功能翻译理论文献综述

1、从功能理论视角看戴译本边城中文化负载词的翻译策略与方法On the Translation Strategies and Methods of Culture-loaded Words in The Border Town: A Functional PerspectiveMain Aim: To explore whether the translation strategies and methods of culture-loaded words in Gladys Yangs thanlation of The Border Town, chosen within the framew

2、ork of German functionalism, will facilitate the realization of the intended purpose of the translation.To analyze how the target text is able to arouse foreign readers intrerest in Chinese literature and culture and promote the overseas dissemination of Chinese literature and culture while establis

3、hing a new image of China in the world.Drawing inspiration from German functionalism, the thesis aims to explore the workability of translation strategies and methods of culture-loaded words in Gladys Yangs English version of The Border Town from its perspective.Firstly,The translation of by Gladys

4、Yang is well worth researching. Biancheng is the representative work of Shen Congwen, who enjoys high reputation in the literature world. Known as a pastoral, Biancheng depicts the beautiful scenery, distinctive folklore and local customs in a small town in west Hunan in 1930s when it was little tou

5、ched by mercantilism and modern ideology. Its full of strong local culture and pure human nature.Secondly, there are four English translation of this work, including Emily Paynes The Frontier City in 1974, Jeffery Kinkleys Border Town in2009 and The Border Town by Gladys Yang in 1981. Gladys bilingu

6、al and bicultural competence is a representation. Gladyss version belongs to an institutional translation work which has a clear Skopos, which is taken as a top-ranking rule, applicable to the annalysis of Gladys The Border Town. 功能翻译理论 国外功能派翻译理论研究一、功能派翻译理论提出的背景二、功能派翻译理论的形成和发展三、总结功能派翻译理论提出的背景20世纪六七十

7、年代，德国译学界深受结构主义语言学的影响，“对等” 成为了翻译研究的中心。功能派翻译理论就是这时兴起并逐步深化。它将研究视线从源语文本转向目标与文本，成为当代德国译学界影响最大，最活跃的学派。功能派翻译理论的形成和发展功能派翻译理论是20世纪70年代德国学者凯瑟林娜赖斯(Kantharina Reiss)、汉斯费米尔(HansVermeer)、贾斯塔赫兹曼塔利(Justa Holz Mantari)和克里斯蒂安诺德(Christiane Nord)等提出的翻译理论 。它的形成大体经历了四个阶段，其颇具里程碑意义的理论是赖斯的功能主义翻译批评理论(functional category of t

8、ranslation criticism)，费米尔的目的论及其延伸理论(Skopostheorie and beyond)，曼塔利的翻译行为理论(theory of translation action)和诺德的功能加忠诚理论(function plus loyalty)。1、赖斯与功能主义翻译批评理论德国功能主义翻译学派先导人物是赖斯，她在1971年出版的翻译批评的可能性与局限性一书中，提出了“功能派理论思想的雏形”。赖斯认为，翻译批评的研究对象不仅只是文学翻译，还应包括其他各种不同语言之间的信息传递现象。她将语言的功能总结为三类：描述、表达和诉请。但在现实文本中，语言的三种功能不一定同时出

9、现、同等重要。因此，她又根据文本中主导的语言功能的不同将文本划分为三类：以内容为重的文本，以形式为重的文本和以诉请为重的文本。除了以上三种文本，赖斯还总结了一种语音文本。这种以声音为媒介的文本可以根据其文本功能归属到上述三类文本中去。同时，针对不同类型的文本，赖斯还提出了具体的翻译方法。她认为“不同类型的文本采用不同的翻译方法”。同时赖斯还罗列了一系列的言内标准和言外标准，用以评价译文的充分性。 她在对等的问题上，表现的更为灵活。可以通过适当的删减和补充，最大限度的实现源语文本在目标语中功能的转换。但是，这些翻译思想过分依赖语言学，忽略了文化、译者等其它因素对翻译的影响。2、汉斯弗米尔和目的论

10、赖斯的学生费米尔突破了对等理论的限制，正式提出了翻译“目的论”skopos theory（普通翻译理论的框架1978）。这是功能主义翻译学派的主体理论，也是该理论学派最重要的理论。该理论以文本目的为翻译过程的第一准则。目的论关注的是“译作的目的”，因为这决定了译者在翻译过程中所采取的翻译方法和策略以及翻译技巧。功能目的论包含三大规则：目的性规则（翻译中所要遵循的首要法则）、连贯性规则（主要强调译文在译入语中的可读性及其交际意义）和忠实性规则（即通常所说的译文要忠实于原文）。“目的论”的翻译即意味着“目标语情景中为某种目的及目的受众而生产的语篇”。目的论注重对翻译委托人的考虑，打破了传统只考虑原

11、文作者、译者、译文读者的局限。目的论强调主体的主动性与参与性，并且认为原文主要发挥提供信息的作用，从而将翻译的焦点由对原文的忠实再现转译到译文的创作，推翻了原文的中心地位，从而树立了译文和译者的中心地位。目的论把翻译看做是一种文化比较，是在一定的文化语境中进行的跨文化交际，把翻译放到一个宏大的文化语境中去审视。其不足之处表现在，对翻译目的的过分强调，强化了对译者和译文的目的，忽视了原文的一些具体特征，很可能造成错译、误译、漏译等；比如，把格列夫游记翻译成儿童作品，可能会忽略掉原文作者所要表达的真正意义。3、贾斯塔霍兹曼塔利和翻译行为继费米尔提出“目的论”之后，贾斯塔霍尔兹曼塔利比弗米尔更进一步

12、拓展了功能主义翻译理论适用的领域。她以行为理论作为基础，提出了“翻译行为”（ translation action）这一概念。曼塔利视翻译为一种跨文化、跨语言的交际行为，而非单纯的语言转换过程。她特别重视对行为参与者（发起人、委托人、译者、译文使用者、信息接受者等）和环境条件（时间、地点、媒介）的分析。她关注译者在以劳动分工为特征的社会中所处的地位，给予译者威信，使其以跨文化交流专家和客户可靠的合作伙伴身份出现。 4、克里斯蒂安诺德与功能加忠诚理论克里斯蒂安诺德是德国翻译研究界的领袖人物。1997年，她发表了英语专著Translating as a Purposeful ActivityFun

13、ctionalist Approaches Explained 翻译是一种有目的的活动：功能翻译理论解释。该书全面介绍了德国功能翻译学派的理论，同时说明了她本人的功能翻译观点。她把忠诚原作引入功能主义模式，希望解决翻译中的激进功能主义问题。诺德指出“功能主义”翻译理论是指专注于文本和翻译的一种或者多种功能的一种理论流派（Functionalist means focusing on the function or functions of texts and translations.)在翻译中的语篇分析一书中，诺德首次提出“功能加忠诚”的概念。功能加忠诚构成了诺德功能主义方法论的两大基础。功

14、能指的是使译文在目的语环境中按预定的方式运作的因素；忠诚指的是译者、原文作者、译文接受人及翻译发起人之间的人际关系。诺德说，忠诚“使译者同时忠于源语和目的语两方面，但不能把它与忠实的概念混为一谈，因为忠实仅仅指向原文与译文的关系，而忠诚是个人际范畴的概念，指的是人与人之间的社会关系”。总结功能主义翻译理论的出现，标志着翻译研究的全面转向：即由原先占主导地位的语言学以及侧重形式的译论转向更加注重功能和社会文化因素的译论。这一转向得益于交际理论、行为理论、话语语言学、语篇学以及文学研究中趋向于接受理论的一系列研究性活动，具有严密的科学性和更大的理论包容性。这使“翻译研究逐渐摆脱了关于翻译转换的静态

15、语言学分类”，开始了多元化的翻译批评标准。 对世界翻译理论界来说，德国功能学派以巨大的勇气摆脱直译意译和对等理论的束缚，将翻译定义从翻译即文本从原语一一对应地转换为目的语的观点中解放出来，扩展成为翻译行为，包括跨文化的一切语言符号与非语言符号的转换，把翻译研究纳入跨文化交际研究中。功能派翻译理论打破了两千年来的直译意译之争，提出只要译者采用的翻译方法符合交际目标，就可以自由选择翻译方法。因此，译者的地位得到了提高，甚至与原作者、编辑、客户同等重要。同时，功能翻译理论也有其固有的局限。翻译活动的正常情况应是文化之间的交流与沟通，是信息资源的传递与共享，是国际间合作的桥梁和纽带，是不同民族间人们交

16、往的手段。但如果原作者的个人意志可以被随意歪曲甚至剥夺，原文信息可以任意篡改，允许译者的个人意志无限度地放纵或张扬，其结果必然会影响，甚至破坏文化交流。另外，翻译目的论者主张从宏观上界定翻译，但译者不一定能准确把握译文目的，要么用归化法译为目的语文化；要么用异化法让读者熟悉原语文化，从而忽视了文本的功能问题。 T TRANSLATIONRANSLATION OFOF C CULTUREULTURE- -LOADEDLOADED W WORDSORDS文化负载词的翻译文化负载词的翻译CULTURE-LOADED WORDSDefinitionIn the language system, the

17、 words which can best embody the language carrying cultural information and reflecting the social life of human is culture-loaded words.(在语言系统中，最能体现语言承载的文化信息、反映人类的社会生活的词汇就是文化负载词。)Culture-loaded words refer to those words or phrases which convey a certain kind of cultural connotations or associations

18、 which may or may not be found in other languages or cultures. 文化负载词是最能体现语言中浓厚的民族色彩和鲜明文化负载词是最能体现语言中浓厚的民族色彩和鲜明的文化的文化个性的词汇个性的词汇。IN WESTERN COUNTRIESPeter Newmark（categorized culture-loaded words into five types）ecology（生态学）material culture（物质文化）social culture（社会文化）organizations, customs, activities, p

19、rocedures, concepts（组织、风俗等）gestures（声势语言学） and habitsMona Baker（eight methods）translation by a more general word (superordinate)translation by a more neutral/less expressive wordtranslation by cultural substitutiontranslation using a loan word or loan word plus explanationtranslation by paraphrase u

20、sing a related wordtranslation by paraphrase using unrelated wordstranslation by omission（省译）translation by illustrationJavier Franco Aixela（eleven translation methods of culture-loaded words）repetitionorthographic adaptationlinguistic(non-cultural) translationextratextual glossintratextual glosssyn

21、onymyLimited universalizationabsolute universatlizationnaturalizationDeletionautonomous creationEirlys Daviespreservation,additionomissionglobalizationlocalizationtransformation,creation Although these researchers have categorized culture-loaded words and proposed their own specific translation meth

22、ods based on their translation practice, it is important to note that few of them tried to provide theoretical or statistical explanation for the translation of culture-loaded words. IN CHINA Because of the difficulties and obstacles resulting from the cultural differences between English and Chines

23、e, especially in literary works, a number of translators and scholars started to put their foci on the translation of culture-loaded words. And many of them proposed their own translation methods in this regard, based on their rich practice experience.Wang Dongfengliteral translation plus annotation

24、intratextual explicationadaptationomissionliteral translationLe Jinshengannotationcontextual amplificationparaphraseadaptationXu Juntransliterationliteral translationliberal translationliteral translation plus denotationGuo JianzhongSL culture-oriented TL culture-oriented Sun Zhiliforeignization fir

25、stfomestication second All the above conclusions, though different, have been reached from the perspective of translation practice. And these researchers concluded their translation methods to deal with specific problems or expressed their tendency to certain translation strategies, but these resear

26、chers didnt provide theoretical explanation or justification for their application of certain strategies and methods. Several scholars tried to seek for theoretical justification. For example, Chen Xiaowei introduced functionalism to defend some translation methods. She believed that breaking with e

27、quivalence theories, the functionalist theory opens up a new perspective to translation research at home, for the theory provides a theoretical basis for some translation methods. Previous Studies on the Translation of Culture-loaded Words in Gladys Yangs The Border Town and Other StoriesAmong overs

28、eas sinologists, C. T. Hsia, a renowned Chinese literary critic and scholar, spoke highly of Shen Congwen in his representative work A History of Modern Chinese Fiction (1961). Jeffrey Kinkley (金介甫) published The Odyssey of Shen Congwen (1987), which is regarded as the best English study on Shen Con

29、gwen and his works. In China, the 1980s witnessed the rediscovery of Shen Congwen and the rise of Shen Congwen Craze, which attracted much attention from readers and scholars, starting a new literary trend of the root-searching literature.In that case, the translation research on Shens works began t

30、o flourish. There are four translated versions of his famous works Biancheng, which are from different translators and different publishers at different time, including Emily Hahn and Shing Mo-leis Green Jade and Green Jade in 1936, Ching Ti and Robert Paynes The Frontier City in 1947, Jeffery Kinkl

31、eys The Border Town in 2009 and Gladys Yangs The Border Town and Other Stories, which was first published in two consecutive issues of Chinese Literature magazine in 1962 and then published in Panda Books in 1981. And Gladys Yang is an eminent translator of English origin with bilingual and bicultur

32、al competence, who worked for the Chinese Literature magazine, a government-funded institution at that time.Taking Gladys Yangs English version of The Border Town and Other Stroies as a case study, Qian discussed the translation of Chinese culture-loaded words under the guidance of relevance theory(

33、钱静一，2012). And the strategies and methods used to translate the culture-loaded words were elaborated with the guidance of optimal relevance, aiming to provide a new perspective for rendering such words. With a systematic analysis, it came to the conclusion that the relevance theory could be used to

34、guide the translation of Chinese culture-loaded words, and the selection of translation strategies should be in accordance with the optimal relevance. Hu employed the relevance-theoretic translation theory to explain the translation of culture-loaded words in Biancheng(胡兰，2012). Different from Qians

35、 thesis (2012), Hus thesis selected two English versions of Biancheng to make a comparative case study, one from Gladys Yang and the other from Jeffrey Kinkley. In the light of relevance-theoretic categorization of translation strategies, namely, direct translation and indirect translation, the thes

36、is introduced the ostensive-inferential process, interpretive resemblance, and optimal relevance to compare and explain the different choice of translation strategies adopted by Kinkley and Gladys Yang. The conclusion showed that Kinkley applied more direct translation to achieve optimal relevance,

37、while Gladys was inclined to use indirect translation. Lius thesis covered more translated works by Gladys Yang, most of which are modern and contemporary literary works, including Shen Congwens The Husband, The Border Town and soon(刘娜娜，2012). Within the framework of the Skopos theory, the thesis explored the translation strategies (domestication and foreignization) employed by Gladys Yang, after making a detailed analysis of the culture-loaded words in Gladys Yangs translated works. Liu concluded that Glayds Yang mainly adopted foreignization for the purpose