. There were many people addicted by tranquillizers5._before doctors began to prescribe them: now there being literally millions who6._depend on (hem. An acceptance o

12、f the use of drugs for non-medical reasons islargely a matter of a culture. Some Eastern people think the use of alcohol with7._horror, mainly as a result of religious upbringing. However, these similar8. _people freely use marijuana without a second thought, and this, in turn, isn taccepted in West

13、ern culture which accepts alcohol. In most Western societies, the9._tea- or coffee-break' s now a part of the life, And huge quantities of these drinks10._are consumed daily.Passage FourIn a competitive and fast-paced modem society, busy businessexecutives are so engrossing in (heir work that th

14、ey hardly know what1._the word 'leisure" means. The higher an executives position is on thebusiness ladder, the more hours he spends on his work. With a view togaining greater corporate standing or a big pay rise, he, as a rule, far2._exceeds over the 40-hour working week.3. _The additional

15、 stress and tension as well as the shortage of suitable4._rest and recreation very often have a disastrous effect on his health. Fewsuch executives realize that unless they learn how to relax, they will soonrun of steam before they get to the top of the executive ladder. A noted5._American authority

16、 on leisure has said that“ The key to relaxation to busy6._executives is to avoid the types of activities that are part and parcel oftheir daily work and to devote themselves totally to have recreational7._精彩文档实用标准文案pursuits for at least a part of each day, even it is only for half an hour.Those job

17、s require a great deal of contact with others can engage in activitiesthat are quiet and peaceful far from the madding crowd, far from client and business associates. ”Passage FiveAir quality in Britain has improved considerably in the last 30 years. Total emissions of smoke in the air have risen by

18、 over 85 per cent since 1950. The domestic smoking control program has been particularly important in achieving this result. London and other major cities nolonger have the dense smoke-laden“smogs ” of the 1950s but in central_London winter sunshine has increased by about 70 per cent since 1958.Sinc

19、e 1990, everyday air pollution data from the British Monitoringnetwork has made available to the public by the Department of theEnvironments Air Quantity Bulletins. These concentrated three mainpollutants-ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxideend gradeair quality on a scale between“ very weak”

20、and“ very good” . Theinformation features in television and radio weather reports appears in many national and Local newspapers. Therefore,the data are also available on the special free telephone number and on video text Systems. A comprehensive review of the issue of urbanized air quality was anno

21、unced in January 1992, Three independent committees of experts have been established to advise on different aspects of the problem, and will set guidelines and targets for air quality. The network will also being extended and upgraded at a cost of million.Passage sixThe amazing success of humans as

22、a species is the result of the evolutionary development of our brains which hastened to tool-using, tool-making, the ability to solve problems by logical reasoning, thoughtful cooperation, and language. One of the most striking ways in that chimpanzees biologically resemble humans lies in the struct

23、ure of their trains. The chimpanzee, with the capacity for primitive reasoning, exhibits a type of intelligence like that of humans than does any, other mammal living today. The brain8. _9. _10. _1. _2. _3.4. _5. _6. _7. _8. _9. _10. _1. _2. _精彩文档实用标准文案of the modem chimpanzee is probably not too dis

24、similar to the brainthat so many millions of years ago direct the behavior of the first ape3. _man.In a long time, the fact that prehistoric people made tools was4. _considered to be one of the major criterion distinguishing them from5._other creatures. It is true that the chimpanzee does not fashio

25、n tools to“ a regular and set pattern” but then, prehistoric people, after their6._development of stone tools.Undoubtedly poked around with sticks and straws, at whichstage it seems unlikely that they made tools to a set pattern too.7. _It is because the close association in most peoples minds of8.

26、_tools with humans that special attention has always been focused uponany animal able to use an objective as a tool; but it is important to realize9._that this ability, on its own, does not necessarily indicate any specialintelligence in the creature concerning.10. _Passage sevenDuring the tradition

27、al wedding ceremony, the bridal couplepromises each other lifelong devotion. Yet, about one out of four1._American marriages ends in divorce. Since 1940, the divorce ratehas more than doubled, and experts predict that, of all marriagesthat occured in the 1970s, about 50% will end in divorce, The USA

28、2._is one of the highest divorce rates in the world, perhaps even the highest.3._What goes wrong? That fact that divorce is so common in theUnited States does not mean that Americans consider marriage a casual,unimportant relationship. Just opposite is true. Americans expect a4._great deal from marr

29、iage. They seek physical, emotional, andintellectual compatibility. They want to be loved deep and understood.5._精彩文档实用标准文案It is because Americans expect so much from marriage that so manyget divorce. They prefer no marriage at all to a marriage without love6. _and understanding. With typical Americ

30、an optimist, they end one7. _marriage in the hope of that the next will be happier. With no-fault8. _divorce laws in many states, It is easier than never to get a divorce.9. _Some American Women stay in unhappy marriages because they donot have the education or job experience to support themselves a

31、ndtheir children. But most American women believe that, if necessary,they can make it lonely without a husband. All things considered,10. _Americans have little reason to continue an unhappy marriage.Passage eightThe world is in a self-destruction mode. By this statementI mean that the people of the

32、 world are bent on making this planetinhabitable in three distinct ways. Furthermore, these three ways1. _are all interrelated and related directly to industrialization.The first of three is through pollution to the air, the water,2. _or the soil. Industrialization has meant toxic fumes in the atmo-

33、3. _sphere and poisonous substances in the water and in the soil.Industry has also been responsible to noise and visual pollution:the roar of machinery and the ugliness of factories and cheap housingdevelopments . these factors take the joy outside of natural4. _surroundings for human beings.However

34、, the balance of nature has been upset. To feed the5. _hungry factories, huge forests have been leveled, mountains havestripped of their protection . The results are farther-reaching6. _as we can know.7. _The third and the most acute of the problem is the psycho-8. _logical effect on people of incre

35、ased competition and hard economictimes. The reasons that people give for political unrest might be reasonsof belief or religion, but I believe that it is the desire of people to improvetheir standard of life that ultimately causes was. Because of the9. _精彩文档实用标准文案industrialization, much of the beau

36、ty and the simplicity of life is away.10. _Passage nineThe ordinary family in colonial North America was primarilyconcerned with sheer physical survival and beyond that, its owneconomic prosperity. Thus, Children were valued in the terms of1. _their productivity, and they assumed the role of produce

37、r quite early.Until they fulfilled this role, his position in the structure of the family2. _was one of subordination, and their psychological needs andcapacities received much consideration.3. _As the society became more complex, the status of childrenin the family and in the society become, each m

38、ember must fulfill the4. _number of personal and occupational role and be in constant contact5._with a great many other members. Consequently, viewing childrenpotentially acceptable and necessarily multifaceted members of society6. _means that they are regarded more as people in their own right so a

39、s7._utilitarian organisms. This acceptance of children as equal participantsin the contemporary family is reflected in the variety of statutesprotecting the rights of children and in the social and public welfareprograms devoted exclusively in their well-being.8. _This new view of children and the i

40、ncreasing contact betweenthe members of society has also resulted in a surge of interest inchild-rearing technique. People today spend a considerable portion oftheir time discussing the proper way to bring about children, It is now9. _possible to influence the details of the socialization of another

41、 person'schild in spreading the gospel of current and fashionable theories and10._methods of child rearing.Passage ten精彩文档实用标准文案Advertising is a form of mass selling, and it is employed whenthe use of direct, person-to-person selling is practical, impossible, or1.simply inefficient. It is to be

42、distinguished from other activities andits aim intended to persuade the public. Advertising techniques plexly from the publishing of simple, straightforward noticesin the classified-advertising columns of newspapers to the concerted use3.newspapers, magazines, television, radio, direct ma

43、il, and othercommunications media in the course of a single advertising campaign.From its simple beginnings in ancient times, advertising have o a worldwide industry. In the U.S. alone in the late 1980s,approximately $120 billion was spent in a single year to advertising5.to influence the

44、 purchase of commodities and services.Advertising falls into two main categories; consumer advertising,directed to the final purchaser, and trade advertising, in which theappeal is made to dealers on through trade journals and other media.6.Both consumer and trade advertising employ many specialized

45、types of commercial persuasion. A relatively minor, except important,7.form of advertising is institutional advertising, which is designed mainlyto build prestige and public respect for particular business concerns asimportant institutions. Each year millions of dollars is spent on8.institutional ad

46、vertising.Another minor, but increasingly popular, form of advertising iscooperation advertising. For example, makers of milk, of pie, and of9.sausages sometime jointly advertise this combination as an ideal10.cold-weather breakfast.Passage elevenLike all animal species, plant species must spread th

47、eir offspringto suitable areas where they can grow and pass on their parent's genes.1.Young animals generally spread by walking or flying. Because plantsdon't have that ability, they may somehow hitchhike. Some plant seeds2.scatter by blowing in the wind or floating on water. Many other plan

48、tspecies, though, trick an animal into carrying their seeds. How do theydo? They enclose them within a tasty fruit and advertise the fruit's精彩文档实用标准文案ripeness by its color or smell. The hungry animal collects and swallowsthe fruit, walks or flies off, but later spits out the seeds somewhere far3

49、.from its parent tree. Seeds can thereby be carried thousands of miles.4.It may surprise you to learn that plant seeds can resist digestion. In fact,some seeds actually require passage through an animal's body beforethey can grow.Wild strawberries offer a good example of hitchhiking tactic.5.Whe

50、n strawberry seeds arc still young and not yet ready to be planted,the surrounding fruit is green, sour, and hard. When the seeds final6.mature, the berries turn red, sweet, and tender, The change in the berries'color serves as a signal to birds which then eat the strawberries, fly off,and event

51、ually spit out the seeds.Naturally, strawberry plants doesn't set out with a ent of attracting birds only when their seeds were ready to bedispersed away. Nor did birds set out with the intent of plant straw-8.berries. Rather, strawberry plants evolved through natural selection.The

52、 sweeter and reder the final strawberry, the more birds spread9.its ripe seeds; the greener and more sour the young strawberry, thebirds destroyed the seeds by eating berries before the seeds were ready. 10.Passage TwelveCheese, nutritious food made from the milk of cows and othermammals, including

53、sheeps, goats, buffalo, reindeer, camels, and mares.1.Cheese is one of the world's oldest food productsfor thousands ofyears, people have been raised animals for milk, turning their k into cheese. More than 400 varieties of cheese existing, making it3.one of the most general foods in the world. Cheese comes in hundredsof different shapes, sizes, flavors, and is used in as many different ways.Enjoyed with bread, crackers, and fruit, used as an ingredient in cookedfoods, and mixed with salads and flour, cheese is a healthy food all over4.the world.