2020高考英语一轮复习(语法)——名词性从句

1、高考英语一轮复习（语法）名词性从句名词性从句包括：主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。引导名词性从 句的连词有：A. 连词：that, whether, if (这三个词都不作从句的成分， 同时，that 无含义，而 whether和 if 都表“是否”)B. 疑问代词： who, whom, whose, what, whichC. 疑问副词： when, where, why, how(一)主语从句 在复合句中充当主语的从句。1.that 引导主语从句that 引导主语从句时不同于其他的连词，既无词义也不作成分，只起单纯的 连接作用，且通常不可以省。为了强调 that 引导的主语从句

2、而置之于句首时， that 不可省。1That the driver could not con trol his car was obvious.2That she was chose n made us very happy.3That he will come is certa in.4That he would take the risk is true.5That he should have married her isnt surpris ing.通常， that 引导主语从句时用 it 做形式主语，把从句置于句尾，此时 that 有时可省。例如：1It was obvious

3、that the driver could not con trol his car.2It made us very happy that she was chose n.3It is certa in that he will come.4It is true that he would take the risk.5It isnt surpris ing (that) he should have married her.如果以 that 从句为主语的句子是疑问句，就只能用先行词 it 结构。例如：1Is it certa in that he will come?2Is it true

4、 that he would take the risk?it 做形式主语有以下几种不同的结构：(1) It + be + 形容词+ that- 从句1It is likely that he will come.2It is stra nge that she has ever trusted him.3It is importa nt that he(should) atte nd the meeti ng.4It is best that he (should) go.此句型在表示惊讶、喜悦、遗憾等感情色彩时， that 从句中的谓语动词也常 用( should )+ v 原形。It i

5、s strange that no one should have objected to the plan.(2)It + be +名词+ that- 从句It is common knowledge that the whale is not a fish.Its a pity that he should have massed the train.(3) It + be + -ed 分词 + that 从句It is said that he is a famous writer.It is reported that there will be a storm this aftern

6、oon.在表示建议、要求、命令等意义的被动结构中， that 从句中的谓语动词常用(should ) do。(参见虚拟语气部分)It is suggested that the meeting(should)be held this afternoon.It is demanded that he (should) leave at once.(4) It + seem/happen/appear 等不及物动词 +that 从句。( look 不接 that 从句， 它接 to be 结构或形容词)It seems that he is wrong.It appears that they a

7、re in urgent need of help.He looks (to be) surprised/happy/sad.2. whether 引导主语从句，意为“是否” ，只起连接作用，不充当任何成分。 (置 于句首时必须用 whether 引导，置于句尾时，间或可用 if 。 )Whether he will win the game is not clear.Whether he will come is uncertain.Whether she comes or not doesnt concern me.It is not clear whether/if he will co

8、me.It was uncertain whether he would come.3. 连词代词 what, who, which, whose 等引导的主语从句。 这些连接代词作用相当于代词，在从句中担当主语、宾语、表语、定语等。What we need is more time.Who was responsible for the accident is not yet clear.Whose book it is not important.Which school you want to go matters much.4. 连接副词 when, where, why, how 引

9、导的主语从句。这些连接副词相当于副词，在从句中充当状语。Why he did this is not known.When he will come is still unknown.It is not known why he did this.How he succeeded is unknown to us.Where we should hold the meeting needs to be discussed. 注意 wh- 引导的主语从句也常用 it 作形式主语。5. 也可用 whatever,whoever,whomever,whenever,wherever 等词引导主语从句

10、， 表示“无论什么”、 “无论谁”、 “无论何时”、 “无论在 （到） 哪里”等。Whoever toldyou to give up smoking was quite right.Whatever he gave you should be handed in.Whoever told you that was lying.Whoever comes is welcome.（二）表语从句 在复合句中充当表语。1. that 在引导表语从句时无含义，不作成分，通常不省。1） 表示事实、真理等的实际内容。The fact is that he is lying.The odds are tha

11、t he will not do it.2）表示某人的意见、信念等的实际内容。Our belief is that things will improve.The trouble is that we are short of money.2. whether 引导表语从句（不可用 if）His first question was whether Holmes had arrived yet.The question is whether people will buy it.3. 连接代词引导的表语从句。This is what I want.The question is who can

12、 be chosen to be manager of the company.My question is which of them is better.4. 连接副词引导的表语从句。The problem seemed how we could make him understand it.The question is where we should go.5. as if, as though引导的表语从句（常用虚拟语气）He looks as if he were angry.It looks as if its going to rain.（ 三 ） 宾语从句在复合句中充当宾语。

13、1. that 引导宾语从句时无含义，不充当成分，常省略。 that 不引导介词的宾语从句， 至于 except that, in that, save that, but that 等是复合从属连词。I know （that ） you have met him.Lets suppose that one day this happens to you. 在及物动词和宾语从句之间常有间接宾语（指人） 。例如： I told him （ that ） he was wrong.在少数动词如： think, believe, suppose, expect, imagine,calculate,

14、 fancy, reckon, besupposed , seem, appear, feel as if, look as if, look like 等后面的从句中的否定词经常转移到主句谓语动词上 , 这叫否定前置 / 否定转移。 （hope “希望” , guess “认为”后的宾语从句否定不前置。 I hope not. “我希 望不是那样的”，是 I hope so. 的否定式。 I dont hope so. 是对 hope 的否定： “我不希望如此”。） 如：I dont think it will be very cold today.I dont think you are

15、right.I dont believe he has finished his work.1并非必须否定转移。若需要强调从句的否定时就不作转移。2不可把所有可否定转移动词的否定句都理解为否定宾语从句， 要根据句意或语 境而定。I don t think diplomacy is a field for private enterprise. 我不认为外交是私人可以经营的领域。We didnt think we d be this late. 我们没有料到我们会来得这么晚。3当 think 用在疑问句中， 或主句中的谓语动词与状语连用， 或主句中的谓语动 词被 do 强调时，不能否定转移。Wh

16、y do you think we cant change your note?I do believe Tom never tells a lie.They still didn t believe that the food would come. 他们仍然不相信洪水会来临。I can t believe that they are married. 我不能相信他们已结婚了。4否定转移多用在主句动词为一般现在时的情况。 主句动词为一般过去时、过去完成时、过去进行时、现在完成时、现在完成进行 时，或主句动词与情态动词连用，就不能否定转移。此时若主句动词为否定，应 考虑是否是对主句动词的否定。

17、I had thought that he would not come.5当宾语从句中有 no, never, hardly, not at all, not a bit, not.enough, can t helpdoing 等时不能否定转移。I think I cant help laughing if I see it.I believe he never tells a lie.许多带宾语补足语的句子要用 it 作形式宾语，而把宾语从句置于句尾。We think it wrong that he told a lie to everyone.We thought it a pity

18、 that she should have missed the chance.2. whether, if 引导宾语从句：表示“是否”可互换，口语中常用 if 。He asked if she would come. 注意下列情况下 whether 不可用 if 换： 1)引导主语从句置于句首时。2)whether 后没有单词间隔而直接跟 or not 时。I dont know whether or not he will come.3) whether 从句作介词宾语时。They are talking about whether he will win the game.Everyth

19、ing depends on whether you agree with us.4)whether 后接不定式时。I dont know whether to attend the meeting.5) 动词 discuss, decide 的宾语从句时。3. 连接代词 what，who，whose 等引导的宾语从句。Tell me what you want.Do you know who will come at the meeting?注意 who,whom 按照传统语法，从句中 who 所取代的名词如果是宾语应用宾格 whom但在口语中常用 who,如：Do you know who

20、m (who) he will invite?whose, which, what 三个词都带有形容词性质。whose 表示所有，意为“谁的”；which 意为“哪一个 ”， what 意为“什么”。如：Whose book it is not important.Please tell me which school you want to go.He didnt know what time it was.一般说来， which 指的是在一个具体的、 较明确的、有限的、较小范围；而 what 则指较广的或不明确的范围。如： which food ，说话人一般指眼前的或明确范围 的几种“ f

21、ood ”；what food 则指许多“ food ”，而且说话人心中没有数。I dont know which / what food you want. 如果范围较大或者没有什么范围，最好用“ what food ”4. 连接副词 when, where, why, how 引导的宾语从句。I dont know when the meeting will be held.Please tell me where I can find Tom.He explained to me why he was absent from the meeting.Can you tell me how

22、 I can get to the post office?5. 可用 whatever, whoever, whomever, whenever, wherever 等引导宾语从句。Pleasewrite down whatever he is saying.I dont know whoever will come.Ill do whatever you ask me to.6. 表示爱憎情感的动词,如： enjoy, hate, love, like, dislike, dont mind, resent,appreciate （感激）等以及某些介词结尾的短语动词如： count on,

23、 depend on, rely on,see to, look forward to, be fond of, feel like, seeto, 等后,即使没有宾补也要先接形式宾语 it ,再接宾语从句。I like it when she smiles at me.I love it when you sing.I hate it if I am spoken to loudly in public.除了 but, besides, except, in, save, beyond六个介词后跟 that 引导的宾语从句外,其他介词都不能。 in that 是“因为”的意思,其余五个与 t

24、hat 搭配都是“除了”。（ 四） 同位语从句 在复合句中充当同位语。1. that 引导同位语从句。在下列名词后可用 that 引导同位语从句 answer, belief,doubt, fact, hope, idea, information, knowledge, law, news, opinion, plan, suggestion,thought, truth 等。I had no idea that you were here.The story goes that William killed his wife.He always works hard in spite of the fact that he is not in good health.Suddenly the thought came to me that he would go blind.注意 同位语从句引导词 that 无含义，不充当成分， 不可省略。 同位语从句 与其说明的名词或代词为同一内容 , 故可以用 is 把前边的中心词和从句连接成 一个句子。3同位语从句前一般没有逗号。that 引导同位语