《跨文化交际》ppt课件

1、Chapter 9 Nonverbal CommunicationLearning objectives :Chapter 9 Nonverbal Communication1.to identify the definitions of nonverbal communication 2.to know the functions of nonverbal communication3.to understand the various categories of nonverbal communication wNonverbal Communication DefinedwCulture

2、 and Nonverbal Communication wCategories of Nonverbal Communication wNonverbal Expectancy Violations Theory indexChapter 9 Nonverbal Communication Narrowly speaking, nonverbal communication (非言语交际非言语交际) refers to intentional use of nonspoken symbol to communicate a specific message. Nonverbal Commun

3、ication Defined Chapter 9 Nonverbal CommunicationThe Alliance Between Culture and Nonverbal The Functions of Nonverbal Communication Nonverbal Misinterpretations as a Barrier 2. Culture and Nonverbal Communication Chapter 9 Nonverbal CommunicationThe Alliance关系关系 Between Culture and Nonverbal By und

4、erstanding important cultural differences in this behavior, you will be able to gather clues about underlying attitudes and values, because nonverbal communication often reveals basic cultural traits. Chapter 9 Nonverbal CommunicationThe Functions of Nonverbal Communication a. Replacing There are si

5、tuations in which words cannot be used. In a very noisy street, for example, police officer might use hand gestures to replace spoken messages. b. Complementingc. Substitutingd. Contradictinge. Regulating (调整调整) interaction f. Reinforcing强调强调and modifying Chapter 9 Nonverbal CommunicationNonverbal C

6、ommunication is Often Ambiguous Many nonverbal expressions vary from culture to culture, and it is just those variations that nonverbal communication can be ambiguous.This gesture means OK in the U.S and many cultures, while it means zero in France, and means money in Japan. Chapter 9 Nonverbal Comm

7、unication3. Categories of Nonverbal Communication w paralanguage/metacommunication(副言语副言语/元信息元信息传送传送)w chronemics (时间行为时间行为 )w proxemics (时空行为时空行为) w ocuelsics (目光语目光语)w olfactics (嗅觉嗅觉)w haptics (触觉行为触觉行为)w kinesics (身势语行为身势语行为)w chromatics (颜色学颜色学) w silence w clothing and physical appearance Chap

8、ter 9 Nonverbal CommunicationA. Paralanguage / MetacommunicationwParalanguagew wMetacommunicationw Metacommunication is the intentional or unintentional implied meaning of a message. 1. Vocal characterizers (声音的特征声音的特征)2. Vocal qualifiers (声音的修饰声音的修饰)3. Vocal segregates (声音的分割声音的分割)4. Accent (口音口音)C

9、hapter 9 Nonverbal CommunicationB. Chronemics (时间行为) a. The sense of time b. Monochronic and polychronic time 单维度时间取向单维度时间取向-多维度时间取向多维度时间取向 Chronemics is the study of how people perceive and use time. Chapter 9 Nonverbal Communicationa. The sense of time1. Time is cyclical (循环的循环的)2. Time is linear

10、(线性的线性的) Western cultures think time is linear a flow from the past to the present to the future. Life on earth evolved in response to the cycles of day and night and the ebb and flow of the tides.Chapter 9 Nonverbal Communicationb. Monochronic and polychronic time 1. Monochronic time 单维度时间取向单维度时间取向

11、2. Polychronic time多维度时间取向多维度时间取向 Polychronic time means being involved with many things at once. Monochronic time means paying attention to and doing only one thing at a time. Chapter 9 Nonverbal CommunicationC. proxemics 时空行为时空行为 a. Personal space b. Seating c. Furniture arrangement Proxemics refe

12、rs to the perception and use of space, including territoriality (领地感) and personal space. Territoriality refers to physical space; personal space refers to perceptual or psychological space. Chapter 9 Nonverbal Communication a. Personal space个人间隔个人间隔 In the United StatesHall reports that psychologis

13、ts have identified four zones from which U.S. people interact: the intimate zone, the personal zone, the social zone, and the public zone.2. In India In India, there are elaborate rules about how closely members of each caste阶级阶级 may approach other castes. 3. In Arab Arabs of the same sex do stand m

14、uch closer than North Americans. An Arab entering an elevator may stand right next to another person and be touching even though no one else is in the elevator. Chapter 9 Nonverbal Communicationb. Seating In the United States, they tend to talk with those opposite them rather than those seated or st

15、and beside them. The Chinese often experience uneasiness when they face someone directly or sit on opposite side of a desk or table from someone. Chapter 9 Nonverbal Communicationc. Furniture arrangement French space is a reflection of French culture. Everything is centralized, and spatially the ent

16、ire country is laid out around centers.In Germany, where privacy is stressed, office furniture is spread throughout the office.In Japan, where group participation is encouraged, many desks are arranged hierarchically in the center of a large, common room absent of walls.Chinese geomancy (泥土占卜泥土占卜),

17、feng shui, is the art of arranging the physical environment to establish harmony with the natural environment to achieve happiness, prosperity, and health. Chapter 9 Nonverbal Communicationfeng shuiw Feng Shui is a 3,000+ year oldw metaphysical practice形而上学实际观 , originating in China, but relevant to

18、 everyone since it deals with energy, nature, laws of physics and the environments we all create. The harmful effect of exposed beams is well-documented and a basic feng shui principle is that flat, beamless ceilings are much healthier to sleep under.w One first and very important feng shui career t

19、ip talks about your desk position. The desk or table you use for working should be placed in a position that allows you to see the main door. Your desk should never be with your back at the door, since that would be very harmful for your career. And if possible, you should also try to place it in su

20、ch an angle where you can also see the window. The study of communications sent by the eyes is termed oculesics. A prolonged gaze or stare in the United States is considered rude. In other cultures such as Japan, Korea, and Thailand, staring is alsoconsidered rude. In most cultures, men do not stare

21、 at women. In France and Italy, however, men can stare at women in public. In the United States, staring at a person is considered a sign of interest and may even be interpreted as sexually suggestive. D ocuelsics 目光语目光语Chapter 9 Nonverbal CommunicationE. Olfactics (嗅觉嗅觉) The study of communication

22、via smell is called Olfactics. A persons smell can have a positive or negative effect on the oral message. Do people have the same idea about fragrance? Chapter 9 Nonverbal CommunicationF. Haptics (触觉行为触觉行为) Haptics or touch refers to communicating through the use of bodily contact. In Thailand and

23、Laos, it is rude for a stranger or acquaintance (熟人) to touch a child on the top of the head because the head is regarded as the home of the spirit or soul. It is believed that a childs spirit or soul is not strong enough to be touched and has tendency to become ill if patted. Even placing a hand on

24、 the back of an Asian workers chair is considered inappropriate. White Muslims hug another person around the shoulders, Korea young people do not touch the shoulders of their elders. Chapter 9 Nonverbal CommunicationG. Kinesics 身势语 Kinesics is the term used for communicating through various types of

25、 body movements including facial expressions, gestures, posture and stance, and other mannerisms习性 that may accompany or replace oral messages. Chapter 9 Nonverbal Communication Gestures can be emblems or or regulators (ones face turns red with embarrassment). Gestures are used to add emphasisor cla

26、rity to an oral message. symbols (the “ok gesture),illustrators (police officers hand held up to stop traffic),Chapter 9 Nonverbal Communicationa. Facial expressionsb. Gestures l Head movement l Arm movementc. Posture and stance Posture, the way someone stands, sits, or walks, can send positive or n

27、egative nonverbal messages. Posture can signal agreement or disagreement. Appropriate posture is related to a persons status in society. For example, the manager may stand erect when talking to subordinates, but the subordinates may drop their shoulders when talking to the manager. Chapter 9 Nonverb

28、al CommunicationH. chromatics 颜色学颜色学Chromatics refers to the study of color use in affecting peoples mood, emotions, and impression of others. Chapter 9 Nonverbal Communication Black is the color of mourning to many Europeans and U.S. Americans, but white is worn to funerals in Japan and many other

29、nations. In the United States, white is typically worn by brides while in India, red or yellow is worn. Purple is sometimes associated with royalty, but it is the color of death in many Latin American countries. Red (especially red roses) is associated with romance in some cultures including the Uni

30、ted States. Red is not an appropriate color for wrapping gifts in Japan. Dark red is the color of mourning along the Ivory Coast科特迪瓦(旧称象牙海岸 . Cultural differences associated with colors include:Chapter 9 Nonverbal Communication Green is not used for wrapping packages in Egypt since green is the nati

31、onalist color (as red, white and blue are the nationalist colors in the United States). Men should avoid wearing a green hat in China as this signifies that their wife or sister is a prostitute. In many countries of the world, blue is considered a masculine color, but to people of France and the Uni

32、ted Kingdom, red is more masculine. Blue, in Iran, is an undesirable color. While people of the United States consider pink to be the most feminine color, persons in most other countries think of yellow as the most feminine color. Cultural differences associated with colors include:Chapter 9 Nonverb

33、al CommunicationUnited Airlines美国结合航空公司 unknowingly got off on the wrong foot 使一开头就不顺利during its initial flights from Hong Kong. To commemorate the occasion, they handed out white carnations (康乃馨) to the passengers. When they learned that to many Asians white flowers represent bad luck and even deat

34、h, they changed to red carnations.Chapter 9 Nonverbal CommunicationAmerican brides Chapter 9 Nonverbal CommunicationIndian brides Chapter 9 Nonverbal CommunicationNational flag of the U.S. Chapter 9 Nonverbal Communicationwhite carnations Chapter 9 Nonverbal CommunicationRed carnations Chapter 9 Non

35、verbal CommunicationI. Silence Silence is a form of nonverbal communication that may be interpreted in various ways depending upon the situation, the duration of the silence, and the culture. The use of silence in communication is also important. Silence can communicate agreement, apathy (冷漠), awe (

36、敬畏), confusion, contemplation (沉思), disagreement, embarrassment, obligation, regret, repressed hostility, respect, sadness, thoughtfulness, or any number of meanings. Case-analysis: Silence in Japan What is the different opinion toward silence in Western and Eastern culture? Chapter 9 Nonverbal CommunicationJ. Clothing and Physical Appearance Al