医学人文英语教程答案

1、Unit 1. History of medicineKeysText ALanguage FocusFill in the blanks with the words given below. Change the form where necessary, and pay attention to the tense, voice and collocations of the verbs.1. is credited with;2. are sometimes referred to as;3. was supposed to;4. were espoused by;5. in addi

2、tion to;6. was attributed to;7. categorize;8. is given credit for;9. though.Sentence Simulation（略） Translate the following sentences into English.1. Hippocrates proposed the humoral theory that the body of man has four distinct bodily fluids in itself: blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile, diff

3、erent mixture of which leads to different temperaments. 2. In ancient Greece, career as a doctor was passed on from father to son, so Hippocrates studied medicine under his father from his early age.3. Ancient Greek medicine was a field restricted by religious superstition where wizards cured diseas

4、es by means of prayer, magic or ritual recitation of spells.4. It now appears that Hippocrates was incorrect in his explanation of the causes of human temperament, but his temperament categories and names have been in use ever since.5. Ancient Western doctors about to enter medical practice were req

5、uired to take an oath on medical ethics, which was derived from the oath of Hippocrates, an ancient Greek physician revered as "father of medicine” in the West.6. As the father of Western medicine, Hippocrates is the first to formulate the code of ethics that doctors are required to comply with

6、. Furthermore, his medical opinions and medical practice have exerted a huge influence on the development of Western medicine for centuries.Text BAnswer the following questions according to text B you have read.1. Four traditional examination methods: looking, listening and smelling, asking, and tou

7、ching.2. TCM can make diagnoses and treat patients without needing a scientific understanding of cause and pathogenesis.the fundamentals of TCM remain largely unchanged and its theories inexplicable to science.3.the methodological quality of trials is low.Most of these trials are published in Chines

8、e, inaccessible to western doctors, and not included in systematic reviews. Selective publication of positive trials is another problem.4. All natural phenomena could be categorised into Yin and Yang (two opposite, complementary, interdependent, and exchangeable aspects of nature), everything in the

9、 universe consisted of five basic elements (wood, fire, earth, metal, and water), and the universe was constantly changing towards dynamic balance or harmony. Yin refers largely to the material aspects of the organism and Yang to functions. There is a circulation of Qi (energy) and blood. The organs

10、 work together by regulating and preserving Qi and blood through the so-called channels and collaterals. Disease occurs after a disturbance in Yin-Yang or flow of Qi or blood, or disharmony in the organs caused by pathogenic (eg, sadness, joy, lifestyle) and climatic factors (dampness, heat, cold).

11、Treatment aims to expel or suppress the cause and restore balance.Unit 2 Health professionals for a new centuryText ALanguage FocusFill in the blanks with the words given below. Change the form where necessary.1. integration2. kept pace with 3. adopts 4. In view of5. effectiveness6. ultimate7. acqui

12、ring8. attributes9. shifts10. encounterTranslate the following sentences into English.7. Medical science is no longer simply biomedicine, but a comprehensive discipline of humanities, social sciences and biomedicine.8. Science and technology development, along with social progress, has put forward h

13、igher demands and greater challenges on higher medical education.9. Medical education is characterized by a high degree of specialization and practicality, as well as a comparatively high cost and a long training cycle.10. It is the main task of medical schools to train good doctors needed by the pe

14、ople.11. The objective of clinical medical education is to train capable and well qualified academic doctors with a solid professional foundation and a broad spectrum of knowledge.12. The innovation of teaching methods has not only improved the students' initiative and enthusiasm to learn, but a

15、lso enhanced the quality of clinical teaching and practice.13. In spite of its great progress, our countrys medical education still fails to keep pace with social progress, development of science and technology, and needs for medical and health reform. Translate the following passage/sentence into C

16、hinese.1. 过去一个世纪教育的进步在于三个时代的教育改革。第一个时代始于20世纪初，注重教授科学课程。大约于20世纪中期，第二个时代的改革开启了问题导向式的教学革新。现在，我们需要进行体系导向式的第三个时代的教育改革，通过调整核心专业技能使其适应特定环境，同时借鉴国际化知识，从而提升医疗体系的性能。2. 迁移学习是一种重要成果，其包含了三个基本的转变：从对事实的记忆转变为对信息的搜索、分析和综合从而作出决策；从追求专业文凭转变为实现核心竞争力从而达到医疗体系里有效的团队协作；还有，从对教育模式不带批判的照搬应用转变为对整体资源的创造性改造以应对局部的重点问题。3. 医护人员在过去一个世

17、纪以来对人类健康和发展做出了巨大贡献，然而，自满只会让人们继续徒劳地采用20世纪的教育策略，而无法应对21世纪的挑战。Text BAnswer the following questions according to text B you have read.1. Because it is crucial to tackle the obstacles of the 21st century.2. The outcome-based core curriculum has served as a framework in many countries, and can be adjusted

18、 for specific local needs as postulated by the commissioners.3. Students participate in an international forum which brings together students of medicine, nursing, pharmacy, and allied health professions (namely, the World Healthcare Students Symposium). The benefits of the annual World Healthcare S

19、tudents Symposia are for students to learn to understand the different professions and discuss the best ways of effective and fruitful collaboration.4. The authors think the proposed focus on the implementation of innovative and promising information and communication technologies merits attention a

20、nd believe in its potential benefits for the education of medical students. According to the authors, students from low-income countries with a lack of resources can especially benefit from such initiatives as the website Health Sciences Online, although such free initiatives should not counteract t

21、he proposal to focus development assistance more strongly on health professionals education.5. Yes. Student initiatives have tackled climate change, migrant health, and other issues of global and national relevance.6. Overall, medical students worldwide have been playing an active role in implementi

22、ng the recommendations of the Global Commission mainly by developing their own outcome-based core curricula and launching an international forum which brings together students of medicine, nursing, pharmacy, and allied health professions, among other initiatives.Unit 3 Health-care system KeysText AL

23、anguage FocusFill in the blanks with the words given below. Change the form where necessary.1. Compliance；2. disparity；3. prescribe；4. maneuver；5. commonplace；6. underserved；7. reconcile；8. fragments；9. plight；10. invasive.Translate the following passage/sentence into English.1. Many other Americans

24、 are denied insurance due to previous illnesses or conditions that insurance companies decide are too risky or expensive to cover.2. Health care reform will reduce our deficit by more than $100 billion over the next decade and more than $1 trillion in the decade after that. So this isnt radical refo

25、rm. But it is major reform.3. An estimated eighty-three percent of people under age sixty-five who are in the United States legally now have insurance coverage. 4. This year the law will start closing what is known as "the doughnut hole." That is a lack of Medicare coverage for some drug c

26、osts for older Americans. 5. President Obama promised senior citizens that the health care reform will not cut their guaranteed benefits.Text BAnswer the following questions according to text B you have read.14（略）5. The SARS epidemic and rising public discontent generated the political will to funda

27、mentally reform the system, including a partial resumption of central management of public-health services and a major reallocation of central resources to address inequities in health. The outcome of these post-SARS reforms remains uncertain, but there are reasons for optimism.(a) Central funding i

28、s supporting the re-introduction of a New Cooperative Medical System in rural areas and a parallel programme for the uninsured in urban areas that plans to achieve universal coverage by 2020. (b) China can accomplish in health care reform. The exemplary national monitoring system for infectious dise

29、ases implemented after the SARS epidemic (which provides real-time reports of cases across the country) and the effective public-health response to the earthquake in Sichuan are examples 6. The most important task ahead is to focus attention and resources on improving the quality, comprehensiveness,

30、 and cost-effectiveness of services.Unit 4 Cancer and LifeKeysText ALanguage FocusFill in the blanks with the words given below. Change the form where necessary.1. Eradication2. Deterioration3. Withstand4. Overwhelm5. Recurrent6. Prove7. Outburst8. DivergeVocabulary Enlargement& Reinforcement1.

31、Routine2. Advanced3. Chronic4. Under siege5. Physical &emotional6. Malignant7. Risk factor8. Steady decline9. Affluent10. Admit11. Severely weaken12. Well up with13. Recurrence14. Undergo15. Outlines16. Gastrointestinal17. Withstand18. Chores19. The unexpected public arising of 20. Spasms21. Chr

32、onicle22. Flicker acrossTranslate the following sentences into Chinese.1. 奥唐奈女士一个月前的例行乳房X光检查并没有显示出肿瘤的迹象。但在夏威夷为期两周的假期里，肿块迅速生长，因此她回印第安纳州后就马上去看医生。2. 1995年2月奥唐奈女士开始化疗，做了两次手术，包括乳房切除，并于1995年8月完成化疗。她现在被认为是治愈了。3. 当夫妻二人有人对奥唐奈女士的治疗感到恐惧害怕时，他们会向对方要求一段时间不谈癌症，可能持续一小时或一天，在此期间，他们同意谈话不涉及她的健康危机。4. 他们意识到夫妇两人共同的路突然分开了。

33、他们经历同样的事情，但却有了完全不同的感受。5. 但他发现，他的信仰不仅是宗教信仰，也包括对婚姻能承受长期压力的信念正受到考验。6. 他们夫妻所经历的困难被公诸于众，甚至仅是在她朋友圈中公开，但这不期意的公开，令奥唐奈女士感到震惊。Text BAnswer the following questions according to text B you have read.1 Long before cancer could ever be detected by current imaging scans or blood tests, the new way to find cancer e

34、arlier is to find an ultra-early indicator of the disease: substances in blood platelets that indicate cancer is in the works. The platelet substances are a so-called biomarker of cancer-characteristics in bodily fluids that can indicate the presence of disease.2 Location of the specific cancer. If

35、you don't know where the cancer is-if you cant feel it, see it, locate it, or biopsy it-you cant treat it.3 Statins (or HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors) are a class of drugs used to lower cholesterol levels by inhibiting the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase, which plays a central role in the production of

36、cholesterol in the liver. Increased cholesterol levels have been associated with cardiovascular diseases, and statins are therefore used in the prevention of these diseases. Research has found that statins are most effective for treating cardiovascular disease (secondary prevention), with questionab

37、le benefit in those without previous CVD but with elevated cholesterol levels. Statins have rare but severe adverse effects, particularly muscle damage, and some doctors believe they are overprescribed. The best-selling statin is atorvastatin, marketed as Lipitor (manufactured by Pfizer) and Torvast

38、. By 2003 atorvastatin became the best-selling pharmaceutical in history, with Pfizer reporting sales of US$12.4 billion in 2008. As of 2010, a number of statins are on the market: atorvastatin (Lipitor and Torvast), fluvastatin (Lescol), lovastatin (Mevacor, Altocor, Altoprev), pitavastatin (Livalo

39、, Pitava), pravastatin (Pravachol, Selektine, Lipostat), rosuvastatin (Crestor) and simvastatin (Zocor, Lipex) Several combination preparations of a statin and another agent, such as ezetimibe/simvastatin, are also available. ( /wiki/Statin)4 This discovery pushes the issue of

40、early detection further than ever before. In effect, it could allow cancer to be treated similarly to the way doctors now treat heart disease. Just as doctors prescribe statin drugs to help prevent heart attacks in patients with high cholesterol, oncologists could test patients for this early biomar

41、ker and prescribe drugs to help prevent cancer. And just as cardiologists don't have to wait for a heart attack in order to act, oncologists wouldn't have to wait until malignant tumors are found. Drugs in this case would be used to stop the cancerous process itself - rather than targeting a

42、 tumor in a particular part of the body. The marker could also potentially be used to monitor patients who had already had cancer for the earliest signs of recurrence.5 Advantages: The new, less-toxic cancer treatment (So-called smart drugs such as Gleevec, Tarceva, Iressa and Erbitux)target only ca

43、ncerous cells, and have less toxicity than standard chemotherapy regimens.These targeted therapies, which can sometimes be taken for years, have in many cases turned cancer into a manageable chronic disease, similar to the way diabetes is treated. Drugs could be used to stop the development of blood

44、 vessels in the cancer process itself, before the tumor even has a chance to grow.Disadvantages: It isnt clear yet what drugs would be given in the preventive step. Such efforts are still in very early stages, and more research needs to be done to see that drug treatment offers people the chance of

45、improved survival outcomes.6 The usefulness of the marker still needs to be validated in trials involving cancer patients, before it could be used in clinical settings. And some observers note that the cancer biomarkers discovered so far can have problems, such as false positives. Even with the wide

46、ly used PSA test, doctors still cant tell whether a high reading indicates cancer or a benign condition without doing a biopsy. “Very few biomarkers have really stood up against rigorous testing in a clinical setting,” （says Sudhir Srivastava）Unit 5 Text ALanguage focus1. interim provisions10. diagn

47、ostic criteria2. clinical application11. initial step3. intensive12. baseline4. summit13. provisional approval5. came into effect14. cadaveric organ transplants6. compensation15. equitable7. written consent16. conform to8. death sentences17. religious9. symposium18. abolish中译英：1. Organ transplantati

48、on is an accepted treatment today for many patients with end-stage disease. 2. China has made selling of organs illegal as of July 2006 and claims that all prisoner organ donors have filed consent.3. Both the source and method of obtaining the organ to transplant are major ethical issues to consider

49、, as well as the notion of distributive justice.4. It is now possible to transplant organs from animals into people.5. In addition, the importance of various recipient characteristics to post-transplant survival isn't fully understood.6. Israel is to become the first country to give donor card c

50、arriers a legal right to priority treatment if they should require an organ transplant.Text B1. The report highlights the fact that many medical and financial practices still mitigate against the efficient identification and recruitment of organ donors.2. As a result, waiting lists for renal transpl

51、antation continue to rise, putting increasing pressure on dialysis budgets.3. the working party recommends several initiatives to address the current shortage of donors, including interventional (elective) ventilation, greater use of non-heart beating donors, better training of staff, and better tra

52、nsplant coordination.4. Spain itself attributes this success to its transplant coordination network, which has a different philosophy from that in Britain.5. The report highlights the inadequacy of Britain's current transplant coordinator network and emphasises that a major expansion of coordina

53、tion is “one of the most important and urgent needs.”6. After a diagnostic review, areas of weakness can be identified and the appropriate management and educational changes introduced.Unit 6 Doctor-patient relationshipText ALanguage FocusSentence Simulation（略）Translate the following passages/senten

54、ces into Chinese.1. 我刚将椅子拉近一点，突然，她像猫一样双手本能地朝我的两眼抓去，我差一点被她抓到。2. 父母两人都非常尴尬，充满歉意。3. 我竟喜欢上了这个野蛮的小东西，而对她父母却毫无好感。在接下来的“战斗”中他们越来越难堪，被摧垮了，直至精疲力竭。而出于恐惧，这个女孩对我的抗拒达到了发疯狂暴的惊人地步。4. 在这种时候，谁都会叮咛自己，无论这个可恶的小鬼做出任何愚蠢的举动，也要违背她的意愿来保护她。这样做也是为了保护其他孩子，同时这也是一种社会需要，事实也确是如此。然而由于释放体内能量的欲望而产生的一种盲目的无法控制的狂怒和一种成年人的羞耻感，使我一直坚持到最后。Es

55、say Writing（略）Text BAnswer the following questions according to text B you have read.1. The underlying reason might be that having to take her daughter to hospital for treatment has been a miserable experience.2. The most common childhood cancer, acute lymphoblastic leukemia is a form of leukemia, o

56、r cancer of the white blood cells characterized by excess lymphoblasts.3. The purpose for the author and her daughter to visit the doctor this time was to have the port removed. The treatment for Michelles disease had concluded as a medically rousing success.4. The anesthesiologist was tall and red-

57、headed. He looked pale, exhausted, and had bags under his eyes. Also, he was kind, caring and considerate. As the author put it, the anesthesiologist not only practiced the mechanics but the art of medicine.5. A lot of things came into the authors mind after her daughter drifted off with the gas. Sh

58、e thought of the tired residents who had been so tender with her fragile child, her daughters stolen childhood, the many times she carried her daughter to hospital to be hurt, the fact that she had recently learned that safe sedatives were often used to prevent childrens pain and terror during procedures, but they were not offered at their clinic. Besides, she felt grateful because her daughter was alive and most probably would grow up, marry, and have her own bab