(路桥)土木工程工程专业英语第四课翻译

1、Good is good, but better carries it.精益求精，善益求善。(路桥)土木工程工程专业英语第四课翻译(路桥)土木工程工程专业英语第四课翻译(路桥)土木工程工程专业英语第四课翻译 第四课 Freeway and its Accessory Facilities高速公路及其附属设施 Text: Freeway Design Reading Material: Freeway Accessory Facilities Text Freeway Design高速公路设计 Freeway are the highest form of arterials and have

2、full access control. The full control of access is need for prioritizing the need for through traffic over direct access. A freeways primary function is to provide mobility, high operating speed, and level of service, while land access is limited. Access connections,where deemed necessary, are provi

3、ded through grade separated interchanges.The major advantages of access controlled freeways are high capacity of the facility, high operating speeds, efficiency of the facility, and safety to all highway users. 高速公路干道和最高形式，有完整的访问控制。完整的访问控制是需要优先需要通过直接访问的流量超过。高速公路的主要功能是提供流动性，高运行速度和服务水平，而土地使用权是有限的。访问连接

4、，在认为必要的情况下，提供通过分层interchanges.The的主要优点是访问控制的高速公路设施的高容量，高运行速度，效率的设施，所有公路使用者安全。 The major differences between freeway and other arterials include the following elements: grade separations at cross roads and streets; the grade separated cross road connections between the freeway and crossroad are accom

5、plished through exit and entrance ramps; and full control of access. Expressways can be designed with both freeway and non-freeway design elements. The use of jughandle style interchanges and use of right turn channelization is not considered freeway design, but can be used in expressway design. 高速公

6、路和其他主干道之间的主要区别包括以下元素：交叉道路和街道的立体交叉;分层交叉的高速公路和十字路口之间的道路连接都是通过出入口坡道和全面的访问控制。可以设计快速公路与高速公路和非高速公路的设计元素。不考虑使用jughandle风格交汇处右转和使用的信道化高速公路设计，但可以用于在高速公路设计 Urban freeways generally have more travel lanes and carry more traffic than rural freeways. Urban freeways can be eigher depressed, elevated, at ground le

7、vel, or a combination of the above. Urban freeways usually have a narrower median than rural freeways and tend to have more connections than rural freeways. Rural freeways are generally similar in concept to urban freeways, except that the horizontal and vertical alignments are more conservative in

8、design. This level of design is normally associated with higher design speeds and greater accessibility to right of way. Due to the rural nature, right of way is typically more available and less expensive. This allows for a wider median which improves the safety of the facility. In addition to the

9、increase in safety of a rural freeway, the higher design speeds in a rural setting allow for greater capacity, a higher level of mobility, and potencially a reduced need for multiple lanes. Rural freeways are normally more comfortable from a driver perspective, and generally have lower maintenance c

10、osts. The sections below discuss the different design elements of urban and rural freeways. 城市的高速公路一般有更多的旅游专线，并进行更多的流量比农村高速公路。城市高速公路可以非此即彼郁闷，高架，地面水平，或上述的组合。城市的高速公路通常具有更窄的中位数比农村高速公路，往往有更多的比农村高速公路连接。 农村高速公路，城市快速路的概念大致相同，除了水平和垂直对齐方式都比较保守的设计。这个级别的设计通常是与更高的设计速度和更大的无障碍权利的方式。由于农村的性质，权利的方式通常是更容易获得和更便宜。这允许更广

11、泛的中位数，从而提高了安全设施。此外在乡村的高速公路的安全性的增加，在农村设置更高的设计速度，允许更大的容量，更高级别的迁移率，需要为多个车道potencially减少。农村高速公路通常更舒适，从司机的角度来看，一般具有较低的维护成本。下面的部分将讨论城市和农村高速公路不同的设计元素。 1 Design Speed In general, the design speed of freeways should be similar to the desired running speed during off peak hours, keeping in mind a reasonable a

12、nd prudent speed. In some urban areas, with populations under 50,000, the posted freeway speed is 65 mph. In other more densely populated urban areas (over 50,000), the posted speed is 55 mph. Because of the different posted speeds, the design speed chosen may vary. In many urban areas the amount of

13、 available right of way can be restricted and achieving high design speeds can be very costly. In balancing the need for safety and providing a high speed facility with consideration for right of way costs, the design speed for urban freeways shall be a minimum of 60 mph. For those sections of freew

14、ay, in which a 60-mph design speed is recommended by the Project Team, approval by the Roadway Engineering Manager is required. 1设计速度 在一般情况下，高速公路的设计时速应该是类似于所需的运行速度在非高峰时段，同时要注意合理和审慎的速度。在一些城市地区，人口5万，发布的高速公路速度为65英里。在其他人口较稠密的市区（超过50,000），车速为55英里。因为不同的发布速度，设计速度的选择可能会有所不同。在许多城市地区的金额可以限制可用的路权，并达到设计速度高，可以是非

15、常昂贵。在平衡安全需要和权利的方式成本代价提供高速度设施为城市快速路，设计行车速度应至少60英里每小时。对于这些高速公路路段，其中一个60英里每小时的设计速度，建议由项目团队，巷道支护工程经理的批准是必需的。 In mountainous terrain it can be very difficult to achieve high design speeds due to horizental and vertical limitations of the terrain. It is important, though, to design freeways, urban and rur

16、al, that provide a consistent roadway for drivers. Due to terrain limitation the design speed of rural freeways in mountainous terrain shall be a minimum of 60 mph. 在山区，它可以是非常难以实现的高的设计速度，由于地形的horizental和垂直局限性。这是很重要的，不过，高速公路，城市和农村，巷道司机提供一个一致的设计。由于地形限制，在山区农村高速公路设计时速为60英里每小时应 至少。 Rural freeways outside

17、 of mountainous terrain generally have higher design speeds. Normally right of way is more available in rural locations allowing for more liberal horizenal and vertical alignments. These higher design speeds allow for increased volumes and capacity while providing a safe facility and a more comforta

18、ble driving environment. Increased capacity leads to improvements to the level of mobility standards and a facility that will operate longer than a lower design speed urban freeway. For rural freeways, a minimum design speed of 70 mph shall be used. 农村高速公路以外的山区地形一般具有较高的设计速度。权通常的办法是在农村地区，让更多的自由horize

19、nal和垂直路线。这些更高的设计速度允许量增加和能力，同时提供一个安全的设施和更舒适的驾驶环境。容量增加导致的流动性标准的水平和设施，将操作长于设计速度较低的城市高速公路的改进。对于农村高速公路，设计时速70英里最低不得使用。 2 Alignment and Profile Because of the rural terrain and high design speeds, rural freeways should have very gentle horizontal and vertical alignments. In rural areas, the designer shoul

20、d be able to create a safe and efficient facility while taking into consideration the aesthetic potential of the freeway. Most freeways are constructed near ground level and the designer should take advantage of existing topography to create not only a functional freeway, but also one that both look

21、s and drives well and fits into the existing landscape. 2路线和纵断面 由于农村的地形和设计速度高，农村高速公路应该有非常温和的水平和垂直对齐。在农村地区，设计者应该是能够创造一个安全，高效的设施，同时考虑到在高速公路的审美潜能。大多数高速公路附近建造地面上，设计者应充分利用现有的地形创建不仅是一个功能的高速公路，也无论是外观和驱动器，并融入现有的景观。 3 Shoulders The shoulder width of urban and rural freeways is dependent upon the number of la

22、nes of the facility. The right side shoulder for both urban and rural freeways shall be 10 feet. This wideh allows for emergency parking of vehicles on the right hand shoulder. The left side shoulder is dependent on the number of freeway lanes. When there are two lanes in each direction on the freew

23、ay, the left side shoulder shall be 6 feet wide. When the freeway consists of three or more lanes in each direction, the left side shoulder shall be 10 feet. This wide left side shoulder on a multi-lane section allows for vehicles in the left lane to use the left side shoulder in an emergency instea

24、d of crosing two lanes of traffic to find refuge in the right side shoulder. The standard shoulder widths also apply to bridge shoulderwidths, including any shy distance requirements. 3护肩 城乡高速公路车道的设施的数量取决于与肩同宽。城市和农村高速公路右侧肩膀应为10英尺。右手肩膀这wideh允许车辆紧急停车。左侧肩膀依赖于高速公路车道数。当在高速公路上，在每个方向有两个车道，左侧肩6英尺宽。当包括在每个方向中

25、的三个或更多个车道的高速公路，左侧肩应为10英尺。这种广泛的左侧肩膀上一条多车道的部分允许在左侧车道的车辆在紧急情况下，而不是寻找避难的右侧肩膀crosing两个车道使用左侧肩膀。标准的肩膀宽度也适用于的桥 梁shoulderwidths，包括任何害羞的距离要求。 When right side roadside barriers are used, the normal right side shoulder width shall be increased to provide a 2 foot “E” offset or “shy” distance. When a roadside b

26、arrier is used on the left side shoulder of 10 feet or more in width, the left side shoulder shall also provide the 2foot “E” distance. Exceptions to the 2 foot “E” widening may be approved by the Roadway Engineering Manager when the additional shoulder widening is not practical. 当右侧路边的障碍，正常的右侧肩膀宽度应

27、增加提供了2脚偏移“E”或“害羞”的距离。当路边屏障用于宽10英尺或更多的左侧肩，左侧肩膀还应提供2foot的“E”距离。巷道工程经理2英尺的“E”加宽的例外可能批准额外的肩膀加宽时，是不实际的。 4 Medians Freeway medians provide a nontraversible separation between the travel ways of opposing traffic. Medians provide a sense of security and convenience to the operators of motor vehicles. The wi

28、der the median the more comfortable the driver becames with the facility. The width of urban and rural freeway medians is dependent upon available right of way. Because urban freeways have high speed and high volume traffic, the median should be as wide and flat as possible. A wider median on an urb

29、an freeway can provide for future transit, rail, HOV (high occupancy vehicles) , HOT (high occupancy toll) or travel lanes. Many times the width of medians arre restricted due to the highly developed and expensive right of way.4中位数 高速公路的位数提供了nontraversible的反对的交通出行方式之间的分离。中位数提供了机动车辆的运营安全性和方便感。位数越宽的驱动

30、器就变得更加舒适的设施。城乡高速公路分隔带宽度取决于权的方式提供。由于城市快速路有高速和高容量的交通，中位数应该尽可能宽而扁。一个城市的高速公路上，可以提供一个更广泛的中位数为未来的交通，铁路，HOV（高租用车辆），热（高入住收费）或旅游专线。很多时候分隔带宽度ARRE限制由于高度发达的和昂贵的路权。 For urban freeways the minimum median width for a freeway with two lanes in each direction and a concrete barrier is 18 feet between edge of travel

31、lanes. This allows for 6 foot shoulders, a 2 foot “E” distance, and a 2 foot concrete barrier. For urban freeways with three or more lanes in each direction and a concrete barrier, the median shall be 26 feet wide between edge of travel lanes, This distance allows for 10 foot shoulders, a 2 foot “E”

32、 distance, and a 2 foot concrete barrier. The designer should be considering future needs of the facility when dealing with minimum median designs, particularly accommodating future lanes or transit. 对于城市快速路，高速公路在每个方向有两个车道和一个水泥墩最低平均宽度为18英尺之间的行车道边缘。这使得6英尺的肩膀，一个2英尺的距离“E”，和一个2英尺的混凝土屏障。对于具有三个或更多车道在每个方向上

33、一个水泥墩城市高速公路，行车道边缘之间的位数应为26英尺宽，这个距离可以为10英尺的肩膀，脚2“E”的距离，和2英尺的混凝土屏障。设计者应考虑未来需求的设施打交道时最低中位设计，尤其是适应未来的车道或过境。 The desirable median width in an urban and rural area is 76 feet (inside edge of travel lane to inside edge of travel lane). This allows for a median that has the flexibility of allowing additiona

34、l lanes in the future. In areas where the right of way is inexpensive the edge of travel lane to edge of travel lane distance should be increased to 126 feet. 在城市和农村地区的理想的中位数宽度为76英尺（行车道行车道内侧边缘内侧边缘）。这允许具有灵活性，允许额外的车道在未来的中位数。在地方权利的方式是廉价的行驶车道的行驶车道边缘距离的边缘应增加至126英尺。 Median widths ranging from 76 to 126 fe

35、et (inside edge of travel lane to inside edge of travel lane) are very commen for rural freeways. The median width allows for future widening, installation of a raised mound median, or drainage facilities. In areas of steep topography, the use of a wide median allows for the designer to use independ

36、ent profiles and proper sides lopes.中位数宽度从76至126英尺（行车道行车道内侧边缘内侧边缘）是非常闽台农村高速公路。中位数宽度允许未来的拓宽改造，安装一个凸起的土堆中位数，或排水设施。在地形险峻的地区，使用广泛的中位数允许设计师使用独立的公司和适当的两侧 洛佩斯。 5 Lane Widths Due to the high speed, high volume traffic, and the need to provide for safe facilities, the travel lane width for both urban and rur

37、al freeways shall be 12 feet. A design exception is required for lanes less than 12 feet. 5巷宽度 由于高速，高容量的交通，以及需要提供的安全设施，为城市和农村高速公路的行车道宽度为12英尺。需要一个设计异常车道不超过12英尺。 6 Cross Slope The cross slope for four lane (two lanes in each direction) urban and rural freeways is 2%. When an urban or rural freeway con

38、sists of three or more lanes in each direction, the cross slope shall be increased to 2.5% for the outside lanes and is applicable to the outside shoulder cross slope. The two inside lanes shall retain a cross slope of 2%. 6横坡 四车道的（在每个方向的两条车道）城市和农村高速公路的横坡为2。当一个城市或农村的高速公路由三个或更多通道在每个方向，横坡应增加至2.5的外侧车道，

39、适用于外面的肩横坡。两个车道内应保留2的横坡。 7 Grades Generally grades on urban and rural freeways are very similar. In urban and mountainous areas, increased grades are allowed due to terrain. Care should be taken in urban areas to minimize the use of steep grades due to the close spacing of interchanges and the multip

40、le speed changes needed in an urban area. In an urban environment, the driver must process large amounts of information in short periods of time. Steep grades make it more difficult for lane changes and other maneuvers to be made. The maximum grade for rural flat, rural rolling, rural mountainous or

41、 urban freeways are 3%, 4% , and 5% respectively. 7年级 一般来说，城市和农村的高速公路上的成绩非常相似。在城市和山区，增加职系可因地形。应谨慎在城市地区，由于交汇处和速度的变化，需要在市区多个间距很近的陡坡尽量少用。在城市环境中，驱动程序必须处理大量的信息，在很短的 时间。陡坡使其更难以作出变更车道以及其他演习。农村持平，农村滚动，农村山区或城市高速公路的最高等级为3，4和5。 8 Vertical Clearance The vertical bridge clearance on all new urban and rural freew

42、ay structures shall be a minimun of 17 feet. The clearance shall be from the top of the pavement to the bottom of the structure and includes the entire roadway width including the usable shoulder width. 8垂直净空 垂直桥间隙对所有新的城市和农村的高速公路结构应是一个最小的17英尺。该间隙应为从顶部的铺装结构的底部，包括可以使用的肩宽包括整个巷道宽度。 The clearance require

43、ments for transmission and communication lines vary considerably and must comply with the National Electrical Safety Code. Clearance information should be obtained from the Railroad/Utilities Engineer. 输电和通信线路的间隙要求有很大的不同，必须符合国家电气安全守则。清关资料应得到铁路/公用事业工程师。 To accommodate future resurfacing, an allowance

44、 of 6 inches should be added to the vertical clearance of certain structures, such as sign trusses, pedestrian overpasses, and through-truss structures, because of their lesser resistance to impacts. The minimum railroad clearance to be provided on crossings shall conform to OAR 741. Additional clea

45、rance may be required and should be determined individually for each crossing. 为了适应将来的重铺路面，一个6英寸的津贴应该被添加到某些结构，如标志桁架，行人过街天桥，并通过桁架结构的垂直净空，因为其较低的耐冲击性能。 铁路通关口岸提供的最低应符合OAR 741。可能需要额外的间隙，应分别确定各个口岸。 Words and Expressions Arterial:干线 prior:优先； priority：优先权；Prioritizing：使有优先权； through traffic ：过境交通； Direct：直接的，顺的，直通的； operating speed：运行车速； Deem：认为、相信； interchange：互通式立体交叉； capacity：容量，通行能力； facility：简易、灵巧，设备、便利（复数）； Efficiency：效率； crossroad：十字路； r