2018年上海交通大学博士入学考试英语回忆版附答案

1、2018年上海交通大学博士入学考试英语(回忆版：附阅读答案)其大作文题目为：大学是硬件重要还是有名学者重要？作文涉及内容为Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Universitiesshouldspendmoremoneyinimprovingfacilities(e.g.librariesandcomputerlabs)thanhiringfamousteachers.作文字数要求为：300字左右。passage6MasstransportationrevisedthesocialandeconomicfabricoftheAmeric

2、ancityinthreefundamentalways.Itcatalyzedphysicalexpansion，itsortedoutpeopleandlanduses，anditacceleratedtheinherentinstabilityofurbanlife.Byopeningvastareasofunoccupiedlandforresidentialexpansion，theomnibuses，horserailways，commutertrains，andelectrictrolleyspulledsettledregionsoutwardtwotofourtimesmor

3、edistantformcitycentersthantheywereinthepremodernera.In1850，forexample，thebordersofBostonlayscarcelytwomilesfromtheoldbusinessdistrict;bytheturnofthecenturytheradiusextendedtenmiles.Nowthosewhocouldafforditcouldlivefarremovedfromtheoldcitycenterandstillcommutethereforwork，shopping，andentertainment.T

4、henewaccessibilityoflandaroundtheperipheryofalmosteverymajorcitysparkedanexplosionofrealestatedevelopmentandfueledwhatwenowknowasurbansprawl.Between1890and1920，forexample，some250，000newresidentiallotswererecordedwithinthebordersofChicago，mostofthemlocatedinoutlyingareas.Overthesameperiod，another550，

5、000wereplottedoutsidethecitylimitsbutwithinthemetropolitanarea.Anxioustotakeadvantageofthepossibilitiesofcommuting，realestatedevelopersadded800，000potentialbuildingsitestotheChicagoregioninjustthirtyyears一lotsthatcouldhavehousedfivetosixmillionpeople.Ofcourse，manywereneveroccupied;therewasalwaysahug

6、esurplusofsubdivided，butvacant，landaroundChicagoandothercities.Theseexcessesunderscoreafeatureofresidentialexpansionrelatedtothegrowthofmasstransportation：urbansprawlwasessentiallyunplanned.Itwascarriedoutbythousandsofsmallinvestorswhopaidlittleheedtocoordinatedlanduseortofuturelandusers.Thosewhopur

7、chasedandpreparedlandforresidentialpurposes，particularlylandnearoroutsidecityborderswheretransitlinesandmiddle-classinhabitantswereanticipated，didsotocreatedemandasmuchastorespondtoit.Chicagoisaprimeexampleofthisprocess.Realestatesubdivisionthereproceededmuchfasterthanpopulationgrowth.1. Withwhichof

8、thefollowingsubjectsisthepassagemainlyconcerned?A Typesofmasstransportation.B Instabilityofurbanlife.C Howsupplyanddemanddeterminelanduse.D Theeffectofmasstransportationonurbanexpansion.2. WhydoestheauthormentionbothBostonandChicago?A Todemonstratepositiveandnegativeeffectsofgrowth.B Toexemplifyciti

9、eswithandwithoutmasstransportation.C Toshowmasstransportationchangedmanycities.D Tocontrasttheirrateofgrowth.3. Accordingtothepassage，whatwasonedisadvantageofresidentialexpansion?A Itwasexpensive.B Ithappenedtooslowly.C Itwasunplanned.D Itcreatedademandforpublictransportation.4. TheauthormentionsChi

10、cagointhesecondparagraphasanexampleofacity，A thatislarge.B thatisusedasamodelforlanddevelopment.C wherethedevelopmentoflandexceededpopulationgrowth.D withanexcellentmasstransportationsystem.Passage5AntarcticaandEnvironmentAntarcticahasactuallybecomeakindofspacestation-auniqueobservationpostfordetect

11、ingimportantchangesintheworld'senvironment.Remotefrommajorsourcesofpollutionandthecomplexgeologicalandecologicalsystemsthatprevailelsewhere，Antarcticamakespossiblescientificmeasurementsthatareoftensharperandeasiertointerpretthanthosemadeinotherpartsoftheworld.Growingnumbersofscientiststherefores

12、eeAntarcticaasadistant-early-warningsensor，wherepotentiallydangerousglobaltrendsmaybespottedbeforetheyshowuptothenorth.Onepromisingfieldofinvestigationisglaciology.ScholarsfromtheUnitedStates，Switzerland，andFrancearepursuingsevenseparatebutrelatedprojectsthatreflecttheirconcernforthehealthoftheWestA

13、ntarcticIceSheet-aconcerntheybelievetheworldatlargeshouldshare.TheTransantarcticMountain，someofthemmorethan14，000feethigh，dividethecontinentintotwoverydifferentregions.Thepartofthecontinenttothe“east”ofthemountainsisahighplateaucoveredbyanicesheetnearlytwomilesthick.“West”ofthemountain，thehalfofthec

14、ontinentsouthoftheAmericasisalsocoveredbyanicesheet，buttheretheicerestsonrockthatismostlywellbelowsealevel.IftheWestAntarcticIceSheetdisappeared，thewesternpartofthecontinentwouldbereducedtoasparseclusterofisland.Whileiceandsnowareobviouslycentraltomanyenvironmentalexperiments，othersfocusonthemysteri

15、ous“dryvalley”ofAntarctica，valleysthatcontainlittleiceorsnoweveninthedepthsofwinter.SlashedthroughthemountainsofsouthernVictoriaLand，thesevalleysonceheldenormousglaciersthatdescended9，000feetfromthepolarplateautotheRossSea.Nowtheglaciersaregone，perhapsacasualtyoftheglobalwarmingtrendduringthe10，000y

16、earssincetheiceage.Eventhesnowthatfallsinthedryvalleysisblastedoutbyviciouswindsthatroarsdownfromthepolarplateautothesea.Leftbarearespectaculargorges，rippledfieldsofsanddunes，clustersofboulderssculpturedintofantasticshapesby100-mile-an-hourwinds，andanauraofextraterrestrialdesolation.Despitetheuneart

17、hlyaspectofthedryvalleys，somescientistsbelievetheymaycarryamessageofhopeoftheverdantpartsoftheearth.Somescientistsbelievethatinsomecasesthedryvalleysmaysoakuppollutantsfasterthanpollutantsenterthem.1. Whatisthebesttitleforthispassage?A AntarcticaandenvironmentalProblems.B Antarctica：Earth'sEarly

18、-Warningstation.C Antarctica：aUniqueObservationPost.D Antarctica：aMysteriousPlace.2. WhatwouldtheresultbeiftheWestAntarcticIceSheetdisappeared?A Thewesternpartofthecontinentwouldbedisappeared.B Thewesternpartofthecontinentwouldbereduced.C ThewesternpartofthecontinentwouldbecomescatteredIslands.D The

19、westernpartofthecontinentwouldbereducedtoaclusterofIslands.3. WhyaretheDryValleysleftbare?A Viciouswindblaststhesnowaway.B Itrarelysnows.C Becauseoftheglobalwarmingtrendandfiercewind.D Sanddunes.4.Whichofthefollowingistrue?AThe“DryValleys”havenothingleftinside.BThe“DryValleys”neverheldglaciers.CThe“

20、DryValleys”maycarryamessageofhopefortheverdant.DThe“DryValleys”areuselesstoscientists.5. themeaningofanauraofextraterrestrialdesolation我记得有一个选项中含有bleak这个单词，答案应该是这个应译为：与地球格格不入的一种荒凉隔绝的气氛或与世隔绝的一种荒凉气氛。Passage4Nothingsucceedsinbusinessbookslikethestudyofsuccess.Thecurrentbusiness-bookboomwaslaunchedin198

21、2byTomPetersandRobertWatermanwith“InSearchofExcellence”.Ithasbeenkeptgoingeversincebyasuccessionofgurusandwould-beguruswhopromisetodistiltheessenceofexcellenceintothree(orfiveorseven)simplerules.“TheThreeRules”isaself-consciouscontributiontothistype;itevenincludesabibliographyof“successstudies”.Mess

22、rsRaynorandMumtazAhmedworkforaconsultancy,Deloitte,thatisdeterminedtoturnitselfintomoreofathought-leaderandlessacorporaterepairman.Theyemployallthetricksofthesuccessgenre.Theyinsistthattheirconclusionsare“measurableandactionable”-guidetobehaviorratherthananalysisforitsownsake.Successauthorsusuallyse

23、rveupvividstoriesabouthowexceptionalbusiness-peoplestampedtheirpersonalitiesonacompanyorrescueditfromalife-threateningcrisis.MessrsRaynorandAhmedarehappierchewingthenumbers:theyprovidedetailedappendiceson“calculatingtheelementsofadvantage”and“detailedanalysis”.Theauthorsspentfiveyearsstudyingthebeha

24、viouroftheir344“exceptionalcompanies”,onlytocomeupatfirstwithnothing.Everyhunch（直觉）ledtoablindalleyandeveryhypothesistoadeadend.Itwasonlywhentheyshiftedtheirattentionfromhowcompaniesbehavetohowtheythinkthattheybegantomakesenseoftheirvoluminousmaterial.Managementisallaboutmakingdifficulttradeoffsinco

25、nditionsthatarealwaysuncertainandever-changing.Butexceptionalcompaniesapproachthesetrade-offswithtwosimplerulesinmind,sometimesconsciously,sometimesunconsciously.First:betterbeforecheaper.Companiesaremorelikelytosucceedinthelongruniftheycompeteonqualityorperformancethanonprice.Second:revenuebeforeco

26、st.Companieshavemoretogaininthelongrunfromdrivinguprevenuethanbydrivingdowncosts.Mostsuccessstudiessufferfromtwofaults.Thereis“thehalo（光环）effect”,wherebygoodperformanceleadscommentatorstoattributeallmannerofvirtuestoanythingandeverythingthecompanydoes.Thesevirtuesthensuddenlybecomeviceswhenthecompan

27、yfails.MessrsRaynorandAhmedworkhardtoavoidthesemistakesbystudyinglargebodiesofdataoverseveraldecades.Buttheyendupembracingadifferenterror:statingtheobvious.Mostbusinesspeoplewillnotbesurprisedtolearnthatitisbettertofindaprofitableniche（缝隙市场）andfocusonboostingyourrevenuesthantocompeteonpriceandcutyou

28、rwaytosuccess.Thedifficultquestionishowtofindthatprofitablenicheandprotectit.There,TheThreeRulesislessuseful.1. Whatkindofbusinessbooksaremostlikelytosellwell?A）Booksonexcellence.C）Booksonbusinessrules.B）Guidestomanagement.D）Analysesofmarkettrends.2. Whatdoestheauthorimplyaboutbooksonsuccesssofar?AT

29、heyhelpbusinessmenonwayoranother.BTheyarewrittenbywell-recognisedexperts.CTheymoreorlessfallintothesamestereotype.DTheyarebasedonanalysesofcorporateleaders.3. HowdoesTheThreeRulesdifferentfromothersuccessbooksaccordingtothepassage?AItfocusesonthebehaviorofexceptionalbusinessmen.BItbasesitsdetailedan

30、alysisonlargeamountofdata这一题我看答案不统一，我自己选了这个答案CItofferspracticableadvicetobusinessmen.DItdrawsconclusionfromvividexamples.4. Whatdoesthepassagesaycontributestothesuccessofexceptionalcompanies?AFocusonqualityandrevenue.BManagementandsalespromotion.CLowerproductioncostsandcompetitiveprices.DEmphasisona

31、fter-saleserviceandmaintenance.5. Whatistheauthor'scommentonTheThreeRules?AItcanhelptolocateprofitableniches.B) Ithaslittletooffertobusinesspeople.这一题答案也不统一，有的答案是DC) Itisnotedforitsdetaileddataanalysis.D) Itfailstoidentifythekeystosuccess.passage2“Deepreading”asopposedtotheoftensuperficialreadin

32、gwedoontheWebisanendangeredpractice,oneweoughttotakestepstopreserveaswewouldahistoricbuildingorasignificantworkofart.Itsdisappearancewouldjeopardizetheintellectualandemotionaldevelopmentofgenerationsgrowinguponline,aswellasthepreservationofacriticalpartofourculture：thenovels,poemsandotherkindsoflite

33、raturethatcanbeappreciatedonlybyreaderswhosebrains,quiteliterally,havebeentrainedtounderstandthem.Recentresearchincognitivescienceandpsychologyhasdemonstratedthatdeepreadingslow,immersive,richinsensorydetailandemotionalandmoralcomplexityisadistinctiveexperience,differentinkindfromthemeredecodingofwo

34、rds.Althoughdeepreadingdoesnot,strictlyspeaking,requireaconventionalbook,thebuilt-inlimitsoftheprintedpageareuniquelyhelpfultothedeepreadingexperience.Abook'slackofhyperlinks(超链接),forexample,freesthereaderfrommakingdecisionsShouldIclickonthislinkornot?allowinghertoremainfullyimmersedinthenarrati

35、ve.Thatimmersionissupportedbythewaythebrainhandleslanguagerichindetail,indirectreferenceandfiguresofspeech:bycreatingamentalrepresentationthatdrawsonthesamebrainregionsthatwouldbeactiveifthescenewereunfoldinginreallife.Theemotionalsituationsandmoraldilemmasthatarethestuffofliteraturearealsovigorouse

36、xerciseforthebrain,propellingusinsidetheheadsoffictionalcharactersandeven,studiessuggest,increasingourreal-lifecapacityforempathy(认同).Noneofthisislikelytohappenwhenwe'rebrowsingthroughawebsite.Althoughwecalltheactivitybythesamename,thedeepreadingofbooksandtheinformation-drivenreadingwedoontheWeb

37、areverydifferent,bothintheexperiencetheyproduceandinthecapacitiestheydevelop.Agrowingbodyofevidencesuggeststhatonlinereadingmaybelessengagingandlesssatisfying,evenforthe“digitalnatives”towhomitissofamiliar.Lastmonth,forexample,Britain'sNationalLiteracyTrustreleasedtheresultsofastudyof34,910young

38、peopleaged8to16.Researchersreportedthat39%ofchildrenandteensreaddailyusingelectronicdevices,butonly28%readprintedmaterialseveryday.Thosewhoreadonlyonscreenwerethreetimeslesslikelytosaytheyenjoyreadingverymuchandathirdlesslikelytohaveafavoritebook.Thestudyalsofoundthatyoungpeoplewhoreaddailyonlyonscr

39、eenwerenearlytwotimeslesslikelytobeabove-averagereadersthanthosewhoreaddailyinprintorbothinprintandonscreen.56. Whatdoestheauthorsayabout“deepreading”?A) Itservesasacomplementtoonlinereading.B) Itshouldbepreservedbeforeitistoolate.C) Itismainlysuitableforreadingliterature.D) Itisanindispensableparto

40、feducation.57. Whydoestheauthoradvocatethereadingofliterature?A) Ithelpspromotereaders'intellectualandemotionalgrowth.B) Itenablesreaderstoappreciatethecomplexityoflanguage.C) Ithelpsreadersbuildupimmersivereadinghabits.D) Itisquicklybecominganendangeredpractice.58. Inwhatwaydoesprinted-pageread

41、ingdifferfromonlinereading?A) Itensuresthereader'scognitivegrowth.B) Itenablesthereadertobefullyengaged.C) Itactivatesadifferentregionofthebrain.D) Ithelpsthereaderlearnrhetoricaldevices.59. Whatdothestudiesshowaboutonlinereading?A) Itgraduallyimpairsone'seyesight.B) Itkeepsarousingreaders&#

42、39;curiosity.C) Itprovidesup-to-dateinformation.D) Itrendersreadinglessenjoyable.60. WhatdowelearnfromthestudyreleasedbyBritain'sNationalLiteracyTrust?A)Onscreenreadersmaybelesscompetentreaders.B)Thosewhodoreadinginprintarelessinformed.C) Youngpeoplefindreadingonscreenmoreenjoyable.D) Itisnoweas

43、iertofindafavoritebookonlinetoread.PassageOvertheyears,biologistshavesuggestedtwomainpathwaysbywhichsexualselectionmayhaveshapedtheevolutionofmalebirdsong.Inthefirst,malecompetitionandintrasexualselectionproducerelativelyshort,simplesongsusedmainlyinterritorialbehavior.Inthesecond,femalechoiceandint

44、ersexualselectionproducelonger,morecomplicatedsongsusedmainlyinmateattraction;likesuchvisualornamentationasthepeacock'stail,elaboratevocalcharacteristicsincreasethemale'schancesofbeingchosenasamate,andhethusenjoysmorereproductivesuccessthanhislessostentatiousrivals.Thetwopathwaysarenotmutual

45、lyexclusive,andwecanexpecttofindexamplesthatreflecttheirinteraction.Teasingthemaparthasbeenanimportantchallengetoevolutionarybiologists.Earlyresearchconfirmedtheroleofintrasexualselection.Inavarietyofexperimentsinthefield,malesrespondedaggressivelytorecordedsongsbyexhibitingterritorialbehaviornearth

46、espeakers.Thebreakthroughforresearchintointersexualselectioncameinthedevelopmentofanewtechniqueforinvestigatingfemaleresponseinthelaboratory.Whenfemalecowbirdsraisedinisolationinsound-proofchamberswereexposedtorecordingsofmalesong,theyrespondedbyexhibitingmatingbehavior.Byquantifyingtheresponses,res

47、earcherswereabletodeterminewhatparticularfeaturesofthesongweremostimportant.Infurtherexperimentsonsongsparrows,researchersfoundthatwhenexposedtoasinglesongtyperepeatedseveraltimesortoarepertoireofdifferentsongtypes,femalesrespondedmoretothelatter.Thebeautyoftheexperimentaldesignisthatiteffectivelyru

48、lesoutconfoundingvariables;acousticisolationassuresthatthefemalecanrespondonlytothesongstructureitself.Ifintersexualselectionoperatesastheorized,maleswithmorecomplicatedsongsshouldnotonlyattractfemalesmorereadilybutshouldalsoenjoygreaterreproductivesuccess.Atfirst,however,researchersdoingfieldworkwi

49、thsongsparrowsfoundnocorrelationbetweenlargerrepertoiresandearlymating,whichhasbeenshowntobeoneindicatorofreproductivesuccess;further,commonmeasuresofmalequalityusedtopredictreproductivesuccess,suchasweight,size,age,andterritory,alsofailedtocorrelatewithsongcomplexity.Theconfirmationresearchershadbe

50、enseekingwasfinallyachievedinstudiesinvolvingtwovarietiesofwarblers.Unlikethesongsparrow,whichrepeatsoneofitsseveralsongtypesinboutsbeforeswitchingtoanother,thewarblercontinuouslycomposesmuchlongerandmorevariablesongswithoutrepetition.Forthefirsttime,researchersfoundasignificantcorrelationbetweenrep

51、ertoiresizeandearlymating,andtheydiscoveredfurtherthatrepertoiresizehadamoresignificanteffectthananyothermeasureofmalequalityonthenumberofyoungproduced.Theevidencesuggeststhatwarblersusetheirextremelyelaboratesongsprimarilytoattractfemales,clearlyconfirmingtheeffectofintersexualselectionontheevoluti

52、onofbirdsong.17.1. Thepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith(A) showingthatintrasexualselectionhasagreatereffectonbirdsongthandoesintersexualselection(B) contrastingtheroleofsongcomplexityinseveralspeciesofbirds(C) describingresearchconfirmingthesuspectedrelationshipbetweenintersexualselectionandthecomplex

53、ityofbirdsong(D) demonstratingthesuperiorityoflaboratoryworkoverfieldstudiesinevolutionarybiology(E) illustratingtheeffectivenessofaparticularapproachtoexperimentaldesigninevolutionarybiology17.2. Theauthormentionsthepeacock'stailinline8mostprobablyinorderto(A) citeanexceptiontothetheoryoftherel

54、ationshipbetweenintrasexualselectionandmalecompetition(B) illustratetheimportanceofbothofthepathwaysthatshapedtheevolutionofbirdsong(C) drawadistinctionbetweencompetingtheoriesofintersexualselection(D) giveanexampleofafeaturethatmayhaveevolvedthroughintersexualselectionbyfemalechoice(E) refuteacommo

55、nlyheldassumptionabouttheroleofsonginmateattraction17.3. Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisspecificallyrelatedtointrasexualselection?(A) Femalechoice(B) Territorialbehavior(C) Complexsongtypes(D) Largesongrepertoires(E) Visualornamentation17.4. Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldmostclearlydem

56、onstratetheinteractionmentionedinlines11-13?(A) Femalelarksrespondsimilarlybothtoshort,simplesongsandtolonger,morecomplicatedsongs.(B) Malecanariesusevisualornamentationaswellaselaboratesongrepertoiresformateattraction.(C) Bothmaleandfemaleblackbirdsdevelopelaboratevisualandvocalcharacteristics.(D)

57、Malejaysusesongstocompeteamongthemselvesandtoattractfemales.(E) Malerobinswithelaboratevisualornamentationhaveasmuchreproductivesuccessasrivalswithelaboratevocalcharacteristics.17.5. Thepassageindicatesthatresearchersraisedfemalecowbirdsinacousticisolationinorderto(A) eliminateconfoundingvariables(B

58、) approximatefieldconditions(C) measurereproductivesuccess(D) quantifyrepertoirecomplexity(E) preventearlymating17.6. Accordingtothepassage,thesongsparrowisunlikethewarblerinthatthesongsparrow(A) usessongsmainlyinterritorialbehavior(B) continuouslycomposeslongandcomplexsongs(C) hasamuchlargersongrepertoire(D) repeatsonesongtypebeforeswitchingtoanother(E) respondsaggressivelytorecordedsongs17.7. Thepassagesuggeststhatthesongsparrowexperimentsmentionedinlines37-43failedtoconfirmtheroleofintersexualselectionbecause(A) femaleswereallowedtor