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1、英语的句型结构美国老师如何讲解句型的。特点: 1、不按我们中国人的分类标准来划分句型2、把句型种类绝对简单化英语所有的句型结构,无非可划分为四种:I. 简单句( Simple sentence )主语 +谓语 +宾语I love my Mom.I go to school everyday.( 简单句未免太小儿科了 , 不能代表一个成年人的思维水平 . 这就是为什么我们很少见到大量的简单句出现 )II. 复合句( Compound Sentence )And,but,or,so,forBeijing is in the North and Nanjing is in the South.( 特

2、点: Whentwo independent clauses, or complete sentences are joined together, they form one compound sentence.复合句是由两个独立的句子组合在一起构成的。例句中,有下面两个完整并且独立的句子组成:Beijing is in the North.Nanjing is in the South.III. 复杂句( Complex Sentence )My uncle, who is seventy years old, works on a farm.( 特点: Whenan independen

3、t clause and a dependent clause are joined together; they form one complex sentence.复合句是由一个独立的句子加一个从句构成的。 )China is a country that its history isvery long.China is a country. (独立句子That its history is very long ()从句)IV. 复杂句 +复合句( Compound sentence+ Complex sentence )StudyingEnglishisimportantbecause

4、alotof jobs need people know English;andlearning English helpspeople understand other countrysculture.整体看,这是一个由 moreover连接的复合句, 前后两句都在谈论学英语的重要性, 两个独立完整的句子。但第一句话中又包含了一个由because 引导的从句。你知道英语中最常用的句型是什么句子吗?复杂句 (complex) 。My American teacher said,” The most common sentence pattern is complex”所以英语中复杂句多于简se

5、ntence, because language reflects life.”为什么不是复合句呢?She said,“How many things are equal in our life?看来因为生活中复杂的事情要多于并列的同等的事情,单句。我的总结:如何区分复合句 (compound sentence) 。复杂句 (complex)?都有两个句子组成,复合句中,两个句子独立表达完整的意思,能独立存活。复杂句由一个主句和一个从句组成 , 其中的从句不能独立表达一个完整的意思。复合句就好像婚姻中的男人和女人, 他们各自都有自己独立的人格和思想, 组合成一个家庭, 但谁离了谁都能活。 而复

6、杂句则好像妈妈和孩子, 孩子不能独立存活,依附于妈妈, 当孩子和妈妈在一起的时候, 也许修饰妈妈的头 ( 主语从句 ) ,也许修饰身体 ( 谓语从句 ) ,也许修饰妈妈的腿 ( 宾语从句 ) ,其实根本没必要深度研究从句的类型, 一眼就能看出从句在说什么。 过多的强调从句的种类是把语法搞复杂化,使学习者 confuse 。见到复合句,抓住每个句子的 idea ,把他们分开来看,也就变成两个简单句,理解起来就容易了。说了半天,还都是道理。你想真正掌握句型结构吗?句子的成分1. 主语 主语是谓语讲述的对象, 表示所说的 “是什么 ”或 “是谁 ”。一般由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词或短语来充

7、当。它在句首。注意:不定式作主语时,常用形式主语it 句型。2. 谓语 说明主语 “做什么 ”, “是什么 ”或“怎么样 ”。谓语 (谓语部分里主要的词 )必须用动词。谓语和主语在人称和数两方面必须一致。它在主语后面。3. 表语 表语说明主语 “是什么 ”或者 “怎么样 ”,由名词、形容词、副词、介词、不定式及相当于名词或形容词的词或短语来担任。它的位置在系动词后面。* 注意区别: My job is teaching.(teaching 为表语 ) 与 I am teaching now.(am teaching 为谓语 )4. 宾语 宾语是动作、行为的对象,由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词

8、的词、短语来担任,它和及物动词一起说明主语做什么,在谓语之后。5. 状语 状语用来修饰动词、形容词或副词。一般表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等意义,一般由副词、介词短语、不定式或相当于副词的词或短语来表示。状语一般放在句末,但有的可以放在句首、句中。6. 定语 定语是用来修饰名词或代词的。形容词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语、不定式或相当于形容词的词或短语等都可以担任定语。因为它是修饰名词或代词的,而名词和代词又可以作主语,还可以作表语和宾语,所以定语的位置很灵活,凡是有名词、代词的地方都可以有定语。英语常用的句型结构高中英语重点语法网络图表英语常用的句型结构1、 S + vi2、

9、S + link verb + predicative3、 S + vt +o4、 S + vt + o ( 间接 ) + o ( 直接 )5、 S +vt+ o + o c6、 There be + s +种类句型第 1种 S +V第 2种 S+V+O第 3种 S+V+P第4S+V+ino( 间 接 宾语 )+Do( 直 接 宾种语 )第 5种 S+V+O+C第 6种 There be+S主语部分简单句的五个基本句型主语谓语部分宾语补足S.谓语动词 V.表语 P.宾语 O.语 OC.Wework.( 不 及物 )Heplays(及物 )the piano.Weare(系动词 )student

10、s.Shegave(及物 )me a pen.Hemade(及物 )the boylaugh.There are thirty days this month.谓语部分谓语动词修饰语 /补语 /宾语1.Flowersbloom。2.bloomin the gardens.Flowers3.bloomin the gardens in spring.Many beautiful flowers4.goto school by bicycle every day.I5.looksvery pretty.Betty, your younger sister ,6.speakEnglish very

11、well.Some students in my class7.Do.these sentences?you8.understandLesson Two, Mary.(You)Read句子的成分1. 主语 主语是谓语讲述的对象,表示所说的 “是什么 ”或 “是谁 ”。一般由名词、 代词、不定式或相当于名词的词或短语来充当。它在句首。注意 :不定式作主语时,常用形式主语it 句型。2. 谓语 说明主语 “做什么 ”, “是什么 ”或 “怎么样 ”。谓语 (谓语部分里主要的词 )必须用动词。谓语和主语在人称和数两方面必须一致。它在主语后面。3. 表语 表语说明主语 “是什么 ”或者 “怎么样 ”,

12、由名词、形容词、副词、介词、不定式及相当于名词或形容词的词或短语来担任。它的位置在系动词后面。* 注意区别: My job is teaching.(teaching为表语 ) 与 I am teaching now.(am teaching为谓语 )4. 宾语 宾语是动作、 行为的对象, 由名词、 代词、不定式或相当于名词的词、 短语来担任,它和及物动词一起说明主语做什么,在谓语之后。5. 状语 状语用来修饰动词、形容词或副词。一般表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等意义,一般由副词、介词短语、不定式或相当于副词的词或短语来表示。状语一般放在句末,但有的可以放在句首、句中。6. 定语

13、 定语是用来修饰名词或代词的。形容词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语、不定式或相当于形容词的词或短语等都可以担任定语。 因为它是修饰名词或代词的, 而名词和代词又可以作主语, 还可以作表语和宾语,所以定语的位置很灵活,凡是有名词、代词的地方都可以有定语。简单句、并列句、复合句1. 简单句句型:主语 +谓语只包含一个主谓结构,而句子的各个结构都只由单词或短语表示。2. 并列句句型:简单句 +并列连词(或连接副词)+简单句* 由两个或两个以上的简单句并列连接起来的句子叫并列句。并列句中的各简单句意义同等重要,相互之间没有从属关系,是平行并列的关系。它们之间用连词连结。1、联合关系:and, not o

14、nly but(also), neither等。nor常用的连词有Eg. Tom doesn t smoke, nor does his brother.2、转折关系but, yet, still, however, while( 而,然而 ),when (那时,然后)等。常用的连词有Eg. He got up very early, (and) yet he failed to catch the morning train.We played outside till sunset, when it began to rain.She is tired, (but) still she w

15、ill make another test.*yet 和 still 是连接副词,又叫半连接句。*however( 然而,不过,但是)意义接近yet,可放在句首、句末或插入句子中间。3、选择关系:常用的连词有or(或者,还是,否则) , otherwise, or else, eitherEg. Hurry up, or we ll be late for school.等。or4、因果关系连词有:for, so, thus, therefore, and so等。Eg. He studied hard, thus he succeeded in passing the exam.The Fr

16、enchman coughed loudly, so he decided to go and get some medicine for it.*for表示附加或推断的理由、原因。Therefore 较 so 更正式, and so 较口语化。3. 复合句句型:主句 +连词 +从句;或连词+从句 +主句(包含一个主句、一个或一个以上的从句,或只包含一个从句,但有两个或两个以上的主句的句子叫复合句。)动词时态,被动语态一、一般现在时1.一般现在时表示经常发生、习惯性动作、客观真理、科学事实、格言,目前的特征、状态、能力等。2.主句是一般将来时,时间、条件状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来。如:I

17、ll go there after I finish my work./ If it rains tomorrow, I won t go there.3.在以 here, there 开头的句子里,go, come 等少数动词的一般在时表示正在发生的动作。例如: There goes the bell.铃响了。 There comes the bus.汽车来了。 Here she comes.她来了。二、现在进行时1.表示正在进行的动作。2.表示按计划安排即将发生的动作。例如: She is leaving for Beijing. 她要去北京。He is working as a teac

18、her tomorrow. 从明天起他要做老师。My father is coming to see me this Saturday. 这个星期六我爸爸要来看我。3.代替一般现在时,描绘更加生动。例如 :The Changjiang River is flowing into the east. 江水滚滚向东流。 The sun is rising in the east. 太阳从东方冉冉升起。4.大多数动词可用于进行时,但也有些动词不用于进行时。常见的有:exist,live,understand, mean, owe, belong to, know, doubt, suppose, r

19、emember, forget,believe,trust,want,wish,refuse,like,hate,dislike,prefer,mind,hope等。三、现在完成时1.表示过去发生的动作对现在产生的影响或结果,或说话时已完成的动作。例如: I have finished the report./ She has cleaned the room.2.表示从过去开始,待续到现在的动作或状态,往往和“ for, ” , “since, ”表述的一段时间状语连用。 例如: He has learned English for six years./ They have worked

20、here since theyleft college.3.现在完成时与一般过去时的区别:1)用两种时态来表述发生在过去的某一动作,现在完成时强调这一过去动作对现在产生She has的影响或结果,而一般过去时只表达过去的动作或状态,和现在关系不大。例如:cleaned the room. It s very clean now此.(句 has cleaned就不能改为cleaned.一是因为 cleaned 与现状无关,二是因为一般过去时不可突然跳到It s这样的一般现在时。)2)汉语中的“了” 、“过”、“曾”等词常用完成表达,如: I have seen that film. (我看过那部

21、电影了。)但是如果是在特定的过去时间 “看了”、“做过”,就不可用完成时而必须用一般过去进来表达。例如:When did you see that film? I saw it yesterday.(你什么时候看了那部电影?我昨天看的。)不能说: When have you seen that film? I have seen it yesterday.4.表示“曾经到过某地(人已回来) ”用“ have/has been to” ,表示“到某地去了(还未回来)”用“ have/has gone to” .例如: Where is Li Hua? He has gone to the rea

22、ding-room. She knows a lot about Shanghai. She has been there.5.短暂动词(即瞬间动词) ,join, lose, buy, borrow, leave, go, come, arrive, die, marry, finish,complete, begin, start, break out 等,在完成时态中,其肯定式不能和表示一段时间的状语连用。例如不能说: He has finished the work for three hours. 要翻译“他已完成工作三小时了。 ”可采用 1)“ ago 法”: He finishe

23、dthe work three hours ago.2)“延续法” : He has beenthrough(with)the work for three hours.3)“ since 法”:It is/has been three hours since he finishedthe work.四、现在完成进行时1.用来表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在(或今后还要继续一去)的动作。 例如:He has been doing the maths problems since 8:00./ It has been raining for two days.2.凡是不能用于现在进行时的动词

24、均不能用于现成完成进行时。五、一般过去时表达特定的过去时间内发生的动作或存在的状况, 或过去某一时间内经常发生或反复发生的动作或行为。六、过去进行时1.表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作(这一过去时间须用时间状语表示)。例如: He was preparing his lecture all day yesterday.2.表示动作在另一过去动作发生时进行。例如:They were still working when I left.3.用在两个过去进行时动作同时发生。例如:I was writing while he was watching TV.4.表示过去将来动作。例如:He

25、 said she was arriving the next day.七、过去完成时1.表示在过去某一时间以前已经完成的动作。例如:He had shut the door before the dogcame up./ Everything had been all right up till this morning.2.表示动作或状态从过去某个时刻开始一直延续到另一个过去时刻才完成,甚至还要继续下去。例如: At the age of ten, he had learned 500 English words. He had been ill for a week when we le

26、arned about it.3.常用 hope, expect, think, intend, want, suppose 等动词的过去完成时来表示未实现的希望、打算或意图。例如: We had expected that you would be able to win the match. 八、一般将来时一般将来时表示将来要发生的动作和存在的状况。有下列一些形式:1.will/shall do(侧重将来行为,不突出计划安排去做某事)2.be going to do ( 主观上打算或客观上可能发生)3.be doing ( 按计划将要发生,常和表示最近的将来时间连用)4.be about

27、to do (按计划即将发生 )九、将来完成时by 短语, when, before 引起的时间用来表示在将来某个时刻(前)将完成的动作。常和状语连用。例如:We will have finished senior Book 2 by the end of this term.被动语态一、被动语态的句型1.常见句式是: 主语(受动者)be过去分词(by施动者)例如: He was scolded by the English teacher.2.主语 get过去分词其它成分例如: The boy got drowned last summer./ She got fired because o

28、f her faults.注意:使用这种结构不能带有“by 施动者”3.带有双宾语(直接宾语和间接宾语)的主动句变为动句,其主语可以是直接宾语,也可以是间接宾语。例如:被动:She lent me a bike.1) I was lent a bike(by her).2)A bike was lent to me(by her).4.情态动词 be过去分词例如: This problem must be worked out in half an hour.5.双重被动式: 主语被动式谓语不定式的被动式其它成分例如; These magazines are not allowed to be

29、 taken out of the reading-room./The murderer was ordered to be shot.二、主动表示被动的几种情况1.不及物动词与状语连用,用以表示主语的品质和状态。常见动词是: cut, sell, read, write,fill, cook, lock, wash, drive, keep等。例如: This knife cuts well. 这把刀好切。These books sellwell. 这些书好卖。 The pen writes smoothly. 这支笔写起来流畅。 Meat won t keep long in such h

30、otweather.肉在这样热的天气里放不长久。The cloth washes well. 这种布好洗。2.一些连系动词的主动式形容词。常见动look, smell, taste, sound, feel, prove, turn out等。例如: The apples taste good./Theflowersmells wonderful./Thenews proved/turned outtrue./Cotton feels soft.注: prove 也可用于被动式,如:His answer(was) proved right.3.不定式在某些形容词之后,且与主语有动宾关系。常见形

31、容词有:hard, difficult, easy,heavy, fit, good, comfortable, convenient, impossible等。例如: The problem is easy to do./Thequestion is difficult to answer./The box is heavy to carry./The project is impossible to complete in a year.比较: The problem is to be done./The question is to be answered. 没有形容词时,虽然不定式与主

32、语是动宾关系,但必须用被动式。三、容易误用被动语态的几种情况:1.I teach myself French. 不可变为Myself is taught French. 因为反身代词不可作主语。2.We help each other/one another. 不可变为 Each other/One another is helped by us. 因为相互代词不可作主语。3.He lost heart. 不可变为Heart was lost by him. 因为象 lose heart, make a face, keep silence,lose in thought 这类动宾结构的固定短

33、语只能用于主动式,不能用被动式。4.She took part in the sports meet. 不能变为 The sports meet was taken part in by her. 因为象 take part in, belong to ,own, have, hate, fail, contain 等表状态动词没有被动语态。主谓一致Agreement在英语的句子中,谓语动词的形式应与主语的人称和数保持一致。如何判定, 则要看句子的意思。 多数情况下, 根据句子的主语形式就能判定,但有的则要看整句的意思,及强调的内容。下面我们就常用的、易混的几种情况作一下解释。1、以单数名词或

34、代词、不定式、动名词短语或从句作主语时,谓语动词要用单数形式。如:1) To work hard is necessary.( It is necessary to work hard. )2) How you get there is a problem.2、复数主语跟复数动词。3、在倒装句中, 动词的数应和它后面的主语的数一致。如以here, there 开头,be动词与后面第一个名词一致。如:1)Here comes the bus.2) On the wall were two famous paintings.3) Here is Mr Brown and his children.

35、4、and 连接两个或两个以上的并列主语时,谓语动词用复数。如果主语后跟有with, togetherwith, except, but, perhaps , like, including, as well as, no less than, more than, rather than 等引起的短语,谓语动词仍与短语前的主语的形式保持一致。如:1) Jane, Mary and I are good friends.2) He and my father work in the same factory.3) His sister, no less than you, is wrong.4

36、) The father, rather than the brothers, is responsible for the accident.5) He, like you and Xiao Liu is very diligent.6) Every picture except these two has been sold.7) Alice with her parents often goes to the park on Sundays.8) Alice as well as her friends was invited to the concert.9) Nobody but M

37、ary and I was in the classroom at that time.5、并列主语如果指的是同一个人、同一事物或同一概念时,谓语动词用单数,and 后面的名词没有冠词。如:1)The writer and worker is coming to our school tomorrow.这位工人作家明天要来我们学校。2) Bread and butter is their daily food.面包和黄油是他们每日的食品。3) The writer and the worker are coming to our school tomorrow.(两个人)6、 and 连接的并

38、列单数名词前如有each, every, no, many a 修饰时,谓语动词要用单数形式。如:1) Every boy and girl has been invited to the party.所有的孩子都被邀请参加这次聚会。2) No teacher and no student is absent today.3) Many a student is busy with their lessons.7、 each, either, one, another, the other, neither 作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。如:1) Each takes a cup of tea

39、.2) Either is correct.3) Neither of them likes this picture.8、由 every, some, any, no 构成的合成代词作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。如:1) Is everyone here?2) Nothing is to be done.没有什么要干的事儿了。9、关系代词who, that, which 等在定语从句中作主语时,其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。如:1) Those who want to go please sign their names here.2) Anyone who is against t

40、his opinion may speak out.3) He is one of the students who were praised at the meeting.10、表示时间、距离、价格、度量衡等的复数名词或短语作为一个整体看待时,其谓语动词常用单数形式。11、复数形式的专有名词作为整体看待(如人名、地点、国家、组织、书籍、报刊等)词用单数形式。如:,动1) The United States is in North America.2) The United Nations has passed a resolution( 决议 )。3)“ The Arabian Nights

41、 ”(天方夜谭 ) is an interesting book.12、有些集体名词如 family, team, group, class, audience (听众,观众) ,government 等作主语时, 如看作是一个整体,谓语动词则用单数形式;如强调各个成员时,谓语动词要用复数形式。如:1) My family is going to have a long journey.2) My family are fond of music.3) The class has won the honour. 这班获得了荣誉。4) The class were jumping for joy

42、.13、 all, more, most, some, any, none, half, the rest 等作主语时,既可表示复数意义,也可表示单数意义,谓语动词要根据实际情况而定。如:1) All of the apple is rotten.整个苹果都烂了。2) All of the apples are rotten.所有的苹果都烂了。3) Most of the wood was used to make furniture ( 家具 )。14、 the + 形容词(或分词)作主语时,常指一类人,谓语动词用复数形式。如指的是抽象概念,谓语动词则用单数形式。如:1) The young

43、 are usually very active.2) The wounded are being taken good care of here now.15、 or, either, or, , neither, nor, , whether, or, not only , but (also)连接的是主语 ,谓语动词与后一个主语一致。如:1) Either you or I am going to the movies.2) Not only you but also he is wrong.16、不可数名词没有复数形式,作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。如:1) Water is a ki

44、nd of matter.2) The news at six o clock is true.17、集合名词如:people, police ,cattle 等作主语,谓语动词用复数形式。如:1) The police are searching for him.2) The cattle are grassing (吃草 )。18、 population 当人口讲时,谓语动词用单数形式;当人们讲时,谓语动词用复数。如:1) The population of China is larger than that of Japan.2) One third of the population

45、here are workers.19、the number of +名词复数, 是表示“ , 的数字” ,作主语时, 谓语动词用单数形式;a (large/ great) number of + 名词复数,表示许多,作主语时;谓语动词用复数形式。1) The number of the students in our school is increasing year after year.2) A number of students have gone for an outing.20、 means, politics, physics, plastics 等作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式

46、。复合句(1) 定语从句I. 定语从句起了形容词的作用,在句中修饰一个名词或代词。被修饰的词叫做先行词,引导定语从句的词叫关系词, 他的作用一是放在先行词与定语从句中间起了连接作用, 二是在从句中担当一个成分,并与先行词保持数的一致。关系词先 行从句成分词Who人主语Whom人宾语关Whose人 ,定语物系代That人 ,主语,宾词物语Which物主语,宾语As人 ,主语,宾物语关When时间时间状语系Where地点地点状语副why原因原因状语词例句Do you know the man who is talking with your mother?Mr. Smith is the pers

47、on with whom I am working The boy (whom) she loved died in the war.I like those books whose topics are about history. The boy whose father works abroad is my deskmate.A plane is a machine that can fly.She is the pop star (that) I want to see very much.The book (which) I gave you was worth $10.The pi

48、cture which was about the accident was terrible.He is such a person as is respected by all of us.This is the same pen as I lost yesterday.I will never forget the day when we met there.This is the house where I was born.I can imaginet the reason why he turned down my offer.备注Whom,which和 that 在从句中做宾语时

49、,常可以省略,但介词提前时后面关系代词不能省略,也不可以用 thatAs 做 宾语 一般不省略可用 on which 可用 in which可用 for whichII. That 与 which, who, whom的用法区别:情况用法说明例句1 先 行 词 为 all,everything, anything,1.He told me everything that he knows.nothing, little, much, 等不定代词时。2.All the books thatyou offered has2 先行词被 all, any, every, each, much,been

50、 given out.只用little, no, some, few 等修饰时3.This is the best filmthat I have ever3 先行词有形容词最高级和序数词修饰read.that的时4.We talked about the persons and things情况4 先行词既指人又指物时that we remembered.5 先行词被 the only, the very 修饰时5.He is the only man that I want to see.6 句中已经有 who 时,为了避免重复时6.Who is the man that is makin

51、g a只用speech?1 在非限制性定语从句中, 只能用 whichHe has a son, who has gone abroad forwhich,指代物,用 who/whom 指人further study.who,2 在由 “介词 +关系代词 ”引导的定语从I like the person to whom the teacher iswhom句中,只能用 which 指物,whom 指人。talking.的情3 先行词本身是 that 时,关系词用 which,Those who respect others are usually况先行词为 those, one, he时多用 who。respected by others.III. As与 which 的区别:定语从句区别限制性定名词前有such 和 the sa

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