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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上Unit1-Text AWho Is Great? As a young boy,Albert Einstein did so poorly in school that teachers thought he was slow. The young Napoleon Bonaparte was just
2、160;one of hundreds of artillerylieutenants in the French Army. And the teenage George Washington, with little formal education, was being trained not as a soldier but as
3、 a land surveyor. Despite their unspectacular beginnings, each would go on to carve a place for himself in history. What was it that enabled them to become grea
4、t? Were they born with something special? Or did their greatness have more to do with timing, devotion and, perhaps, an uncompromising personality? For decades, scientists
5、0;have been asking such questions. And, in the past few years, they have found evidence to help explain why some people rise above, while otherssimilarly talented, perhap
6、sare left behind. Their findings could have implications for us all. Who is great? Defining who is great depends on how one measures success. But there are some
7、;criteria. "Someone who has made a lasting contribution to human civilization is great," said Dean Keith Simonton, a professor of psychology at the University of Cal
8、ifornia at Davis and author of the 1994 book Greatness: Who Makes History and Why. But he added a word of caution: "Sometimes great people don't make it
9、0;into the history books. A lot of women achieved great things or were influential but went unrecognized." In writing his book, Simonton combined historical knowledge abo
10、ut great figures with recent findings in genetics, psychiatry and the social sciences. The great figures he focused on include men and women who have won Nobel Prize
11、s, led great nations or won wars, composed symphonies that have endured for centuries, or revolutionized science, philosophy, politics or the arts. Though he doesn't have&
12、#160;a formula to define how or why certain people rise above (too many factors are involved), he has come up with a few common characteristics. A "never surren
13、der" attitude. If great achievers share anything, said Simonton, it is an unrelenting drive to succeed. "There's a tendency to think that they are endowed with
14、160;something super-normal," he explained. "But what comes out of the research is that there are great people who have no amazing intellectual processes. It's a
15、difference in degree. Greatness is built upon tremendous amounts of study, practice and devotion." He cited Winston Churchill, Britain's prime minister during World War II
16、, as an example of a risk-taker who would never give up. Thrust into office when his country's morale was at its lowest, Churchill rose brilliantly to lead
17、the British people. In a speech following the Allied evacuation at Dunkirk in 1940, he inspired the nation when he said, "We shall not flag or fail. We sha
18、ll go on to the end.We shall never surrender." Can you be born great? In looking at Churchill's role in historyas well as the roles of other political
19、and military leadersSimonton discovered a striking pattern: "Firstborns and only children tend to make good leaders in time of crisis: They're used to taking charge.
20、But middle-borns are better as peacetime leaders: They listen to different interest groups better and make the necessary compromises. Churchill, an only child, was typical. He
21、 was great in a crisis, but in peacetime he was not effectivenot even popular." Timing is another factor. "If you took George Washington and put him in
22、0;the 20th century he would go nowhere as a politician," Simonton declared. "He was not an effective public speaker, and he didn't like shaking hands with the
23、60;public. On the other hand, I'm not sure Franklin Roosevelt would have done well in Washington's time. He wouldn't have had the radio to do his fireside
24、0;chats." Can you be too smart? One surprise among Simonton's findings is that many political and military leaders have been bright but not overly so. Beyond a
25、160;certain point, he explained, other factors, like the ability to communicate effectively, become more important than innate intelligence as measured by an IQ test. The most
26、 intelligent U.S. Presidents, for exampleThomas Jefferson, Woodrow Wilson and John F. Kennedyhad a hard time getting elected, Simonton said, while others with IQs closer to
27、60;the average (such as Warren G. Harding) won by landslides. While political and economic factors also are involved, having a genius IQ is not necessary to be a
28、0;great leader. In the sciences, those with "genius level" IQs do have a better chance at achieving recognition, added Simonton. Yet evidence also indicates that ove
29、rcoming traditional ways of thinking may be just as important. He pointed to one recent study where college students were given a set of data and were asked to&
30、#160;see if they could come up with a mathematical relation. Almost a third did. What they did not know was that they had just solved one of the most famou
31、s scientific equations in history: the Third Law of Planetary Motion, an equation that Johannes Kepler came up with in 1618. Kepler's genius, Simonton said, was not
32、160;so much in solving a mathematical challenge. It was in thinking about the numbers in a unique wayapplying his mathematical knowledge to his observations of planetary
33、motion. It was his boldness that set him apart. Love your work. As a child, Einstein became fascinated with the way magnets are drawn to metal. "He couldn't
34、 stop thinking about this stuff," Simonton pointed out. "He became obsessed with problems in physics by the time he was 16, and he never stopped working on
35、 them. It's not surprising that he made major contributions by the time he was 26." "For most of us, it's not that we don't have the ability,&q
36、uot; Simonton added, "it's that we don't devote the time. You have to put in the effort and put up with all the frustrations and obstacles." Like o
37、ther creative geniuses, Einstein was not motivated by a desire for fame, said Simonton. Instead, his obsession with his work was what set him apart. Where such drive
38、 comes from remains a mystery. But it is found in nearly all creative geniuseswhether or not their genius is acknowledged by contemporaries. "Emily Dickinson was not
39、 recognized for her poetry until after her death," said Simonton. "But she was not writing for fame. The same can be said of James Joyce, who didn't
40、60;spend a lot of time worrying about how many people would read Finnegans Wake." Today, researchers have evidence that an intrinsic passion for one's work is a&
41、#160;key to rising above. In a 1985 study at Brandeis University conducted by Teresa Amabile, now a professor of business administration at Harvard University, a group of
42、 professional writersnone famouswere asked to write a short poem. Each writer was then randomly placed in one of three groups: One group was asked to keep in mi
43、nd the idea of writing for money; another was told to think about writing just for pleasure; and a third group was given no instruction at all. The poems t
44、hen were submitted anonymously to a panel of professional writers for evaluation. The poetry written by people who thought about writing for money ranked lowest. Those wh
45、o thought about writing just for pleasure did the best. "Motivation that comes from enjoying the work makes a significant difference, "Amabile said. (1 214 words) Unit2-Text A The Gratitude We
46、160;Need On a fine afternoon in New York, I got into a taxi. From the driver's expression and the way he slammed in his gears, I could tell that
47、 he was upset. I asked him what was the trouble. "I've got good reason to be sore," he growled. "One of my fares left a wallet in my cab
48、 this morning. Nearly three hundred bucks in it. I spent more than an hour trying to trace the guy. Finally I found him at his hotel. He took the wall
49、et without a word and glared at me as though I'd meant to steal it." "He didn't give you a reward?" I exclaimed. "Not a cent. But i
50、t wasn't the dough I wanted." he fumbled, then exploded, "If the guy had only said something." Because his helpful, honest act had not been appreciate
51、d, that cabdriver's day was poisoned, and I knew he would think twice before rendering a similar service. The need for gratitude is something we all feel, and
52、60;denial of it can do much to harm the spirit of kindness and cooperation. During World War II a mother in Cincinnati received a letter from her son in
53、160;the army in which he spoke of a woman in a village in Normandy who had taken him into her home when he was wounded and hungry, and hidden him from
54、 the Germans. Later on, unhappily, the boy was killed in the Ardennes offensive. Yet the mother was moved by an irresistible intention. She saved up for two yea
55、rs, crossed the Atlantic and located the village referred to by her son. After many inquiries, she found the woman who had sheltered her sonthe wife of an impov
56、erished farmerand pressed a package into her hand. It was the gold wristwatch her son had received on his graduation, the only object of real value the boy had&
57、#160;ever possessed. The mother's act of gratitude so touched people's hearts that it has become something of a legend in and around the village. It has done
58、;more than fine speeches to foster good feeling toward Americans. Gratitude is the art of receiving gracefully, of showing appreciation for every kindness, great and sma
59、ll. Most of us do not fail to show our pleasure when we receive hospitality, gifts and obvious benefits, but even here we can perfect our manner of showing
60、;gratitude by making it as personal and sincere as possible. Recently, when touring in southern Italy with my wife, I sent to a friend in Connecticut several bottles
61、 of a local wine which had taken our fancy. It was a trifling gift, yet to our surprise, instead of the conventional letter of thanks, we receive a phonogr
62、aph record. When we played it, we heard our friend's voice speaking after dinner, describing how he and his guests had enjoyed the wine and thanking us for
63、our thoughtfulness. It was pleasant to have this unusual proof that our gift had been appreciated. Gratitude is sometimes more than a personal affair. My son, study
64、ing medicine at McGill University, told me of a patient brought into hospital in Montreal whose life was saved by a blood transfusion. When he was well again he
65、 asked: "Isn't there any way I can discover the name of the donor and thank him?" He was told that names of donors are never revealed. A few
66、weeks after his discharge he came back to give a pint of his own blood. Since then he has returned again and again for the same purpose. When a surgeon
67、0;commented on this splendid record of anonymous service, he answered simply: "Someone I never knew did it for me. I'm just saying 'thanks'". It is
68、;a comforting thought that gratitude can be not merely a passing sentiment but a renewal which can, in some instances, persist for a lifetime. A husband who recalls&
69、#160;appreciatively some generous or unselfish act on his wife's part, or a wife who never forgets the gifts her husband has given her, does much to keep the
70、0;domestic wheels spinning smoothly. W.H. Hudson, British author and naturalist, has written: "One evening I brought home a friend to share our usual evening meal. Afterw
71、ard he said to me:You are fortunate to have a wife who, despite ill health and children to look after, cooks such excellent meals.' That tribute open ed my
72、eyes and taught me to show gratitude for my wife's day-to-day heroism, which I had hitherto taken for granted." It is, above all, in the little things
73、;that the grace of gratitude should be most employed. The boy who delivers our paper, the milkman, the mailman, the barber, the waitress at a restaurant, the elevato
74、r operatorall oblige us in one way or another. By showing our gratitude we make routine relationships human and render monotonous tasks more agreeable. A patient of
75、 mine in London who worked as a bus conductor once confided to me, "I get fed up with my job sometimes. People grumble, bother you, haven't got the
76、0;right change for their tickets. But there's one lady on my bus morning and evening, and she always thanks me in a particularly friendly way when I take he
77、r ticket. I like to think she's speaking for all the passengers. It helps me to keep smiling." Arnold Bennett had a publisher who boasted about the ex
78、traordinary efficiency of his secretary. One day Bennett said to her, "Your employer claims that you are extremely efficient. What is your secret?" "It's not
79、0;my secret," the secretary replied. "It's his." Each time she performed a service, no matter how small, he never failed to acknowledge it. Because of that&
80、#160;she took infinite pains with her work. Some persons refrain from expressing their gratitude because they feel it will not be welcome. A patient of mine, a
81、;few weeks after his discharge from the hospital, came back to thank his nurse. "I didn't come back sooner," he explained, "because I imagined you must
82、;be bored to death with people thanking you." "On the contrary," she replied, "I am delighted you came. Few realize how much we need encouragement an
83、d how much we are helped by those who give it." Gratitude is something of which none of us can give too much. For on the smiles, the th anks we&
84、#160;give, our little gestures of appreciation, our neighbors build up their philosophy of life.Unit3-Text A How to Change Your Point of View Dr. Edward Jenner was
85、0;busy trying to solve the problem of smallpox. After studying case after case, he still found no possible cure. He had reached an impasse in his thinking. At t
86、his point, he changed his tactics. Instead of focusing on people who had smallpox, he switched his attention to people who did not have smallpox. It turned out
87、that dairymaids apparently never got the disease. From the discovery that harmless cowpox gave protection against deadly smallpox came vaccination and the end of smallpox as
88、160;a scourge in the western world. We often reach an impasse in our thinking. We are looking at a problem and trying to solve it and it seems there
89、is a dead end. It is on these occasions that we become tense, we feel pressured, overwhelmed, in a state of stress. We struggle vainly, fighting to solve the
90、60;problem. Dr. Jenner, however, did something about this situation. He stopped fighting the problem and simply changed his point of viewfrom his patients to dairy maids
91、. Picture the process going something like this: Suppose the brain is a computer. This computer has absorbed into its memory bank all your history, your experiences,
92、;your training, your information received through life; and it is programmed according to all this data. To change your point of view, you must reprogramme your computer,
93、 thus freeing yourself to take in new ideas and develop new ways of looking at things. Dr. Jenner, in effect, by reprogramming his computer, erased the old way&
94、#160;of looking at his smallpox problem and was free to receive new alternatives. That's all very well, you may say, but how do we actually do that?
95、Doctor and philosopher Edward de Bono has come up with a technique for changing our point of view, and he calls it Lateral Thinking. The normal Western approac
96、h to a problem is to fight it. The saying, "When the going gets tough, the tough get going," is typical of this aggressive attitude toward problem-solving.
97、;No matter what the problem is, or the techniques available for solving it, the framework produced by our Western way of thinking is fight. Dr. de Bono calls th
98、is vertical thinking; the traditional, sequential, Aristotelian thinking of logic, moving firmly from one step to the next, like toy blocks being built one on top of
99、;the other. The flaw is, of course, that if at any point one of the steps is not reached, or one of the toy blocks is incorrectly placed, then the who
100、le structure collapses. Impasse is reached, and frustration, tension, feelings of fight take over. Lateral thinking, Dr. de Bono says, is a new technique of thinking
101、0;about thingsa technique that avoids this fight altogether, and solves the problem in an entirely unexpected fashion. In one of Sherlock Holmes's cases, his assistant,
102、160;Dr. Watson, pointed out that a certain dog was of no importance to the case because it did not appear to have done anything. Sherlock Holmes took the opposi
103、te point of view and maintained that the fact the dog had done nothing was of the utmost significance, for it should have been expected to do something, and
104、0;on this basic he solved the case. Lateral thinking sounds simple. And it is. Once you have solved a problem laterally, you wonder how you could ever have
105、0;been hung up on it. The key is making that vital shift in emphasis, that sidestepping of the problem, instead of attacking it head-on.Dr. A. A. Bridger, psychiatri
106、st at Columbia University and in private practice in New York, explains how lateral thinking works with his patients. "Many people come to me wanting to stop sm
107、oking, for instance," he says. "Most people fail when they are trying to stop smoking because they wind up telling themselves, 'No, I will not smoke; no,
108、60;1 shall not smoke; no, I will not; no, I cannot.' It's a fight and what happens is you end up smoking more." "So instead of looking at
109、0;the problem from the old ways of no, and fighting it, I show them a whole new point of viewthat you are your body's keeper, and your body is somethin
110、g through which you experience life. If you stop to think about it, there's really something helpless about your body. It can do nothing for itself. It has
111、no choice, it is like a baby's body. You begin then a whole new way of looking at itI am now going to take care of myself, and give myself some
112、60;respect and protection, by not smoking.' “There is a Japanese parable about a donkey tied to a pole by a rope. The rope rubs tight against his neck.
113、0;The more the donkey fights and pulls on the rope, the tighter and tighter it gets around his throatuntil he winds up dead. On the other hand, as soon as&
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