新视野大学英语读写教程4-SA课文翻译

1、Here we are, all by ourselves, all 22 million of us by recent count, alone in our rooms, some of us liking it that way and some of us not. Some of us divorced, some widowed, some never yet committed. 事实如此，我们孤独无依地生活着。据最近的统计，共有2,200万人单独生活在自己的住所里。其中有些人喜欢这种生活，有些却不喜欢。有些离了婚，有些鳏寡无伴，也有些从未结过婚。Loneliness may

2、be a sort of national disease here, and it's more embarrassing for us to admit than any other sin. On the other hand, to be alone on purpose, having rejected company rather than been cast out by it, is one characteristic of an American hero. The solitary hunter or explorer needs no one as they v

3、enture out among the deer and wolves to tame the great wild areas. Thoreau, alone in his cabin on the pond, his back deliberately turned to the town. Now, that's character for you. 孤独或许是这里的一种民族弊病，我们羞于成认它，甚于其他任何罪恶。而另一方面，成心选择独处，拒绝别人的陪伴而非为同伴所弃，却是美国式英雄的一个特点。孤独的猎人或探险者去鹿群和狼群中冒险，征服广袤的荒野时，并不需要有人陪伴。

4、梭罗独居在湖畔的小屋，有意疏离了城市生活。现在，这成了你的个性。Inspiration in solitude is a major commodity for poets and philosophers. They're all for it. They all speak highly of themselves for seeking it out, at least for an hour or even two before they hurry home for tea. 独处的灵感是诗人和哲学家最有用的东西。他们都赞成独处，都因能够独处而自视甚高，至少在他们匆忙赶回家喝

5、茶之前的一两个小时之内是这样。Consider Dorothy Wordsworth, for instance, helping her brother William put on his coat, finding his notebook and pencil for him, and waving as he sets forth into the early spring sunlight to look at flowers all by himself. “How graceful, how benign, is solitude, he wrote.就拿多萝西·华兹

6、华斯来说吧，她帮哥哥威廉穿上外衣，为他找到笔记本和铅笔，向他挥手辞别，目送他走进早春的阳光去单独对花沉思。他写道：“独处多么优雅，惬意。No doubt about it, solitude is improved by being voluntary. 毫无疑问，如果自愿独处，感觉要好得多。Look at Milton's daughters arranging his cushions and blankets before they silently creep away, so he can create poetry. Then, rather than trouble to

7、 put it in his own handwriting, he calls the girls to come back and write it down while he dictates. 看看弥尔顿的女儿们：她们为他准备好垫子和毯子，然后蹑手蹑脚地走开，以便他能创作诗歌。然而他并不自己费心将诗歌写下来，而是唤回女儿们，向她们口述，由她们记下来。You may have noticed that most of these artistic types went outdoors to be alone. The indoors was full of loved ones kee

8、ping the kettle warm till they came home. 也许你已经注意到，这些艺术家类型的人，大多是到户外独处，而家里那么自有亲人备好了热茶，等着他们回家。The American high priest of solitude was Thoreau. We admire him, not for his self-reliance, butbecause he was all by himself out there at Walden Pond, and he wanted to be. All alone in the woods. 美国的独处代表人物是梭罗

9、。我们钦佩他，并非因为他能自力更生，而是因为他孤身一人在瓦尔登湖畔生活，他喜欢这样独居在湖畔的树林中。Actually, he lived a mile, or 20 minutes' walk, from his nearest neighbor; half a mile from the railroad; three hundred yards from a busy road. He had company in and out of the hut all day, asking him how he could possibly be so noble. Apparentl

10、y the main point of his nobility was that he had neither wife nor servants, used his own axe to chop his own wood, and washed his own cups and saucers. I don't know who did his laundry; he doesn't say, but he certainly doesn't mention doing his own, either. Listen to him: “I never found

11、the companion that was so companionable as solitude. 实际上，他最近的邻居离他只有一英里，走路也就20分钟；铁路离他半英里；交通繁忙的大路距他300码。整天都有人进出他的小屋，请教他何以能够如此高洁。显然，他的高洁之处主要在于：他既没有妻子也没有仆人，自己动手用斧头砍柴，自己洗杯洗碟。我不知道谁为他洗衣服，他没说，但他也肯定没提是他自己洗。听听他是怎么说的：“我从未发现比独处更好的伙伴。Thoreau had his own self-importance for company. Perhaps there's a message

12、here. The larger the ego, the less the need for other egos around. The more modest and humble we feel, the more we suffer from solitude, feeling ourselves inadequate company. 梭罗以自尊自重为伴。也许这里的启示是：自我意识越强，就越不需要其他的人在周围。我们越是感觉谦卑，就越受孤独的折磨，感到仅与自己相处远远不够。If you live with other people, their temporary absence

13、can be refreshing. Solitude will end on Thursday. If today I use a singular personal pronoun to refer to myself, next week I will use the plural form. While the others are absent you can stretch out your soul until it fills up the whole room, and use your freedom, coming and going as you please with

14、out apology, staying up late to read, soaking in the bath, eating a whole pint of ice cream at one sitting, moving at your own pace. Those absent will be back. Their waterproof winter coats are in the closet and the dog keeps watching for them at the window. But when you live alone, the temporary ab

15、sence of your friends and acquaintances leaves a vacuum; they may never come back. 假设与别人同住，他们的小别会使你感到耳目一新。孤独将会于星期四结束。如果今天我提到自己时使用的是单数人称代词，那么下星期我就会使用复数形式。其他人不在的时候，你可以放飞自己的灵魂，让它充满整个房间。你可以充分享受自由，随意来去而无需抱歉。你可以熬夜读书、大泡浴缸、一口气吃掉整整一品脱的冰淇淋。你可以按自己的节奏行动。暂别的人会回来。他们的冬季防水大衣还放在衣橱里，狗也在窗边密切留意他们归来的身影。但如果你单独居住，那么朋友或熟人的

16、暂时离别会使你感到空虚，也许他们永远也不会回来了。The condition of loneliness rises and falls, but the need to talk goes on forever. It's more basic than needing to listen. Oh, we all have friends we can tell important things to, people we can call to say we lost our job or fell on a slippery floor and broke our arm. It

17、's the daily succession of small complaints and observations and opinions that backs up and chokes us. We can't really call a friend to say we got a parcel from our sister, or it's getting dark earlier now, or we don't trust that new Supreme Court justice. 孤独的感觉时起时落，但我们却永远需要与人交谈。这比需要

18、倾听更重要。噢，我们都有朋友，可以把大事要事向他们倾诉。我们可以打 对朋友说我们丢了工作，或者说我们在湿滑的地板上摔倒了，跌断了胳膊。每日不断的琐碎抱怨，对各种事情的看法和意见，积在那儿，塞满了我们的心。我们不会真打 给一位朋友，说我们收到了姐姐的一个包裹，或者说现在天黑得比较早，或者说我们不信任最高法院新来的法官。个人收集整理 勿做商业用途Scientific surveys show that we who live alone talk at length to ourselves and our pets and the television. We ask the

19、 cat whether we should wear the blue suit or the yellow dress. We ask the parrot if we should prepare steak, or noodles for dinner. We argue with ourselves over who is the greater sportsman: that figure skater or this skier. There's nothing wrong with this. It's good for us, and a lot l

20、ess embarrassing than the woman in front of us in line at the market who's telling the cashier that her niece Melissa may be coming to visit on Saturday, and Melissa is very fond of hot chocolate, which is why she bought the powdered hot chocolate mix, though she never drinks it herself. 科学

21、调查说明，独居的人会对着自己、对着宠物、对着电视机唠叨不休。我们问猫儿今天该穿蓝色套装还是黄色裙装，问鹦鹉今天晚餐该做牛排还是面条。我们跟自己争论那个把戏滑冰选手和这个滑雪运发动到底谁更了不起。这没什么不妥，也对我们有好处，而且不像有些人那么令人为难：在超市付款处，排在前面的女人告诉收银员，她的侄女梅利莎星期六可能会来看她。梅莉莎非常喜欢热巧克力，所以她买了速溶热巧克力粉，虽然她自己从来不喝这东西。资料个人收集整理，勿做商业用途It's important to stay rational. 重要的是保持理性。It's important to stop waiting and

22、 settle down and make ourselves comfortable, at least temporarily, and find some grace and pleasure in our condition, not like a self-centered British poet but like a patient princess sealed up in a tower, waiting for the happy ending to our fairy tale. 重要的是不再等待，而是安排下来，使自己过得舒服，至少暂时要这样。要在我们自身的条件下发现一些

23、优雅和乐趣，不要做一个以自我为中心的英国诗人，而要像一个被关在塔楼里的公主，耐心地等待着我们的童话故事迎来快乐的结局。After all, here we are. It may not be where we expected to be, but for the time being we might as well call it home. Anyway, there is no place like home. 毕竟，事已至此，这或许不是我们所期望的局面，但眼下我们不妨称之为家吧。不管怎么说，没有什么地方比家更好。Unit 6Text AStudents taking busines

24、s courses are sometimes a little surprised to find that classes on business ethics have been included in their schedule. They often do not realize that bribery in various forms is on the increase in many countries and, in some, has been a way of life for centuries. 商科学生有时对课程里包含商业道德课略感吃惊。他们通常没意识到在很多国

25、家，形形色色的贿赂行为正日益增多。在某些国家，这已成为人们几百年来的一种生活方式。Suppose that during a negotiation with some government officials, the Minister of Trade makes it clear to you that if you offer him a substantial bribe, you will find it much easier to get an import license for your goods, and you are also likely to avoid &qu

26、ot;procedural delays", as he puts it. Now, the question is: do you pay up or stand by your principles?It is easy to talk about having high moral standards but, in practice, what would one really do in such a situation? Some time ago a British car manufacturer was accused of operating a fund to

27、pay bribes, and of other questionable practices such as paying agents and purchasers an exaggerated commission, offering additional discounts, and making payments to numbered bank accounts in Switzerland. The company rejected these charges and they were later withdrawn. Nevertheless, at that time, t

28、here were people in the motor industry in Britain who were prepared to say in private: "Look, we're in a very competitive business. Every year we're selling more than a 1,000 million worth of cars abroad. If we spend a few million pounds to keep some of the buyers happy, who's hurt?

29、 If we didn't do it, someone else would." 假定在一场与政府官员的谈判中，贸易部长向你明确表示如能给他一大笔贿赂，那么你的商品拿到进口许可证就会容易得多，还可能防止他所说的“程序上的延误。现在的问题是：你是被迫掏钱呢，还是坚持原那么？高尚的道德标准说起来容易，但实际上人们在这种情况下究竟会怎么做呢？早些时候，一家英国汽车制造商被指控利用一笔基金行贿，并进行其他一些可疑运作，如给代理商和客户高额回扣、提供额外折扣、向一些在瑞士银行开的匿名账户汇款等。这家汽车公司否认了这些指控，后来指控也被撤销了。然而，当时英国汽车业里就有人准备私下里说：

30、“瞧，我们这一行竞争剧烈，每年我们汽车的海外销售额超过10亿英镑。如果花几百万英镑能让一些客户快乐，谁会有损失呢？我们不这样干，别人也会这样干的。文档来自于网络搜索It is difficult to resist the impression that bribery and other questionable payments are on the increase. Indeed, they seem to have become a fact of commercial life. To take just one example, the Chrysler Corpora

31、tion, third largest of the U.S. car manufacturers, revealed that it made questionable payments of more than $2.5 million between 1971 and 1976. By announcing this, it joined more than 300 other U.S. companies that had admitted to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission that they had made payment

32、s of one kind or another bribes, extra discounts, etc. in recent years. For discussion purposes, we can divide these payments into three broad categories. 很容易产生这样的印象：贿赂以及其他可疑开支正日渐增多。确实，这似乎已成为商界的一个事实。仅举一例：美国第三大汽车制造企业克莱斯勒汽车公司透露，它在1971至1976年间共发生了250万美元的可疑开支。这一事实的披露，使克莱斯勒与其他300多家美国公司一样，向美国证券交易委员会成认自己近年曾

33、有过某种形式的支出，像贿赂、额外打折等。为方便讨论起见，我们可将这些支出分为三大类。文档来自于网络搜索The first category consists of substantial payments made for political purposes or to secure major contracts. For example, one U.S. corporation offered a large sum of money in support of a U.S. presidential candidate at a time when the company was u

34、nder investigation for possible violations of U. S. business laws. This same company, it was revealed, was ready to finance secret U.S. efforts to throw out the government of Chile. 第一大类是那些为政治目的或为获得大宗合同所付出的大笔款项。比方，有一家美国企业曾因可能违反美国商业法规而受调查，当时它捐出一大笔款项支持一位总统候选人。后来发现，这家公司也打算资助美国推翻智利政府的秘密行动。In this catego

35、ry, we may also include large payments made to ruling families or their close advisers in order to secure arms sales or major petroleum or construction contracts. In a court case involving an arms deal with Iran, a witness claimed that 1 million had been paid by a British company to a "negotiat

36、or" who helped close a deal for the supply of tanks and other military equipment to that country. Other countries have also been known to put pressure on foreign companies to make donations to party bank accounts. 这一大类也包括为得到武器销售或重大的石油、建筑等工程的合同而向权势家族及其身边的参谋所付出的大笔款项。在一桩涉及对伊朗武器销售的案子中，一位证人声称一家英国公司曾

37、付给某“洽谈人100万英镑。此人帮助做成了一笔向伊朗提供坦克和其他军事装备的交易。据闻其他国家也是如此，向外国公司施压，要他们向党派组织的账户捐款The second category covers payments made to obtain quicker official approval of some project, to speed up the wheels of government. An interesting example of this kind of payment is provided by the story of a sales manager who

38、had been trying for some months to sell road machinery to the Minister of Works of a Caribbean country. Finally, he hit upon the answer. Discovering that the minister collected rare books, he bought a rare edition of a book, slipped $20,000 within its pages, then presented it to the minister. This m

39、an examined its contents, then said: "I understand there is a two-volume edition of this work." The sales manager, who was quick-witted, replied: "My company cannot afford a two-volume edition, sir, but we could offer you a copy with a preface!" A short time later, the deal was a

40、pproved.The third category involves payments made in countries where it is traditional to pay people to help with the passage of a business deal. Some Middle East countries would be included on this list, as well as certain Asian countries. 第二大类包括旨在促使政府加快对某些工程工程的正式批准而作的支出。关于这一点有个有趣的例子：有个销售经理几个月来一直试图

41、向加勒比地区一个国家的建工部长推销道路工程机械。后来，他想到了方法。了解到建工部长收藏珍本书，他买了一本书的珍藏版，在书里夹了两万美元，将其送给部长。部长看了书的内容后说：“我知道这书有两卷本的。机敏的销售经理答道：“先生，我们公司买不起两卷本，不过可以给你弄一本带前言的！不久，这笔生意获准了。第三大类指某些国家按照传统做法付给在交易中起作用的人的费用。中东的一些国家和某些亚洲国家的做法都属此类。资料个人收集整理，勿做商业用途Is it possible to devise a code of rules for companies that would prohibit bribery in

42、 all its forms? The International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) favors a code of conduct that would ban the giving and seeking of bribes. This code would try to distinguish between commissions paid for real services and exaggerated fees that really amount to bribes. A council has been proposed to manage

43、 the code.是否有可能制订一套公司法规，防止各种类型的贿赂呢？国际商会ICC赞成用一套行为准那么来制止行贿索贿。这一准那么试图区分哪些是真正为效劳所付的佣金，哪些是等同于贿赂的过高费用。已经成立了一个委员会来实际操作这一准那么。Unfortunately, opinions differ among members of the ICC concerning how to enforce the code. The British members would like the system to have enough legal power to make companies beh

44、ave themselves. However, the French delegates think it is the business of governments to make and impose law; the job of a business community like the ICC is to say what is right and wrong, but not to impose anything. 可惜的是，国际商会委员们就如何实行这一法规的意见不一。英国委员们希望这一体系有充分的法律效力以使公司标准行事。而法国代表认为制定和实施法律是政府的事。像国际商会这样

45、的商业团体该做的是说明孰对孰错，而非强制实行什么。In a well-known British newspaper, a writer argued recently that "industry is caught in a web of bribery" and that everyone is "on the take". This is probably an exaggeration. However, today's businessman, selling in overseas markets, will frequently

46、meet situations where it is difficult to square his business interests with his moral conscience. 在一家知名英国报纸上，最近有位作者指出“企业已陷入贿赂网，人人都“贪赃枉法。这一说法可能有些夸张。然而，如今做海外销售的商人们常常难以做到既确保自己的商业利益，又无愧于道德良心。Unit 7Text AResearch into Population GeneticsWhile not exactly a top selling book, The History and Geography of H

47、uman Genes is a remarkable collection of more than 50 years of research in population genetics. It stands as the most extensive survey to date on how humans vary at the level of their genes. The book's firm conclusion: once the genes for surface features such as skin color and height are discoun

48、ted, the "races" are remarkably alike under the skin. The variation among individuals is muchgreater than the differences among groups. In fact, there is no scientific basis for theories pushing the genetic superiority of any one population over another. ?人类基因的历史与地理分布?尽管不是严格意义上的畅销书，却是一本聚集了

49、50多年人类遗传学方面研究成果的好书。它对人类在基因层面上的差异作了迄今为止最为广泛的调查，得出了明确的结论：如果不考虑影响肤色、身高等外表特征的基因，不同的“种族在外表之下相似地令人吃惊。个体之间的差异远远大于群体之间的差异。实际上，那种认为某一种群比另一种群的基因更优越的理论是毫无科学根据的。个人收集整理 勿做商业用途The book, however, is much more than an argument against the latest racially biased theory. The prime mover behind the project, Luca Caval

50、li-Sforza, a Stanford professor, labored with his colleagues for 16 years to create nothing less than the first genetic map of the world. The book features more than 500 maps that show areas of genetic similarity much as places of equal altitude are shown by the same color on other maps. By measurin

51、g how closely current populations are related, the authors trace the routes by which early humans migrated around the earth. Result: the closest thing we have to a global family tree. 然而，此书还不仅仅是对目前的种族偏见理论的反驳。这一工程的主要倡导者，斯坦福大学教授路卡?卡瓦里-斯福尔扎，与同事一起经过16年的努力，绘制了这一世界上首幅人类基因分布图谱。此书的一大特点是提供了500多幅图，显示了相同的遗传基因所

52、处的区域，这很像其他地图上用同样的颜色标示同样海拔高度的地区。通过测定当前人类种群间的亲缘关系，作者们勾绘了地球上早期人类迁徙的路线。他们的研究结果相当于一份全球家谱。个人收集整理 勿做商业用途The information needed to draw that tree is found in human blood: various proteins that serve as markers to reveal a person's genetic makeup. Using data collected by scientists over decades, the auth

53、ors assembled profiles of hundreds of thousands of individuals from almost 2,000 groups. And to ensure the populations were "pure", the study was confined to groups that were in their present locations as of 1492, before the first major movements from Europe began in effect, a genetic phot

54、o of the world when Columbus sailed for America. 他们在人类血液中找到了绘制这一家谱所需的信息：不同的蛋白质就是显示一个人的基因构成的标志。作者们利用几十年来科学家们收集的数据，汇编成了近2,000个群体中成千上万个个体的数据图。为了确保种群的“纯粹，这项研究将对象限定于自1492年起，即欧洲最初的大规模迁徙之前就一直居住在现生活区域的那些群体。这实际上就是一幅哥伦布驶向美洲时期的世界人口基因分布图。Collecting blood, particularly from ancient populations in remote areas, w

55、as not always easy; potential donors were often afraid to cooperate, or raised religious concerns. On one occasion, when Cavalli-Sforza was taking blood samples from children in a rural region of Africa, he was confronted by an angry farmer waving an axe. Recalls the scientist: "I remember him

56、saying, If you take the blood of the children, I'll take yours. He was worried that we might want to do some magic with the blood." 收集血样，特别是到偏远地区的古老人群中收集血样，并非总是易事。潜在的供血者通常不敢合作，或存在宗教上的担忧。有一次在非洲农村，正当卡瓦里?斯福尔扎要从儿童身上采血时，一个愤怒的村民手执斧头出现在他面前。这位科学家回忆道：“我记得他说，如果你从孩子们身上抽血，我就要放你的血。那个人是担忧我们可能用这些血来施魔法。Des

57、pite the difficulties, the scientists made some remarkable discoveries. One of them jumps right off the book's cover: a color map of the world's genetic variation has Africa at one end of the range and Australia at the other. Because Australia's native people and black Africans shar

58、e such superficial characteristics as skin color and body shape, they were widely assumed to be closely related. But their genes tell a different story. Of all humans, Australians are most distant from the Africans and most closely resemble their neighbors, the Southeast Asians. What the eye sees as

59、 racial differences between Europeans and Africans, for example are mainly a way to adapt to climate as humans move from one continent to another.The same map, in combination with ancient human bones, confirms that Africa was the birthplace of humanity and thus the starting point of the original hum

60、an movements. Those findings, plus the great genetic distance between present-day Africans and non-Africans, indicate that the split from the African branch is the oldest on the human family tree. 尽管有困难，科学家们还是取得了一些引人注目的发现。其中之一就醒目地印在此书封面上：人类基因变异彩图说明，非洲与澳洲分别位于变化范围的两端。因为澳洲土著和非洲黑人之间有一些共同的外表特征，如肤色、体型等，所以被普遍认为有密切的亲缘关系。但是他们的基因却说明并非如此。在所有人种中，澳洲人与非洲人的关系最远，而与其邻居东南亚人非常接近。我们所看到的人种差异，例如欧洲人与非洲人的差异，主要是人类从一个大陆向另一个大陆迁徙时为适应气候所