交通工程专业英语

1、Unit 1 The Evolution of Transport交通工具的演化The evolution of transport has been closely linked to the development of humankind throughout the earths historyTransports early function was to meet the basic need of hauling food supplies and building materialsBut with the formation of tribes，then peoples，an

2、d finally nations，the societal and economic functions of transport became more and more complex. At first there was mobility required for individuals，clans，households，and animals to protect them against，and to escape from，the dangers of natural disasters and tribal aggressions，and in the search for

3、the best places to settleAs tribal groups formed and gradually established their geographical identity，transport was increasingly needed to open up regions for development，to provide access to natural resources，to promote intercommunal trade，and to mobilize territorial defenseWhen the first nations

4、came into being，transport played a major role in establishing national integrity交通工具的演变紧密相连的人类在整个地球的历史发展。运输署早期功能是满足基本需要搬运粮食供应和建材等领域。但随着部落，然后人民，和最后国家形成，运输的社会和经济功能变得越来越复杂。在第一次有流动性所需的个人、 宗族、 家庭和动物保护他们免遭，和逃避危险自然灾害和部落的侵略行为，并在寻找最好的地方定居。部落群体形成和逐步确立其地理特征，运输日益需要开放地区的发展，以提供对天然资源，促进族裔间的贸易，并调动本土防卫的访问。当第一次的联合国应运

5、而生时，运输发挥了重要的作用，建立民族气节After basic societal needs had generally been attended to，local communities could increasingly devote their efforts to enhancing their economic，cultural，and technological development through trade links with other peoples and regionsAgain，transport provided the mobility required

6、 for such intertribal, international，and finally intercontinental cultural exchange and tradeDuring all of this gradual development toward an organized human society，represented today through the international family of nations，transport as physical process of moving people and goods，thus promoting

7、such development，continuously underwent technological and organizational changesSuch changes were induced by several factors and circumstancesIn fact，todays transport in its various forms and organizational arrangements remains highly subject to changes in response to societal requirements and prefe

8、rences基本社会需求大体上已照顾到后，当地社区可能会越来越多地致力于加强贸易联系通过与其他民族和地区经济、 文化和科技发展共同。再次，运输提供所需的这种部落之间、 国际和洲际最后的文化交流和贸易的流动。在所有有组织的人类社会，今天代表国际大家庭，交通工具的移动人员和货物，物理过程，从而促进这种发展，通过向此逐步发展的过程中不断发生了技术和组织的变化。这种变化是几个因素及环境所致。事实上，今天的各种形式和组织安排运输仍高度受回应社会需求和偏好的变化。Clearly，the first and foremost criterion to be satisfied by transport wa

9、s efficiencyFor centuries，and particularly during the takeoff stages of local economics，society required reliable，fast，and low cost transportThe search for appropriate technologies was relatively unconstrainedThere were times in human history when the demand for reliable and fast transport was espec

10、ially pronounced，and quick solutions were required for national self-defense. During such periods of local and international conflict, human ingenuity devised new transport technologies which often proved to be the decisive element for survival, and sometimes victory. Subsequently refined and develo

11、ped, such new technologies made it possible to better meet increasing transport demand, thus improving both economic progress and human welfare.显然符合运输的首要准则是效率。几百年来，特别是在本地经济的起飞阶段期间，社会需要快速、 可靠、 和低成本的运输。寻找合适的技术是相对无约束。倍时，在人类历史上尤为突出的可靠、 快速的运输需求，并快速解决方案所需的国家自卫。在这样的地方和国际冲突的时期人类智慧制定新运输技术往往证明的生存空间，有时胜利的决定性因素

12、。随后改进和发展，这种新技术使能够更好地满足日益增加的交通需求，从而提高经济进步和人类福祉。The need for better strategic mobility induced efforts to improve sea and land transport. This resulted in bigger and faster ships and more reliable and sturdy land vehicles. Eventually, self-propulsion was introduced, exemplified by steamboats, the rail

13、ways, and then the automobile. Research and development in the transport field finally became an organized undertaking with specific goals and objectives. As the result of the consequent concentration of talent and expertise, more and more sophisticated transport technologies evolved, such as the ai

14、rcraft and, most recently, rocket propulsion.需要更好的战略机动致努力提高海洋和陆地运输。这导致更大、 更快的船舶和更可靠和坚固的陆地车辆。最终，自航引入，蒸汽机船、 铁路和汽车的例子。在运输领域研发终于成为组织的承诺与特定的目标。作为随后浓度的人才及专业知识的结果，更多先进的传输技术如飞机和，最近，火箭推进发展。The gradual evolution of increasingly sophisticated means of transport is manifested by today' s transport systems,

15、which include air, surface, and water transport. Special industry needs have led to the development of transport modes that have rather limited applications, such as pipelines, cables, and belts. Within current societal needs and preferences, as well as the economic requirements of cost effectivenes

16、s, the various existing transport modes generally fulfill rather specific functions.今天的表现是逐渐演化的日益复杂的交通工具 ' s 运输系统，其中包括空中、 地面、 和海上运输。而是有限的应用程序如管道、 电缆和带的交通工具的发展导致特殊行业的需要。当前社会的需要和喜好，以及成本效益的经济上的要求，在现有的各种运输模式普遍达到而是特定的功能。Although transport's potential to meet effectively numerous societal mobility

17、 needs improved continuously, it became evident that such effectiveness had its price. A number of transport technologies implied high energy consumption and required substantial capital inputs in production and operation. As a result, several transport modes became expensive to the user. This cause

18、d equity problems because charges required to cover operating costs were not affordable by all population groups, thus limiting their mobility and welfare. Many governments chose to subsidize transport, but quickly realized that the budget implications often caused serious distortions in their natio

19、nal economies.虽然运输的潜力以满足有效众多社会流动性需要不断改善，很明显这种有效性了它的价格。运输技术的一些暗示能耗高，所需大量资金投入生产和经营。因此，几个交通工具变得昂贵给用户。这造成了股权问题，因为业务费用所需的费用不是负担得起的所有人口群体，从而限制了他们的流动性和福利。许多国家的政府补贴交通工具，选择了，但很快意识到，所涉预算问题经常在自己国家的经济造成严重扭曲。Pollution caused by various transport modes gradually became another serious problem as world transport i

20、n most countries and the need to cope with rising volumes of commodity flows and person travel. In several regions of the world having high population and industry concentrations, such detrimental impacts on the environment have reached high levels. These effects of such damage yet are to be fully e

21、xplored.逐渐引起各种交通工具的污染成了另一个严重的问题，作为世界交通在大多数国家和应付日益增加的商品流动和人旅行的需要。过高的人口和产业的浓度在世界一些地区，这种对环境的不利影响已达到高水平。这种损害的这些影响还很充分探讨。Finally, problems caused by dwindling world energy resources, particularly petroleum, have increasingly impeded transport services and operations. Most existing transport modes are cri

22、tically dependent on petroleum derivatives for proper functioning. With unabated growth of demand for transport and a progressively limited supply of energy, the costs of providing transport have increased steadily. In particular, the disproportion of petroleum requirements and petroleum supply has

23、caused serious inflationary problems to arise in many countries. Especially hard hit are countries with a partial or total dependence on an external petroleum supply, which have experienced growing deficits in their current accounts.最后，特别是石油、 世界能源资源日益减少，所引起的问题越来越多地阻碍了交通服务和操作。大多数现有交通工具都依赖石油衍生品的正常运作。对

24、交通的需求有增无减，逐步有限的能源供应提供运输的费用稳步增加。特别是石油需求和石油供应的非均衡性，引起严重的通胀问题在许多国家中出现。打击尤其是部分或全部依赖外部的石油供应，经历了它们的经常账户赤字不断增长的国家。The transport sector' s increasing inability to satisfy demand efficiently and equitably is a problem with which all nations have to cope in trying to advance economic and social progress.

25、Energy-supply constraints, high capital and operating costs, often with excessive foreign-exchange components, and the seriousness of transport-related environmental pollution account in large part for this problem. But transport is and will continue to be an essential requirement for world developm

26、ent and human welfare. There is no other choice but to look for alternatives to present transport systems or to modify the technical and operational characteristics of related modes so that energy consumption and costs wil1 be reduced and environmental impacts can be kept at a minimum. Obviously, th

27、e development of transport demand will have to be controlled.运输部门 ' s 越来越无法满足需求，有效和公平地是，所有国家都必须应付在试图推动经济发展和社会进步的一个问题。能源供应约束、 较高的资本和经营成本，往往与过度外汇组件和运输有关环境污染帐户在很大程度上对这一问题的严重性。但运输是并将继续是世界的发展和人类福利的基本要求。有没有别的选择，但寻找替代目前的运输系统，或修改相关模式的技术和业务特点，使能源消耗及成本失败会减少和环境的影响可以保持在最低限度。很明显，发展的运输需求将不得不加以控制。Notesl. As tr

28、ibal groups formed and gradually established their geographical identity, transport was increasingly needed to open up regions for development，to provide access to natural resources，to promote intercommunal trade，and to mobilize territorial defense随着种族部落的形成和地理界线的逐步确定，开发新区域、开采新资源、发展社区间的贸易以及捍卫领地，这些都日益

29、需要交通的发展。2. Again，transport provided the mobility required for such intertribal，internationaland finally intercontinental cultural exchange and trade而且交通提供了诸如部落间、国际间乃至于洲际间便利的贸易和文化交流。3During all of this gradual development toward an organized human society，represented today through the international f

30、amily of nations，transport as physical process of moving people and goods，thus promoting such development，continuously underwent technological and organizational changes在向有组织的人类社会的演变过程中，这种组织在今天是通过由各国组成的国际化大家庭表现出来的，交通作为人与货物移动的物理过程，电促进了这种发展，不断地经历着技术与组织方面的改变。4There is no other choice but to look for al

31、ternatives to present transport systems or to modify the technical and operational characteristics of related modes so that energy consumption and costs will be reduced and environmental impacts can be kept at a minimum没有别的办法，只有寻找新的交通替代手段或改变相关模式的技术与运行特点，才可以减少能源消耗和造价，对环境的影响也可以保持到最低程度。Unit 3 Transport

32、 TelematicsText Introduction Transport telematics，also known as intelligent transport systems (ITS)，are concerned with the application of electronic information and control to improve transportSome new systems have already been implemented and the pace of implementation can be expected to quickenWit

33、h a crystal ball，we can foresee how a typical journey to work may look in 10 years time运输信息通讯，也称为智能交通系统 （ITS），涉及电子信息与控制应用提高运输。一些新的制度已经实施和执行的步伐将会加快。有一个水晶球，我们可以预见典型之旅工作在 10 年时间里可能看起来。You feel pleased with yourself that you have preceded your in-car navigation system with the coordinates of your final

34、destination，and soon you are obtaining instructions on your best route with information updated from the local travel control center离开家里，渊前通过互联网检查您的旅游安排。通常您选择乘搭公共交通工具，您可以确定影响服务的任何中断和旅行的时间。这一次您选择乘搭车，因为你必须任命 1ater 在一天中在这些旧式商业公园是无法访问的公共交通工具之一。没有发生事件记录在你正常工作，所以您不想使用您的计算机路由型号为您选择最佳路线的路线上。As you near your

35、 place of work，you are aware of roadside messages informing you of the next park and ride serviceYou choose to ignore these as you will need to make a quick getaway for your appointmentYou then check that your travel card is clearly displayed inside the car；you dont want to be fined for not having a

36、 positive credit for the citys road pricing and parking service! The same card gives you clearance to your parking space；you activate your parking vision and co1lision control just to be sure of not scratching the MDs car next to you一旦你的车，你头，高速公路和选择巡航控制、 车道支持和碰撞避免系统，使您可以专注于您最喜欢的电台服务。突然间，这是给你一件事你的路线上

37、的信息的电台交通消息通道服务被中断。你不是惊讶的时候，在下一个路口，路边的可变信息标志 (VM) 确认这 ； 高速公路消息真的可信现在Using transport elematics All these information and control services, and many more besides, are discussed in the UK Government' s consultation document. One way of categorising these services is into the following application ar

38、eas:所有这些信息和控制服务和之外，更多的讨论，英国政府 ' s 咨询文件。Categorising 这些服务的一种方法是到下面的应用领域： traffic management and control tolling and road pricing road safety and law enforcement public transport travel information and ticketing driver information and guidance freight and fleet management vehicle safety system int

39、egrationAll these applications are being developed with assistance from research and pilot implementation programmes in Europe, USA and Japan.Traffic management and control Any traffic management and control system needs information on traffic flows, speeds, queues, incidents accidents, vehicle brea

40、kdowns, obstructions air quality and vehicle types, lengths and weights. This information will be collected using infrared, radio, loop, radar, and microwave or vision detectors. In addition, public and private organizations will provide information on planned events roadworks, leisure events, exhib

41、itions. The use to which this information is put depends on the objectives set for management and control. Network management objectives set for urban areas include:influencing traveller behaviour, in particular modal choice, route choice and the time at which journeys are made.reducing the impact o

42、f traffic on air quality.improving priority for buses and LRT viding better and safer facilities for pedestrians, cyclists and other vulnerable road users.restraining traffic in sensitive areas.managing demand and congestion more efficiently.The software systems used will include control

43、 applications such as SCOOT, SCATS, SPOT and MOTION. These are responsive systems, which control a network of traffic signals to meet these objectives. Automatic vehicle location and identification will provide information for giving priority or allowing access to certain vehicles only.Interurban ne

44、twork management systems will have similar objectives but will make greater use of access control by ramp metering and other means, and of speed control and high-occupancy vehicle lane management. Regional traffic control centers will advise motorist of incidents and alternative routes by VMS and by

45、 RDS-TMC, a signal FM radio service broadcasting localized traffic messages and advice to drivers. Tolling and road pricing Interurban motorway tolling and urban road pricing provide another approach to meeting network management objectives while obtaining additional revenue that can be invested in

46、transport. Singapore's electronic zone pricing, the TOLLSTAR electronic toll collection and ADEPT automatic debiting smart cards are examples of such applications.These systems rely on microwave or radio communication to an in-vehicle transponder in a smart card with detection of vehicle licence

47、 plates using image processing for enforcement purposes.Public transport travel information and ticketing Travel information is needed by passengers at home or office and also during their journey. London Transport's ROUTES computer-based service offers routing, timetable and fares information o

48、n all public transport services in London through public inquiry terminals.Real-time travel information is provided in London by the COUNTDOWN system which is being expanded to cover 4000 bus stops. A similar system called STOPWATCH is available in Southampton as part of the ROMANSE project and is b

49、ased on Peek's Bus Tracker system which can detect buses using either radio beacons or GPS (Global Positioning System) which uses satellites to identify locations.ROMANSE also includes TRIP lanner interactive enquiry terminals with touch screens providing travel information.Problems with tickets

50、 for through journeys can be a deterrent for travelers choosing public transport. Smartcard stored-value tickets can provide a single ticket for car parking and all legs of a journey served by different operators.Driver information and guidance Driver information systems include the RDS-TMC radio da

51、ta system-traffic message channel, initially trialled between London and Paris in the PLEIADES project and elsewhere in Europe in similar EC-funded projects. There is also the Traffic master service which uses infrared monitors to identify congestion and an in-car visual map-based screen to inform d

52、rivers of congestion.Driver guidance systems aim to take this a step further by informing drivers of their route and giving guidance on navigation. Communication between the control center and the vehicle can be by roadside beacon or by digital cellular radio network based on GSM(global system of mo

53、bile communications) as in SOCRATES. Commercial products include Daimler Benz's copilot dynamic route guidance system trialled in Berlin and Stuttgart and Philip's Car Systems CARIN. Similar products, such as the VICS advanced mobile information service, are commonly available in Japan.Notes

54、1Transport telematics，also known as intelligent transport systems (ITS)，are concerned with the application of electronic information and control to improve transport 交通运输远程信息处理系统，通常也被称为智能交通系统 (ITS系统)，是利用电子信息和控制技术来改善交通的系统。2On this occasion，you choose to travel by car as you have an appointment later

55、in the day at one of those old-fashioned business parks that are inaccessible by public transport 在这种情况下，当你在这天稍后有一个约会，而约会的地点是在公交车所不能到达的一个旧式商业停车场，那么你就可以选择乘坐小汽车前往。3Any traffic management and control system needs information on traffic flows，speeds，queues，incidents(accidents，vehicle breakdowns，obstruct

56、ions)air quality and vehicle types，lengths and weights任何一种交通管理和控制系统都需要如下信息：交通流、车速、排队、交通事件(事故、车损、障碍物)、空气质量以及车辆的类型、长度与重量。 4Interurban network management systems will have similar objectives but will make greater use of access control by ramp metering and other means，and of speed control and high-occup

57、ancy vehicle lane management城市间的网络管理系统将会有相似的目标，但是在通过匝道车流调节和其他一些方法来进行人口控制与速度控制以及高占有率车道管理方面也会起到很大作用。5These systems rely on microwave or radio communication to an in-vehicle transponder in a smart card with detection of vehicle license plates using image processing for enforcement purposes 为实施管理的目的，这些系

58、统依靠微波或无线技术与设在一张小卡片上的车载发射机应答器实现通信联系，这张卡片采用图像处理技术来探测车辆的驾驶执照。Unit 4 Public Transport PriorityText Design objectives Public transport priority has to be seen in the context of an overall urban transport strategy with objectives which include not only improved bus or tram operation and restraint of car-borne commuting but also an enhanced environment for resid