综合英语语法总结

1、新题型：- Which of the following sentences is INCORRECT?- Which of the following determiners (限定词) can be placed before both singular count nouns and plural count nouns?- Which of the following refelxive pronouns (反身代词) is used as an appositive (同位语)？- Which of the following sentences expresses WILLINGN

2、ESS?- Which of the italicized parts functions as a subject?- Which of the italicized parts functions as an object?- All the following sentences have an appositive EXCEPT .- Which of the following best explains the meaning of “Shall we buy the tickets first”?- Which of the following contains an adver

3、bial clause of cause?- Which of the following prepositional phrases can function as an adverbial?- Which of the following prepositional phrases is an adverbial of concession?- "." The sentence means that .综合教程（修订版）第一册1）simple past, past progressive, past perfect; 一般过去时，过去进行时，过去完成时Use of si

4、mple past tense:1) The simple past tense is used to talk about completed actions and habits in the past. e.g. Shakespeare died in 1616. We used to walk a mile in the morning when we were in London.2) Past tense of verbs such as want, wonder, hope is used for polite inquiries. e.g. I wondered how you

5、 liked the film.Use of past progressive: 1) The past progressive indicates a limited duration of time and is thus a convenient way to indicate that something took place (in the simple past) while something else was happening. e.g. Carlos lost his watch while he was running.2) The past progressive ca

6、n express incomplete action. e.g. I was sleeping on the couch when Bertie smashed through the door. as opposed to the simple past, which suggests a completed action e.g. I slept on the couch last night.3) The past progressive is also used to poke fun at or criticize an action that is sporadic but ha

7、bitual in nature. e.g. Tashonda was always handing in late papers. 4) We use the past progressive of verbs such as wonder to show politeness. e.g. I was wondering if you could give me a lift. This use is even more polite and tentative than the simple past.Use of past perfect tense:1) The past perfec

8、t tense expresses the idea that something occurred before another action in the past. It can also show that something happened before a specific time in the past.e.g. I had never seen such a beautiful beach before I went to Kauai.2) If the past perfect tense is not referring to an action at a specif

9、ic time, it is not optional. Compare the examples below. Here the past perfect tense is referring to a lack of experience rather than an action at a specific time. For this reason, the past perfect tense cannot be used. e.g. She never saw a bear before she moved to Alaska. Not CorrectShe had never s

10、een a bear before she moved to Alaska. Correct2）verbs of perception + ing form/ -ed form/ infinitive form; 感官动词的-ing/-ed/不定式形式Verbs of perception are a set of verbs denoting the use of one of the physical senses. Some verbs of perception see, look at, hear, listen, and feel, along with watch and sen

11、se can be used with objects followed by verbs in -ing form, -ed form and infinitive form. e.g. We heard you leave. (Emphasis on our hearing.)We heard you leaving. (Emphasis on your leaving.)John has never heard the piece played before. (Emphasis on the passive voice of play.)3）special word order wit

12、h as and though as/though 引导的让步状语从句In a concessive clause introduced by though or although, the complement or the adverbial can be placed at the beginning of the sentence. The formula for the inversion is:complement / adverbial + as / though + subject + predicate verbe.g. Old as / though he is, he w

13、orks hard as a young man. Hard as / though he studied, he did not pass the examination.Unit 21） generic reference and specific reference of a/an and the 不定冠词和定冠词的形式、语法意义及用法We usually use “the” when we talk about things that are unique: the sun, the sky, etc, and about things that are context specifi

14、c and are known by both the speaker and the listener. If we want to describe a particular instance of these we can use “a/an”. e.g. I could see the plane (context specific, both the speaker and the listener know about the plane that is mentioned) high up in the sky (unique). When I woke up there was

15、 a bright blue sky (an instance). 2）go to school or go to the school 用法区别A/an, the and zero articles can all be used in set collocations or fixed collocations and idioms. Caution that collocations with different choices of articles can mean differently. e.g. A man is standing in the front of the hou

16、se. (The man is in the house.) A tree is standing in front of the house. (The tree is outside the house.) I go to school every day. (=I go to the school to study every day.) I went to the school today. (=Today I went to some place and that place was a school.)Unit 31） morethan construction; 了解和掌握比较级

17、最高级的结构、用法和所表达的意义You can use “a little”, “ a lot”, “a bit”, “a great deal”, “any”, “far”, “ even” “still”, and “much” in front of more than construction.e.g. Tom is a little younger than Tim.You get far more than you pay for it.2） asas construction; The basic pattern is as +adjective / adverb + as. e

18、.g. John is as bright as Bob. The swimming pool isn't as wide as that one. You can use “just”, “almost”, “nearly” , “quite” in front of "as as" construction, e.g. Listening skills are just as important as speaking. Maybe I didn't love you quite as often as I should have.3）the mostT

19、he superlative construction is used when three or more than three people or things are compared. In this construction there is usually a scope of comparison which may be expressed by a prepositional phrase, a relative clause, or a non-finite clause. Sometimes the scope of comparison is understood in

20、 the context and need not be expressed. In some set expressions, a scope of comparison is unnecessary at all. The negative form of the superlative construction is "the least", which, in practical usage, is usually replaced by the superlative degree of antonymous adjectives or adverbs.e.g.

21、This is the least difficult book I have ever read.The idea of highest degree can also be expressed by other constructions. In some contexts the positive or comparative degree expresses the same meaning as is usually conveyed by the superlative.e.g. George did more work than anyone else. Nothing in m

22、y life shook me so deeply as my first visit to China.Unit 41） any, each, all, every and their compounds; any, each,all,every以及它们的复合词2） countable and uncountable nouns; 可数名词和不可数名词Common nouns can be classified into 1) countable nouns and uncountable nouns, or 2) individual nouns, collective nouns, ma

23、terial nouns and abstract nouns. Usually individual nouns and collective nouns are countable while material nouns and abstract nouns are uncountable. But sometimes abstract nouns and material nouns can be countable if they are used in specific sense, for example with an attribute. e.g. My children a

24、re a great joy (an attribute) to me. His room, at sixteen dollars a day, was a disappointment (something specific, and something that disappoints people). Sri Lanka produces many teas (many kinds of tea). 3）prepositions 介词的用法和特点及其语法意义Unit 51） imperative sentences; 祈使句Imperative sentences, also known

25、 as “commands” begin with a verb in the imperative mood and express a command, an instruction, an order, a warning, a request, a suggestion, a wish, an invitation, etc. There are three kinds of imperatives: the second person imperatives, the first person imperative, and the third person imperatives.

26、 For the second person imperatives, if we want to enhance the force of the imperative, we can add an emphatic DO or YOU at the beginning of the sentence. e.g. Mr. Smith, you sit over there. Do come in. Let me have a look.Lets stop and finish it later. Dont let anyone shirk his responsibility. 2） que

27、stion tags added to imperative clauses; 祈使句的反意问句的构成和作用Sometimes we add question tags to the imperative sentences to soften the imperative tone.For the second person imperatives, after a positive imperative, the question tag can be “will/would/can/cant/wont you/?” “Wont” is used to invite. “Will you”

28、 is often used as request. “Wont you” is used to show less forceful orders. “Would” is less forceful than “will” and much less common. “Cant you” can show the speakers annoyance. After a negative imperative, the question tag is “will you?”If the part addressed includes only the speaker the question

29、tag usually is “will/wont you?” If the part addressed includes both the speaker and the listener, the tag should be “shall we?” e.g. Dont be so noisy, will you?Stop talking, will/wont/would/can/cant you? Let me drive you home, will you?Lets take a taxi, shall we? 3） anther, other(s), the other(s) 用法

30、特点及表达的意义*“Another” means 1) additional, one more (sometimes two more, three more .) person or thing of the same type; 2) a different one, not the same person or thing.e.g. I need another week / two weeks to finish this investigation. We finally moved to another apartment. *“Other” is always followed

31、 by plural nouns. It means 1) additional; 2) else, different. “Others” means more people or things. e.g. Danny is playing with two other children. Saudi Arabia produces more oil than any other country (Singular noun must be used after “any other”.) I only know about this book, but there might be oth

32、ers (= other books). *“The other (one)” means the second of the two people or things. “The others” (= the other ones) means the rest of the people or things. Note that here there must be a specific context. e.g. You can park on the other side of the street. Shes much brighter than all the other chil

33、dren in her class (“In her class” serves as a specific context.). Unit 61） simple prepositions and complex prepositions; 介词和复合介词 The prepositions, such as in, of, at, and to, are all single words. We call them SIMPLE PREPOSITIONS.   COMPLEX PREPOSITIONS consist of two- or three-word combin

34、ations acting as a single unit. Here are some examples: according to, but for, except for, in terms of, in point of, with regard to, in the case of, etc. e.g. regardless of but for in terms of except for according to in case of 2) conjunctions连词Conjunctions are used to express a connection betw

35、een words. There are two types of conjunctions. COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS (or simply COORDINATORS) connect elements of equal syntactic status. e. g. Paul and David  I play tennis but I don't play well. meat or fish  On the other hand, SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS (or SUBORDINATORS) conne

36、ct elements of unequal syntactic status.   e.g. I left early because I had an interview the next day.  I'll be home at nine if I can get a taxi.  Unit 71) modal auxiliary + infinitive; 情态动词+不定式的构成方式及表达的不同语法意义Modal auxiliaries are a special type of verb in English language. Sy

37、ntactically, modal auxiliaries (or “modals” for short) can only be the initial element of a finite verb phrase and are invariably followed by a bare infinitive. e.g. *Notice that: when a modal auxiliary takes the predictive meaning, the infinitive after it may appear in the perfect form to denote pa

38、st time She must have seen how scared I was and reached over.and in the progressive form to denote future time.I shouldnt be eating them anyhow.When the modal auxiliary takes the non-predictive meaning, the infinitive after it usually appears in its base form as in the first example.I could hear sma

39、ll pockets of soothing conversation everywhere.2) be going to and will; be going to 和will的用法区别 But we use “will” rather than “be going to” to make a prediction based on our opinion or experience and “ be going to” rather than “will” to make a prediction based on some present evidence. And we use “wi

40、ll” when we make a decision at the moment of speaking and “be going to” for decisions about the future that have already been made.e.g. “Shall I ask Sandra?” “No, she wont want to be disturbed.” The sky has gone really dark. Theres going to be a storm. Ill pick him up at 8. (an offer; making an arra

41、ngement now) Im going to collect the children at 8. (this was previously arranged)3) hypothetical past 假设性过去时的用法及语法意义(虚拟)We use hypothetical past to talk about unreal condition in the present, future and past. And in this case, we use simple past to replace the original simple present or simple futu

42、re, and past perfect to replace the original past tense. e.g. I am so nervous à If only I werent so nervous. You are not telling the truth à I wish you were telling the truth. You didnt listen to me and you are in great trouble now. àIf you had listened to me, you wouldnt be in such t

43、rouble now. Unit 81） real and unreal conditionals; 真实条件句和非真实条件句2）it + be + + that强调句的用法及表达的不同语法意义Sentences introduced by "It is"or "It was"are often used to emphasize a specific subject or object. The introductory clause is then followed by a relative pronoun. “It + be + + that”

44、can be used to highlight the subject, object, adverbial of time, place, manner, cause. e.g.  It is Jenny who spends all her money on shoes. (subject) It is shoes that Jenny spends all her money on. (object) It was in London that he met his first wife. (place)It was only when he phoned that

45、 I realized what had happened. (time)It is learning English that I find most enjoyable nowadays. (gerund action)Unit 91）simple present tense; 一般现在时 The simple present is used in the expression of eternal truths and proverbs, scientific and other statements made for all time. e.g. A rolling stone gat

46、hers no moss. London stands on the River Thames.The simple present can express habitual or recurrent actions. e.g. Percy often goes to his office by underground. He always sleeps with his windows open.The simple present can be used to denote a momentary phenomenon that exists at the time ofspeaking.

47、 e.g. Whats the matter with you? You look pale. The simple present can be used to denote future time. e.g. I hope she likes the flowers. If it doesnt rain tomorrow, we will go to the countryside.The simple present can occasionally be used to denote past time. This use of the simple present is usuall

48、y found with such verbs as tell, say, hear, write, learn. e.g. Mary tells me youre entering college next year. I hear poor old Mrs. Smith has lost her son. 2） present progressive; 现在进行时The present progressive is used to denote an action in progress at the moment of speaking.e.g. Hurry up! Were all w

49、aiting for you.The present progressive can express an action in progress at a period of time including thepresent.e.g. Jane is studying law while her sister is doing physics.The present progressive is used to denote a future happening according to a definite plan orarrangement.e.g. Im going to Shang

50、hai for the summer holiday.When you are talking with him, take care not to mention this.The present progressive can be used to denote an action in the immediate past and to make even politer requests with such verbs as hope, wonder.e.g. You dont believe it? You know Im telling the truth.Im wondering

51、 if I may have a word with you.3）progressive verb vs. non-progressive verbs 延续性动词和非延续性动词的用法和语法意义The present progressive is commonly associated with durative dynamic verbs such as work, play, study, live, write, etc. which are progressive verbs. Those momentary verbs, denoting very short duration, su

52、ch as shoot, jump, nod, put, etc. and stative verbs such as think, know, belong, believe, like, etc., are non-progressive verbs. e.g. Peter shoots and yes, its a goal. The crowd are cheering and the other players are running up to congratulate him.Unit 101） The passive voice; 被动语态If the agent is imp

53、ortant (the person, company or thing that does the action) , use “by”. If it is not definite and does not carry any essential information, it can be omitted. Only verbs that take an object can be used in the passive voice. e. g. Houses are built.My bike was stolen.2）subordination引导状语从句的连词的用法和语法意义Sub

54、ordination (abbreviated variously subord, sbrd, subr or sr) is a complex syntactic construction in which one or more clauses are dependent on the main clause. Dependent clauses are also called “subordinate clauses”.Subordinate clauses are introduced by a subordinating conjunction, such as, after, al

55、though, as much as, as long as, as soon as, because, before, if, in order that, lest, since, so that, than, that, though, unless, until, when, whenever, where, wherever, whether, and while, etc.e.g. I don't know if George is awake yet. George overslept because his alarm clock was broken.Unit 111

56、） reported speech; 间接引语的表述方法Note: Backshift of Simple Present is optional if the situation is still unchanged or if you agree with the original speaker.e. g. “Canberra is the capital of Australia.”She said that Canberra is / was the capital of Australia. Advisory expressions with must, should and ou

57、ght are usually reported using advise / urge.e.g. “You must read that book.”He advised / urged me to read that book. The expression lets is usually reported using suggest. In this case, there are various possibilities for reported speech: gerund or statement with should.e. g. “Lets go to the cinema.”He suggested going to the cinema.He suggested that we should go to the cinema.2）subject-verb agreement 主谓一致的用法Most likely, your verb will agree with the first noun to the left of the verb. e.g. The Supreme Court judge decides the appropriate penalty.Occasionally, a sentence has the subject a