2020年新高考英语重难点03阅读理解之说明文(学生版)

1、精品资源备战高考重难点 03 阅读理解之说明文【命题趋势】最近五年，说明文的出现变化不大，一直很稳定，选材通常是各学科的前沿问题；高科技领域的科研成果；人们比较关心的社会问题；人文方面的经典。由于阅读理解题的设置采用渐进式，即由简到难的方式，因此说明文是高考试卷中阅读理解题中相对比较难的，通常后置。阅读理解试题的中要考点之一是考查学生对词汇和句式的掌握。说明文的词汇和句式的运用较别的体裁的文章难度更大。词汇运用灵活，同一词的不同词性的用法交替出现，未列入考纲的生词较多，通常达到了4-5% 。不过考生可以通过说明文的语言特点来帮助理解语篇，例如，下定义、解释、举例、同义词、反义词、上下义词以及标

2、点符号（如破折号、冒号都有表示解释和说明）等。【满分技巧】高考阅读理解中，说明文为主要体裁之一。高考阅读理解题的设问主要围绕以下四方面：细节事实题、主旨大意题、推理判断题、猜测词义题。其中，说明文主要以细节事实、主旨大意和猜测词义三方面问题为主。一、词义猜测类题型阅读理解题中常要求学生猜测某些单词或短语的意思。历年英语高考题中均有此类题目，有的文章尽管没有专门设题，但由于文章中常常出现生词，因此，词义的猜测还是贯穿在文章的阅读理解之中。解这类题目一般是通过上下文去理解或根据构词法去猜测。判断一个单词的意思不但离不开句子，而且还需要把句子放在上下文中，根据上下文提供的线索加以猜测。运用构词法,

3、语境等推测关键词义，可以根据以下几种方法猜测：（一）内在逻辑关系根据内在逻辑关系推测词义是指运用语言知识分析和判断相关信息之间存在的逻辑关系，然后根据逻辑关系推断生词词义。1. 通过同义词和反义词的关系猜词2. 根据因果关系猜测词义3. 通过定义或释义关系来推测词义4. 通过句法功能来推测词义5. 通过描述猜词（二）外部相关因素高频必考攻克高考外部相关因素是指篇章（句子或段落）以外的其他知识，有时仅靠分析篇章内在逻辑关系无法猜出词义。这时，就需要运用生活经验和普通常识确定词义。例如：The snakes lithered through the grass. 根据有关蛇的生活习性的知识，我们可

4、以推断出slither 词义为爬行。（三）构词法在阅读文章时，我们总会遇上一些新词汇，有时很难根据上下文来推断其词意，而它们对文章的理解又有着举足轻重的作用，此时，如掌握了一些常用的词根,前缀,后缀,合成等构词法知识，这些问题便不难解决了。1. 根据前缀猜测词义2. 根据后缀猜测词义3. 根据复合词的各部分猜测词义二、主旨大意类题型主旨大意类题型主要测试学生对文章全面理解和概括的能力，提问的内容可能是全文的大意，也可能是某段的段落大意，一般不易在文中直接找到答案。怎样把握主旨大意题呢？通常有以下几种方法：（一）阅读文章的标题或副标题文章的标题是一篇文章的题眼，通过阅读标题或副标题可以迅速把握文

5、章的主旨大意。（二）寻找文章的主题句分析篇章结构，找出文章主题。在许多情况下，尤其在阅读说明文和议论文时，根据其篇章特点我们可以通过仔细阅读短文的第一句或第二句，即文章的主题句来归纳出文章的主题.若短文由若干段组成，除仔细阅读第一段的首句外，还须仔细阅读每一段的第一句，即段落中心。通常文章的中心思想包含在文章的首句，有时也在文章的末句，其他句子都是用来说明和阐述主题句。因此，在确定文章的中心思想时，要求学生重视阅读文章的首句和末句。但也有一些文章，中心思想常常贯穿在全文中，因此要求学生综观全文，对段落的内容要融会贯通，对文章透彻理解后归纳总结。主题句的特点是：1. 相对于其他句子，它表达的意思

6、比较概括；2. 主题句一般结构简单；3. 段落中其他句子必定是用来解释，支撑或发展主题句所表达的思想的。【热点话题】说明文热衷话题有：科普类，环保类。【限时检测】（建议用时：30 分钟）A（湖南省长沙市雅礼中学2019 届高三下学期一模）话题：新的海洋生态系统难度：建议用时：6分A team of international scientists is due to set off for the world' s biggest iceberg in a mission airfundamental questions about the impact of climate chan

7、ge in the polar regions. The scientists, led by the British Antarctic Survey( BAS), are trying to reach a newly revealed ecosystem that had been hidden for 120,000 years below the Larsen C ice shelf.Last year, part of the Larsen C ice shelf calved ( 崩解)away, forming a huge iceberg-A68-which is four

8、times bigger than London, and revealing life beneath for the first time. Now scientists say it is a race against time to explore these new ecosystems before they are transformed to the light. Marine biologist Dr Katrin Linse from the BAS is leading the mission.“Thecalving of A68 provides us with a u

9、nique opportunity to study marine life as it responds to a huge environment change, " she said. "It is important that we get there quickly before the undeionimenrtvchanges as sunlight enters the water.”Professor David Vaughan, science director at the BAs, said,“：We nee doitotbie bold. Lars

10、enC is a long way south and there' s lots of sea ice in the area, but this is important science, soyweuwbest toget the team where they need to be. He said climate change had already affected the sea around Antarctica and is warming some coastal waters. " Futurewarming may make some habitats

11、 warm. Where these habitats support unique species that are adapted to love the cold and not the warm, those species are going to either move or die.There is growing concern about the possible impact of climate change in the Antarctic. Earlier this month, a report revealed that melting ice sheets in

12、 Greenland and Antarctica are speeding up the already fast pace of the sea level rise. The research, published by the National Academies of Science , Engineering and Medicine , said, “At the current rate, the world' s ocean will be, on average, at least 60cm higher by the end of the century.foun

13、d that the process is accelerating, and more than three quarters of the acceleration since 1993 is due to melting ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica, the study shows.1. Why are the scientists eager to go to the iceberg?A. To study how the iceberg was formed.B. To study a newly discovered ecosyst

14、em.C. To explore a new way to prevent climate change.D. To explore the geography of the Larsen C ice shelf.2. What do the underlined words“this one " iaghapfouetfeipto?A. The Larsen C ice shelf.B. Climate change in Antarctica.C. The A68 iceberg with the ecosystem beneath it.D. The condition of

15、animal species in Antarctica.3. What can we learn about the A68 iceberg from the text?A. It is as big as London.B. It is part of an ice shelf in the Arctic.C. It will disappear in a very short time.D. It has uncovered an unknown ecosystem in Antarctica.4. What can we infer from the last paragraph?A.

16、 There is no need to worry about climate change in Antarctica.B. The ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica are melting at a steady rate.C. Many creatures living in deep water will die out due to climate change.D. By 2100, the sea level will have risen to a much higher level than now.B（天津市耀华中学 2019届

17、高三第二次校模拟考试）话题：上大学前需要了解的信息难度：建议用时：6分College visits are important. Before you commit years of your life and money to a school , be sure you ' re choosing a place that is a good match for your personality and interests. You can' t get the" fany guidebook , so be sure to visit the campus. B

18、elow are a few tips for getting the most out of your college visit.Explore on Your OwnOf course you should take the official campus tour , but be sure to allow time to hang around on your own. The trained tour gui des will show you a school ' s selling points. But the oldest and prettiest buildi

19、ngs don entire picture of a college. Try to walk the extra mile and get the complete picture of the campus.Read the Bulletin BoardsWhen you visit the student center , academic buildings and residence halls , take a few minutes to read thebulletin boards. They provide an easy way to see what's ha

20、ppening on campus. Theubssand lectysescan tell you whats going on outside the classrooms.Eat in the Dining HallYou can get a good feel for student life by eating in the dining hall. Try to sit with students if you can. Do thestudents seem happy or stressed? Also , is the food good ? Are there adequa

21、te healthy options ? Many admissionoffices will give prospective students coupons （ 优惠券 ） for free meals in the dining halls.Visit a Class in Your MajorIf you know what you want to study ， a class visit makes a lot of sense. You ll get to observe other studentyour field and see how involved they are

22、 in classroom discussion. Try to stay after class for a few minutes and chatwith the students to get their impressions of their professors and major. Be sure to call in advance to schedule aclassroom visit- most colleges don t allow visitors to drop in at class unannodu. nceTalk to Lots of StudentsY

23、our campus tour guide has been trained to market the school. Try to talk to students who arento impress you. These important conversations can often provide you with information about college life that isnpart of the admission script. Few university officials will tell you if their students spend al

24、l weekend drinking orstudying ， but a group of random students might.For more tips， please go to collegeapps. about. com.5. The best way to know about a college in an official campus tour is.A. to walk around the campus aloneB. to take pictures of the campusC. to visit the oldest and prettiest build

25、ingsD. to hire a trained tour guide6. Reading the bulletin boards can help you .A. decide-the major you want to studyB. find out the after-class activities on campusC. get free coupons from the admission officesD. find out the options of healthy food7. If you plan to attend a class on campus, .A. dr

26、op in at a class in your majorB. have talks with students before classC. make an appointment in advanceD. ask the professor for permission8. To get a real idea of the college during a visit, it s best to talk to._A. famous professorsB. campus tour guidesC. admission officersD. random students9. Wher

27、e does the passage probably come from？A. A news report.B. A tourist poster.C. An educational journal.D. A geographical magazine.C（北京市清华大学附属中学2019届高三第三次模拟考试）话题：全球变暖难度：建议用时：6分Against the supposition that forest fires in Alaska, Canada and Siberia warm the climate, scientists have discovered that cooli

28、ng may occur in areas where burnt trees allow more snow to mirror more sunlight into space.This finding suggests that taking steps to prevent northern forest to limit the release of greenhouse gases may warm the climate in northern regions. Usually large fires destroyed forests in these areas over t

29、he past decade. Scientists predict that with climate warming, fires may occur more frequently over next several centuries as a result of a longer fire season. Sunlight taken in by the earth tends to cause warming, while heat mirrored back into space tends to cause cooling.This is the first study to

30、analyze all aspects of how northern fires influence climate. Earlier studies by other scientists have suggested that fire in northern regions speed up climate warming because greenhouse gases from burning trees and plants are released into the atmosphere and thus trap heat.Scientists found that righ

31、t after the fire, large amounts of greenhouse gases entered the atmosphere and caused warming. Ozone （臭氧）levels increased, and ash from the fire fell on far-off sea ice, darkening the surface and causing more radiation from the sun to be taken in. The following spring, however, the land within the a

32、rea of the fire was brighter than before the fire, because fewer trees covered the ground. Snow on the ground mirrored more sunlight back into space, leading to cooling.“We need to find out all possible ways to reduce the growth of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. tracked the change in amount of

33、radiation entering and leaving the climate system as a result of the fire, and found a measurement closely related to the global air temperature. Typically, fire in northern regions occurs in the same area every 80 to 150 years. Scientists, however, found that when fire occurs more frequently, more

34、radiation is lost from the earth and cooling results. Specifically, they determined when fire returns 20 years earlier than predicated, 0.5 watts per square meter of area burned are soaked up by the earth from greenhouse gases, but 0.9 watts per square meter will be sent back into space. The net eff

35、ect is cooling. Watts are used to measure the rate at which energy is gained or lost from the earth.10. According to the new findings, taking steps to prevent northern forest fires may.A. result in a warming climateB. cause the forest fires to occur more frequentlyC. lead to a longer fire seasonD. p

36、rotect the forests and the environment there11. The following are all the immediate effects after a forest fire EXCEPT.A. large amounts of greenhouse gases enter the atmosphereB. the levels of ozone which is a type of oxygen increaseC. snow on the ground mirrors more sunlight back into spaceD. ashes

37、 from the fire fall on the ice surface and take in more radiation from the sun12. Earlier studies about northern forest fires.A. analyze all aspects of how northern fires influence climateB. indicate that forest fires will pollute the atmosphereC. suggest that people should take measures to protect

38、the environmentD. suggest that the fires will speed up climate warming13. The underlined phrase“ soak up " in the last paragraph most probably means.A. releasedB. absorbedC. createdD. distributed14. From the passage we can draw a conclusion that forest fires in Alaska, Canada and Siberia mayA.

39、warm the climate as the supposition goesB. allow more snow to reflect more sunlight into space and thus cool the climateC. destroy large areas of forests and pollute the far-off sea iceD. help to gain more energy rather than release more energyD（2018-2019学年上师大附中高三下英语三月月考）话题：全球化难度：建议用时：6分For all the

40、pressures and rewards of regionalization（地区化）and globalization, local identities remain the mostdeeply impressed. Even if the end result of globalization is to make the world smaller, its scope seems to foster theneed for more private local connections among many individuals. As Bernard Poignant, ma

41、yor of the town ofQuimper in Brittany, told the Washington Post,“ Man is a fragile animal and he needs his close attachments. Themore open the world becomes, the more ties there will be to one s roots and one' s land. ”In most communities, local languages such as Poignant ' s Breton serve a

42、strong symbolic function as a clear mark of“ authentic赚真性）”.The sum total of a community' s shared historical experience, authenticity reflects anoticeable line from a culturally idealized past to the present, carried by the language and traditions associated with the community ' s origins.

43、A concern for authenticity leads most secula世俗的）Israelis to defend Hebrew among themselves while also acquiring English and even Arabic. The same obsession with authenticity drives Hasidic Jews in Israel or the Diaspora to champion Yiddish while also learning Hebrew and English. In each case, authen

44、ticity amounts to a central core of cultural beliefs and interpretations that are not only resistant to globalization but als o are actually reinforced by the“ threat ” that globalization seems to present to these historivalues. Scholars may argue that cultural identities change over time in respons

45、e to specific reward systems. But locals often resist such explanation and defend authenticity and local mother tongues against the perceived threat of globalization with near religious eagerness.As a result, never before in history have there been as many standardized languages as there are today:

46、roughly 1,200. Many smaller languages, even those with far fewer than one million speakers, have benefited from state-sponsored or voluntary preservation movements. On the most informal level, communities in Alaska and the American northwest have formed Internet discussion groups in an attempt to pa

47、ss on Native American languages to younger generations. In the Basque, Catalan, and Galician regions of Spain, such movements are fiercely political and frequently involved loyal resistance to the Spanish government over political and linguistic rights. Projects have ranged from a campaign to print

48、Spanish money in the four official languages of the state to the creation of language immersion nursery and primary schools. Zapatistas in Mexico are championing the revival of Mayan languages in an equally political campaign for local autonomy.In addition to causing the feeling of the subjective im

49、portance of local roots, supporters of local languages defend their continued use on practical grounds. Local tongues foster higher levels of school success, higher degrees of participation in local government, more informed citizenship, and better knowledge of one history, and faith. Government and

50、 relief agencies can also use local languages to spread information about industrial and agricultural techniques as well as modern health care to diverse audiences. Development workers in West Africa, for example, have found that the best way to teach the vast number of farmers with little or no for

51、mal education how to sow and rotate crops for higher yields is in these local tongues. Nevertheless, both regionalization and globalization require that more and more speakers of local languages be multi-literate.15. In paragraph 1, the author quoted a mayor s word to show that globalization .A. str

52、engthens local identitiesB. weakens regionalizationC. strengthens individualismD. weakens local attachments16. The influence of globalization on authenticity is that it .A. weakens the authority of authenticityB. prevents the development of authenticityC. enhances the importance of authenticityD. pr

53、omotes the maturity of authenticity17. In terms of campaigns for language protection, America differs from Spain and Mexico in thatA. its volunteers have enough sponsorship from the state.B. its locals are not interested in finding native Americans.C. its youths are eager to pass on the local tradit

54、ions.D. its movements are not political.18. Which of the following statements is NOT true?A. Practically, local languages are less used than English.B. Local languages are more important in daily life.C. The smaller the world is, the more united the locals are.D. The relation between localization an

55、d globalization is double-win.E（山东师范大学附属中学2019届高三第四次模拟）话题：新能源科技难度：建议用时：6分A Swiss airplane powered only by energy from the sun left from Abu Dhabi early on March 9. Its creatorshope the plane will make the first around-the-world journey without any fuel. The plane is called Solar Impulse 2 .It has on

56、e seat and is made from carbon fiber. The plane weighs only as much as a car but its wings are wider than aBoeing 747. The plane ' s wings stretch 72 meters across. Those wings include 17,000 solar units, or cells, which capture the sun ' s energy. The energy allows the plane to fly day ghd.

57、 niTwo Swiss scientists built the plane. Bertrand Piccard is also an explorer who made the first non-stop flight around the world in a balloon. Andre Borschberg is an engineer and trained fighter pilot. The scientists say they are not trying to alter the airplane industry. Instead, they want to show

58、 that new energy sources and technologies can achieve what some say is impossible." We want to show we can fly day and night in an aircraft without a drop offuel. " Mr. Piccard said.Some parts of the trip will require the pilots to be in the tiny plane for five to six days and nights in a row. So it is good that the pilot' s seat is also a toilet.The plane ' s route begins in the United Arab E