如何做主旨大意题（课堂PPT）

1、1高考阅读理解常见题型高考阅读理解常见题型1. Details 细节理解题细节理解题2. Guess meaning 猜测词义题猜测词义题3. Main ideas 主旨大意题主旨大意题4. Inference & judgment 推理判断题推理判断题 2How To Get The Main Idea?如何做主旨大意题如何做主旨大意题?3主旨大意题的特征及设题主旨大意题的特征及设题这类试题要求对文章的整体或局部（如段落）进这类试题要求对文章的整体或局部（如段落）进行分析、概括，归纳相关部分的中心大意行分析、概括，归纳相关部分的中心大意(Main idea)，选择标题，选择标题(ti

2、tle)，判断作者的写作目的，判断作者的写作目的(purpose)等，旨在考查考生等，旨在考查考生加工与浓缩信息的加工与浓缩信息的能力能力。这一项考查的是文章的灵魂与中心。记叙。这一项考查的是文章的灵魂与中心。记叙文、议论文常考文章的主旨大意。一般主旨大意文、议论文常考文章的主旨大意。一般主旨大意常出现在文章的开头，有时也出现在结尾。当然常出现在文章的开头，有时也出现在结尾。当然更重要的是从全文去把握。更重要的是从全文去把握。4常见设问方式有：常见设问方式有：(1)The subject/topic of the article is (2)Which of the following bes

3、t expresses the main idea of the passage?(3)What does the passage/author mainly discuss?(4)Whats the main point/main idea/central thought of the passage?(5)Which of the following is the best title of the passage?5如何做主旨大意题如何做主旨大意题 做此类题目时做此类题目时 首先，任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，首先，任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，许多文章中最明显的特点之

4、一是有一个反因此，许多文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词。抓复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。 第二，要搞清是问第二，要搞清是问某一段某一段还是还是全文全文的大意。的大意。可利用段落信息来把握文脉，进行综合归纳，可利用段落信息来把握文脉，进行综合归纳，概括文章的主题。如有标题，标题中的蕴含的信概括文章的主题。如有标题，标题中的蕴含的信息往往是关键信息。息往往是关键信息。6 第三第三: 要学会借助文章的结构来把握中心思想。要学会借助文章的结构来把握中心思想。段落中心思想常常由主题句段落中心思想

5、常常由主题句( Topic sentence)来表来表达。达。主题句常常出现在段首主题句常常出现在段首(60%-90%)或段尾处或段尾处, 有时也在段落中间。有时也在段落中间。同样同样, 一篇文章的中心思想一篇文章的中心思想也常常在开始段或结尾段点出。也常常在开始段或结尾段点出。因此因此, 在阅读中在阅读中, 我们要对文章的开始段和结尾段及段落的主题句我们要对文章的开始段和结尾段及段落的主题句给予特别的注意。给予特别的注意。7How To Get The Main Idea?如何做主旨大意题如何做主旨大意题?1词汇词汇2段落段落3篇章篇章81词汇词汇Catch the key words.9H

6、ow to get the main idea of a paragraph?2 段落段落Get to know the types!101 Smoking cigarettes is harmful to your health. Experiments show that cigarette smoking can cause cancer. Besides the most serious and terrible disease(illness), cancer, cigarette smoking also can cause other health problems. For e

7、xample, it can give one a “smokers cough”. Finally, studies have shown it is easy for cigarette smokers to catch colds. Whether you get an unimportant cold or terrible killer, cancer, smoking is harmful. Is it worth it?11 Boston- Thieves dressed as police entered a museum early Sunday and stole 11 p

8、aintings, including major works by Rembrandt, Dagas, Manet and Vermerr, FBI (美国联邦调查局美国联邦调查局) and the museum officials said. The first judgment placed value of at least $100 million on the works stolen from the Isabella Gardener Museum, said Boston police spokes-man Jim Tordan William Bobinson, of Ha

9、rdvard Univercitys Foggel Museum, called the objects stolen “major works.” Q: What is the best headline for this newspaper article ?A. A Theft Took Place in Boston B. Artworks stolen by ThievesC. Major Works D. Investigation into the theft扩大概念扩大概念断章取义断章取义无中生有无中生有 似是而非似是而非12 Type One 开门见山！开门见山！即提出主题即

10、提出主题, 随之用细节来随之用细节来解释解释, 支撑或发展主题句所表达支撑或发展主题句所表达的主题思想。是英语中最常见的的主题思想。是英语中最常见的演绎法演绎法写作方式。写作方式。 小小 结结132 Often no one looks more guilty than the innocent. On the other hand, nobody may look more innocent than a professional criminal. And the man who knows “everything” may really only be trying to hide hi

11、s own weakness. So, it is foolish to try to judge a person only by his appearance分清分清supporting sentences 和和main idea 14 Reading is the key to school success and, like any skill it takes practice. A child learns to walk by practicing until he no longer has to think about how to put one foot in front

12、 of the other. A great athlete practices until he can play quickly, accurately(精确), without thinking. Tennis players call that “ being” in the zone.” Educators call it “ automaticity (自动). The paragraph mainly tells us _. A. what automaticity is B. how accuracy is acquired (获得) C. how a child learns

13、 to walk D. how an athlete is trained.15 Type Two 段末点晴段末点晴先表述细节先表述细节, 后归纳要点结后归纳要点结论论, 概括主题。概括主题。这是英语中最常见的这是英语中最常见的归纳法归纳法写作方式。写作方式。 小小 结结16 3 If you were planning to buy a television set, the following advertisement would certainly draw your attention: “Color TV. Only 79. Two days sale. Hurry.” Howev

14、er, when you go to the store ready to buy. You may discover that they are sold out. But the shop assistant is quick to tell you that he has another model. A much better set which is “just right for you” It costs 395. This sales trick is called “bait and switch”. Buyers are baited with a sales advert

15、isement, and then they are switched to another more expensive one. Buying things on sale needs careful consideration of the goods and the reason for the sale. The paragraph could be entitled _. A. Buyer BewareB. Closeout(出清存货) Sale C. Crime Pays D. Buying a TV Set 17 You dream each night, even thoug

16、h you may not remember your dreams. While you dream your eyes move and your heart beats faster. Even your brain-wave pattern changes. Some scientists think that dreaming is important for the sake of health. They claim that without dream, people would go crazy. Q: What does the passage mainly tells?A

17、. How people stay healthy B. Why sleep is necessary C. Why dreams are important D. When people remember their dreams偷梁换柱偷梁换柱扩大概念扩大概念断章取义断章取义 18 Type Three 段中点旨段中点旨先表述细节先表述细节, 后归纳要点后归纳要点, 然然后再进一步阐述主题。但后面的后再进一步阐述主题。但后面的表述往往有进一步的引申或发展表述往往有进一步的引申或发展的意味，而不是简单的重复。的意味，而不是简单的重复。 小小 结结19 4 Tom studied four y

18、ears at the University of Paris and decided to leave before his graduation. He transferred to the University of Berlin and graduated with honors. Harvard Law School and, later, Boston College provided him with an excellent legal background. He is presently a corporation lawyer in Miami, Florida.The

19、main idea of this paragraph is that _.A. Tom, who had studied at Paris Universities for four years, moved to another university.B. Tom became a lawyer since his graduation from Harvard Law School and later from Boston College.C. Tom was an excellent student when he studied at Berlin university.D. To

20、m received an excellent education.detaildetaildetail20 Type Four 无主题句无主题句 即主题句隐含在全文中即主题句隐含在全文中, 没有明确的主没有明确的主题句题句. 必须根据文篇中所必须根据文篇中所提供的事实细节，提供的事实细节，进行全面考虑，综合分析，然后找出共同进行全面考虑，综合分析，然后找出共同的东西，归纳成一般概念的东西，归纳成一般概念。必须注意的是，。必须注意的是，既不能以偏概全，也不能在概括时过于宽既不能以偏概全，也不能在概括时过于宽泛，要恰如其分。泛，要恰如其分。 小小 结结21Types Of Paragraph S

21、tructuresAt the beginningAt the endIn the middleNo clear topic sentence22d e t a i l sParagraph ideasPassage idea23了解文体特征了解文体特征调整阅读策略调整阅读策略提高阅读效率提高阅读效率 24 语篇结构知识规律表明，英文中不同的语篇结构知识规律表明，英文中不同的文体都有不同的写作方法和表达方式，文体都有不同的写作方法和表达方式，辨别体裁辨别体裁，往往使阅读更带有针对性，往往使阅读更带有针对性，明确各种体裁的不同特点，阅读时才会明确各种体裁的不同特点，阅读时才会心中有数，做到各个击

22、破。心中有数，做到各个击破。 历年高考的阅读文章不外乎记叙文、历年高考的阅读文章不外乎记叙文、应用文、科研文章、新闻报道、议论应用文、科研文章、新闻报道、议论文和说明文几种文和说明文几种 25 记叙文应采用记叙文应采用“七七W”导读法导读法(when/who/whose/which/where/what/why), 找出对应要点，确定议论找出对应要点，确定议论段落，文章要义八九不离十段落，文章要义八九不离十 应用文应用文, 如广告等如广告等, 应采用测试题应采用测试题导读法，依考查之问题逐一从文中导读法，依考查之问题逐一从文中寻到答案，可得事半功倍之效；寻到答案，可得事半功倍之效； 26 议论

23、文、说明文则用主题句导读，议论文、说明文则用主题句导读，文章结构主旨了然于胸文章结构主旨了然于胸, 并且始终关并且始终关注首尾段落和每段第一句注首尾段落和每段第一句 科研文章、新闻报道则通常以首段科研文章、新闻报道则通常以首段标其目。标其目。27 阅读理解首先是对文章中心思想的理解，阅读理解首先是对文章中心思想的理解，明确主旨。因此，要求考生归纳全文的中心明确主旨。因此，要求考生归纳全文的中心思想或段落大意是常考题。主旨大意题包括：思想或段落大意是常考题。主旨大意题包括：主要内容（主要内容（main idea）型、文章标题（）型、文章标题（title）型型。归纳主旨要义归纳主旨要义28四个小窍

24、门：四个小窍门： 寻找主题句是解题的关键，主题句通常在寻找主题句是解题的关键，主题句通常在文首、文末文首、文末或或首尾呼应首尾呼应，有时在，有时在文中文中，也有，也有可能没有主题句，这时需根据文章所述内容可能没有主题句，这时需根据文章所述内容进行归纳。寻找主题句有以下四个小窍门：进行归纳。寻找主题句有以下四个小窍门：(1)段落中出现段落中出现转折转折时，该句很可能是主题时，该句很可能是主题句。句。 （NO.1 P48)(2)作者有意识地作者有意识地反复重复的观点反复重复的观点，通常是，通常是主旨；主旨；反复出现的词语反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。旨的关键词。(学

25、海导航学海导航2 A篇篇)解答这类试题时，应注意以下几点：解答这类试题时，应注意以下几点：29(3)首段出现首段出现疑问句疑问句时，对时，对该问题的回答该问题的回答很很可能就是文章主旨。可能就是文章主旨。(4)提出文章主旨时常伴有文字提示有提出文章主旨时常伴有文字提示有therefore, thus, but, however, in fact, in short等。因此，这些词后的内容很可能等。因此，这些词后的内容很可能就是文章主旨。就是文章主旨。(NO.1 P49)30 这类试题要求考生在把握文章主旨的基这类试题要求考生在把握文章主旨的基础上给文章选择一个合适的标题。础上给文章选择一个合适的标题。 因确定文章标实际仍属主旨主意题，所因确定文章标实际仍属主旨主意题，所以解答这类题的