unit 5（课堂PPT）

1、1研究生英语研究生英语综合教程综合教程Integrated Course for Graduates2Unit 5 Medicine and Health3Part I Suggested Teaching PlanObjectivesStudents will be able to:1. understand the cultural background related to the content.2. grasp the main idea of the text.3. master the key language points, especially the usage of th

2、e key words and phrases, and learn how to use them in contexts.4. express themselves more freely on the theme of Medicine and Health after doing a series of theme-related reading, listening, speaking activities.5. Study “Writing Skills: Expository Essays (1)” carefully and then write an expository e

3、ssay.Unit 5 Medicine and Health4Part I Suggested Teaching PlanUnit 1 Animals and PlantsTime Allotment1st period2nd period3rd period4th period5th periodStep 1Warming upStep 2G l o b a l analysis of Text AStep 3Language/c u l t u r e study and practiceStep 3Language/c u l t u r e study and practiceChe

4、ck on homeworkStep 4Discussion based on the video clipF u r t h e r re a d i n g : Text BStep 5Study the w r i t i n g skills and w r i t e a n essayUnit 5 Medicine and Health5Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom ActivitiesUnit 1 Animals and Plants Language Study 1. assume vt.假定;以为;假设It

5、 is a misconception to assume that the two continents are similar.关于这两块大陆相似的假设是一种误解。2. arm n.分支机构；部门1) Millicom Holdings is the British arm of an American company.米雷康姆控股有限公司是一家美国公司在英国的分支机构。2).the research arm of Congress. 国会的研究部门Unit 5 Medicine and Health6Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Clas

6、sroom Unit 1 Animals and Plants3.rest on 依赖于，寄托于上1）Leadership does not rest on the exercise of force alone.领导才能并不仅仅在于武力的运用。 2）His argument does not rest on reasoning or on experiment, but on authority.他的论点不是依靠推理或者实验, 而是靠权威。4.confound vt.使混淆；挫败1）Dont confound the means with the end.不要把手段与目的混为一谈。2）Mar

7、kets can confound traders.市场会挫败交易者。 Unit 5 Medicine and Health7Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom Unit 1 Animals and Plants5.observe vt.观察；遵守1）The Royal Greenwich Observatory was founded to observe and catalogue the stars.当初创立皇家格林尼治天文台就是为了观察星体并对其进行编目。 2）We must observe the correct pro

8、tocol.我们必须遵守应有的礼仪。6. under the auspices of 在的赞助下The tournament was held under the auspices of the city council.这次锦标赛是在市议会的赞助下举办的。Unit 5 Medicine and Health8Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom Unit 1 Animals and Plants7.issue n.（报刊的）期；问题1）The growing problem is underlined in the latest

9、issue of the Lancet. 最近一期的柳叶刀杂志中强调了这一日益严重的问题。2）A key issue for higher education in the 1990s is the need for greater diversity of courses.20 世纪 90 年代,高等教育的一个重要议题是要使课程更加多样化。8.release vt.释放；发布1）Fifty-five foxes were released from a fur farm by animal rights activists.动物权利保护主义者把55只狐狸从毛皮动物饲养场放了出来。2）Figu

10、res released yesterday show retail sales were down in March.昨天公布的数据显示零售额在3月份有所下滑。Unit 5 Medicine and Health9Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom Unit 1 Animals and Plants9.sheer a.完全的；陡峭的1）Sheer chance quite often plays an important part in sparking off an idea.灵感的激发通常纯粹是靠运气。2）There was

11、 a sheer drop just outside my window.陡坡就在我窗户外面。10.account for （在数量、比例上）占；对负责；说明（原因、理由等）1）Computers account for 5% of the countrys commercial electricity consumption.计算机占去该国商业用电的5%。2）The President and the President alone must account for his governments reforms.总统必须为他的政府改革负责，而且是负全责。3）Ministers should

12、 be called to account for their actions.部长们应该对他们的行为作出解释。Unit 5 Medicine and Health10Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom Unit 1 Animals and Plants11.work with 从事工作 He has always liked working with machinery. 他总是喜欢搞机械。12.author vt.创作出版Then he opened a restaurant, authored a book, and lan

13、ded his own radio show.后来他开了个餐馆，写了本书，还制作了自己的广播剧。Unit 5 Medicine and Health11Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom Unit 1 Animals and PlantsKey to the Exercises of Text A. Reading Comprehension No. “Proof was lacking.”2. They chose 312,000 individuals in nine European countries as subject

14、s and carried out a research for over 12 years. They used several models to evaluate possible associations between the sizes, types and density of particles in air, or traffic patterns and lung cancer cases. They observed a clear, positive correlation between the amount of particulate matter in air

15、sampled near a persons address and the odds of developing lung cancer. Unit 1 Animals and Plants12Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom Unit 1 Animals and Plants3. She thought its an important statement while the unusual point is that it refers to air pollution in general, rather than po

16、inting to a specific chemical or toxin.4. Potentially harmful chemicals enter air in cities from cars and trucks, industrial plants, and in rural areas from burning leaves and other sources. Pollutants vary not just by chemical composition, but by their size and capacity to penetrate deep in airways

17、.Unit 5 Medicine and Health13Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom Unit 1 Animals and Plants5. Coal-fired power plants may account for as much as 40 to 50 percent of U.S. air pollution. Nitrogen oxides in and sulfur dioxide are main products of coal-power plants. Petrochemical plants gen

18、erate thousands of distinct chemical compounds.6. Typically those byproducts of combustion occur in some 1,500 distinct forms. But all we know about this large class of agents is based on studies of only a dozen or so compounds. We need more data and research.Unit 5 Medicine and Health14Part II Deta

19、iled Study of the Texts and Classroom Unit 1 Animals and Plants7. Industrial facilities, plants8. The NTP is working with the NIH Chemical Genomics Center and EPAs Computational Toxicology Center to develop high through-put screening assays. The modern assays, with tiny wells and computerized readou

20、ts, enable scientists to analyze many combinations of compounds, at varying doses.Unit 5 Medicine and Health15Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom Unit 1 Animals and Plants9. One detail that might draw an oncologists attention is the relationship between air pollution and a particular f

21、orm of lung cancer called adenocarcinoma.10. To carry out a study of sufficient statistical power, we need not to collect the past information, but to get the latest and prospective data. Unit 5 Medicine and Health16Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom Unit 1 Animals and PlantsII. Vocab

22、ulary1.concentration2.hospitalization3.diameter4.penetrate5.particles6.pollutant7.contributor8.sulfur dioxide9.emission10.plantsUnit 5 Medicine and Health17Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom Unit 1 Animals and PlantsIII. Translation (E-C)伯克利实验室的科学家设计了一个评价方法来量化和比较70种化学污染物对健康的危害。他们的研究结果

23、，证实了事先已知的三种室内空气污染物二手烟、氡和甲醛，而且还发现了两种新的污染物丙烯醛和PM2.5（即直径小于2.5微米的微小颗粒）。丙烯醛主要在烹饪肉类和油类食物时产生。丙烯醛是一种有基因毒性的组织刺激剂，在第一次世界大战时曾被用作神经毒剂。PM2.5来源广泛，包括烹饪、一些清洁剂引起的反应、各种形式的燃烧，比如点蜡烛和焚香，以及常见的所有室外污染，比如交通工具和工厂。长期暴露于PM2.5中对呼吸系统和心血管系统都有危害。目前，伯克利国家实验室的科学家们正在试图找到解决这些危害的方法。至于PM2.5他们正在进行进一步的研究来了解它的大小分布和化学组成，目的是能够制定一个可以过滤PM2.5的标

24、准。Unit 5 Medicine and Health18Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom Unit 1 Animals and PlantsIV. Translation (C-E)Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is rooted in the ancient philosophy of Taoism and dates back more than 2,500 years. The ancient beliefs on which TCM is based mainly includ

25、e: Yin and Yang theory, the Five Elementsmetal, wood, water, fire and earth, Zang Fu Organ theory and Meridians theory. TCM encompasses many different practices, including acupuncture, moxibustion, Chinese herbal medicine, Chinese therapeutic massage, dietary therapy, scraping, cupping and tai chi a

26、nd qi gong. In the United States, the most commonly used approaches include Chinese herbal medicine, acupuncture, and tai chi.Unit 5 Medicine and Health19Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom V. DiscussionTranscript of the video clipWHO confirms air pollution as leading cause of lung can

27、cerThe World Health Organization has confirmed what many people choking on city smog have long suspected, that air pollution is a leading cause of lung cancer. The news will alarm billions of people in emerging economies, where the problem is often acute. But the announcement also coincides with a r

28、eport this week revealing 400,000 Europeans are dying each year because of air pollution.Unit 5 Medicine and Health20Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom The World Health Organizations cancer research arm says that after years of investigation and thousands of scientific papers the evid

29、ence is now indisputable.Outdoor air pollution is carcinogenic to humans, which makes this an IARC Group 1 carcinogen. (said Dr. Dana Loomis, Intl Agency for Research on Cancer, WHO.)In terms of danger, air pollution now ranks alongside asbestos, tobacco and UV radiation. It continues to be a major

30、problem in emerging economies. But a new report shows that it is a killer even in the EU, which prides itself on tough efforts to eradicate air pollution.Approximately 400,000 people die early each year in Europe just due to air pollution, and this has also a cost in terms of extra medication, hospi

31、talization and millions of lost working days. (said Louise Duprez, Policy Officer, European Environmental Bureau.)Unit 5 Medicine and Health21Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom A report released this week reveals 90 percent of city dwellers are subject to levels considered dangerous b

32、y the WHO.The European Environmental Agency says its not just the cities, but also some rural areas that have significant levels of air pollution.The main driving forces are transport, cars and busses and trucks, obviously we have the burning of fossil fuels and this can be in industry and energy sy

33、stems and we also have agriculture. (said Hans Bruyninckx, Executive Dir., European Environmental Agency.)After decades of strenuous efforts to cut emissions Europes problem highlights challenges elsewhere.Unit 5 Medicine and Health22Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom Air pollution is

34、 probably even more of an issue in Asia, in Africa and in the Latin America at this moment. said Hans Bruyninckx, Executive Dir., European Environmental Agency.The WHOs International Agency for Research on Cancer estimates there were 220,000 air pollution related lung cancers deaths in 2010. The org

35、anization lists India and China as having the worlds most polluted cities, but environmental officials hope the new report will lead to greater reduction efforts around the globe. Unit 5 Medicine and Health23Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom Key to the Exercises of Text BReading Comp

36、rehension1.F 2.F 3.F 4.T 5.F6.T 7.T 8.F 9.F 10.TII. Use of English (omitted)Unit 5 Medicine and Health24Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom Text A参考译文参考译文空气中什么引起肺癌？空气中什么引起肺癌？ 许多人认为空气污染能会导致癌症，但是到目前为止仍缺少证据。上个月，世界卫生组织的癌症分支国际癌症研究会声称，空气污染是一种致癌因素。尽管医生和其他人长期凭直觉地认为差的空气质量和恶性肿瘤有关系，但是几乎没有科学组织官方地承

37、认这种关系。也就是说，证据不足。Unit 5 Medicine and Health25Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom 致癌因素这个新的名称是以发表在柳叶刀肿瘤学杂志上的大量分析资料为基础的。“ESCAPE”（空气污染效应的欧洲队列研究）试验从九个欧洲国家中对312000余人进行了历时12年之久的随访登记资料中得到数据。调查者用了几个模型来评估空气中颗粒的大小、类型、密度或者交通方式与肺癌患病的可能性之间的关系。他们检查了可能混淆数据的社会和经济因素，比如每人的水果消费量、年龄、性别和教育水平，并且评估了吸烟习惯。在研究群体中

38、一共出现了2095例肺癌患者。Unit 5 Medicine and Health26Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom 调查者发现，从一个人居所周围抽样得到的空气中颗粒物质的数量和患肺癌的可能性有明显的正相关。他们还发现，一个人家周围的道路交通车流量和患肺癌的几率有较弱但是有统计学意义的关联。哥伦比亚大学环境卫生科学的教授Regina Santella说：“这是一个很重要的陈述/观点？”。她认为，国际癌症研究机构决定的不寻常之处是，它指的是总体的空气污染，而不是特指一种具体的化学物质或者毒素，“这样公众容易理解”。Unit 5

39、Medicine and Health27Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom Santella说：“确切地讲，空气中的物质每天都会变化，在同一城市和邻里之间它都会不同”。这是一个复杂的问题，因为空气污染包括大量的化合物。潜在的有害化学物质从城市里汽车、卡车、工业厂房和农村地区燃烧的树叶以及其他来源进入空气。污染物不仅仅因化学成分而不同，也区别于他们的大小和进入下呼吸道的能力。“比如，你可能想了解那些直径小于2.5微米的颗粒。这些空气传播的微小物质是导致健康问题的主要因素，” Santella如是说。Unit 5 Medicine

40、and Health28Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom 美国毒理学项目目前没有把空气污染列入肺癌和其他癌症的病因。“我们没有把空气污染看做一个独立的实体，”美国毒理学计划的科学家、副主任John Bucher如是说。跨机构小组负责评估成千上万化学物质的毒性并把这些数据公布于众。该小组下属于美国环境健康研究院，与环境保护局、食物与药品管理局、疾病控制与预防中心职业安全科合作。国家毒理学规划处通常每两年发布一次致癌物质报告。上一次发行是在2011年。审核下次发行资料的会议由于政府停工被推迟了，Bucher说道。最新的报告将于201

41、4年发行。Unit 5 Medicine and Health29Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom Bucher说:“国家毒理学计划不仅仅是癌症计划，我们关注的是所有危害健康的问题。”该计划已经检查了空气污染中的个别成分，包括汞、铅、臭氧、苯和其他的分子。空气污染问题广泛，这是由于美国全国范围内不同来源的大量毒素的出现。他说，美国高达40%到50%的空气污染归咎于燃煤发电厂。在“ESCAPE（空气污染效应的欧洲队列研究）”试验中，研究者检测了空气样本中一氧化氮的浓度并没有发现其和肺癌的关系。国家毒理学计划没有特别地研究空气污染中

42、这类化合物，但是确实已经计划分析燃煤发电厂的另一产物：二氧化硫。Unit 5 Medicine and Health30Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom 综合考虑，这些数据支持环境毒素在这种疾病中发挥作用的观点。总体来说，肺癌仍然是癌症相关死亡的主要原因，在美国每年约160000人死于肺癌，在全球每年约760万人死于肺癌。Bernard Goldstein是一名医生、环境毒理学家也曾任匹兹堡大学公共卫生研究生院前主任，他写了数百篇文章并向国会证明环境问题。“当然，这是一件好事，”他说，他指的是国际癌症研究机构把空气污染称作致癌物

43、的决定。“要把已知的东西称作致癌物，你必须有足够大的样本，现在我们有这些样本，并且信息学能帮我们分析数据。”Unit 5 Medicine and Health31Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom 知道什么环境因素引起癌症并且做到预防或许是一件不可能的任务。大部分关于毒素暴露（基于对病人的调查，在一些研究中是基于对照的调查）的临床数据是必然相关的。暴露体/外来体，一个新的重要的理论概念，会反映暴露于化学物质、离子放射、颗粒或者包括细菌的其他物质之后，遗传物质、蛋白质和其他分子（例如脂质）的变化。实际的问题是，很难知道一个人在出生

44、前/早期胚胎时曾暴露于什么因素，比如，在妊娠初期（在子宫的前三个月）或后期。你的暴露体会受到你现在所呼吸的空气和饮用的饮料的影响。Unit 5 Medicine and Health32Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom 石油化工厂产生大量不同的化合物。不是所有的都有害。环保局提供了一份公布的工厂排放物的相互作用图。但是这些数据不能说明一切。多环芳香族碳氢化合物是代表空气污染的另一主要因素。这些是典型的燃烧产生的副产品，有大约1500种不同的形式。“但是我们对这一大类物质的了解都是基于对一部分化合物的研究，因此，目前的研究是不够的

45、。” Bucher说。为了得到对潜在毒素更准确更快速的处理方法，国家毒理学项目正在与国立健康研究院化学遗传学中心和环保局计算毒理学中心合作进行高通量筛选的分析。这些技术不一定能证实一种化合物能引起癌症或其他疾病。“但是我们能测量大量的化学物质如何改变细胞的基因表达，” Bucher说。现代分析技术加上微孔和计算机解析，使科学家能够分析很多不同剂量化合物的组合。“我们希望将来能够能用这些系统来理解化学物质是如何影响引起疾病的分子通路的，” Bucher说。Unit 5 Medicine and Health33Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Cla

46、ssroom 可能会引起肿瘤学家注意的一个细节是空气污染和称作腺癌的这一特殊类型肺癌之间的关系。柳叶刀肿瘤学杂志报道，这种类型的肺癌和空气污染关系更密切。在肺癌的非吸烟患者中，腺癌是最常见的病理类型。“癌症的发病需要20到30年，”Santella说。在她的实验室里，研究人员研究化学物质是如何改变以及结合到DNA上的。 “如果在诊断时检测一个曾经可能的暴露毒素，可能没什么用”她说到。“关于过去的调查信息是不可靠的”。如果你问癌症患者有关过去的暴露因素，他们的回答是受回忆偏倚和记忆力的限制的。因此，“很难得到预期的数据。”她说。“为了进行一个有充分统计学效力的研究，你需要招募很多人然后等待，等待

47、。”Unit 5 Medicine and Health34Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom Text B参考译文参考译文替代性药品普及，但它们真的有效吗？替代性药品普及，但它们真的有效吗？如果有谁想减脂、解肝毒、不得感冒、激发大脑、提升体能或者缓解压力，他所要做的就是进一个售卖维生素的商店逛逛。架子上排列着药品以其辅助功效招徕顾客：如被吹捧为有辅助记忆功能的银杏或玫瑰和橙油，有降脂功效的大蒜，抗感冒的紫锥菊，治疗肝炎的奶蓟草以及抗抑郁的圣约翰草。Unit 5 Medicine and Health35Part II Detai

48、led Study of the Texts and Classroom 然而，问题是，哪种产品是有效的？就算有效，我们又怎么知道呢？幸好有詹姆斯林德，我们得以找到答案。1740年，Lind登上英国索尔兹伯里皇家海军舰艇，决心要检测柑橘可否治疗坏血病，他的这项举动将医学模式由以往的基于个人信仰的体系转化为一种循证体系。我们不再单纯相信某种疗法，而是可以通过测试来看它是否起效。自Lind时代起，尽管临床研究的规模与费用剧增，但关于替代疗法的观点是可以验证的，完全可通过试验来验证。在这种意义上，就不再有“替代医学”这一说法。如果临床试验证明一种疗法是有效的，那么它就是一种好的医疗方法，如果无效，那

49、么它就不能算作一种替代。Unit 5 Medicine and Health36Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom 如Hippocrates（希波克拉底）曾经用柳树的叶子治疗头痛和肌肉痛。在19世纪初期，科学家们从其中分离出活性成分：阿司匹林。18世纪末期，William Withering用一种毛地黄植物治疗心衰病人，后来发现毛地黄含有一种可以增强心肌收缩力的药物洋地黄。最近又发现，艾草这种被中医使用了上千年的草药，含有后来被称作“青蒿素”的一种抗疟疾药。“草药其实不上一种替代，”耶鲁神经学家Steven Novella写到，“

50、它们被视为科学医学就算没有几百年也有几十年之久。草药就是药物，完全可以把它当药物来研究。”Unit 5 Medicine and Health37Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom 看看这些声明看看这些声明不过,在许多情况下天然产物经检测显示并未达到声明中的效果。例如尽管主流医学还未找出治疗痴呆或者提高记忆力的方法，替代医学的医师就声称他们已有解决方案：银杏。结果银杏成为最常用却最无效的十种药物之一。在2000年至2008年间，美国国立卫生研究院资助了一项由华盛顿大学、匹兹堡大学、维克森林大学、约翰霍普金斯大学及加州大学戴维斯分校

51、协作的研究，来验证银杏是否对治疗痴呆或者提高记忆力有效。3000余名老年人被随即分组分别用银杏或者安慰剂治疗，记忆力衰退和痴呆发病率两组相同。在2012年，一项基于2800余名成年人的研究试验证明银杏并不能预防阿尔茨海默病（即老年痴呆）。Unit 5 Medicine and Health38Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom 另一个例子是圣约翰草。在美国，每年有上千万人饱含重度抑郁的折磨，且每年有35000人因此自杀。抑郁是一种非常严重的疾病，为了治疗抑郁症，科学家们研发了可以转化脑内化学物质的药物，比如5-羟色胺。这些被称为选

52、择性5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂(SSRIs)的药物，已获得美国食品及药物管理局许可，并被证实有助治疗重度抑郁症。但也有些人听说还有一种更为天然和安全的方法可以治疗重度抑郁，即圣约翰草。因为有太多人在使用这种草药，更因为抑郁如果治疗不当会导致自杀，研究者们对它进行了研究。自1998年11月到2000年2月，11个医学研究中心将200位门诊病人随机分组，分别使用圣约翰草和安慰剂治疗。结果显示，两种治疗抑郁的方式根本没有差别。Unit 5 Medicine and Health39Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom 另一种受人喜爱的家庭疗法是使用大蒜以降低胆固醇。由于高胆固醇与心脏病联系密切，而心脏病又是首位致死原因；也因为降脂药物可以降低胆固醇，而很多人却选择大蒜代替降脂药物，因此研究者们又对大蒜进行了研究。2007年，Christopher Gardner和他的同事在斯坦福大学医学院，以192名低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（有害胆固醇）增高的成年人为研究对象，对大蒜的降脂效应进行了评估。受试者分别接受生大蒜、大蒜粉、大蒜精或安慰剂，每周6天，持续6个月。研究人员通