写作 第二章 2 图表作文

1、 图表作文图表作文 How to describe tables and Charts?第二章第二章 第第2节节图表作文简介图表作文简介 写作时间写作时间: : 20min20min 字数要求字数要求: : at least 150 wordsat least 150 words 评分标准评分标准: : (IELTS)(IELTS) Task achievementTask achievement Coherence and cohesion Coherence and cohesion Lexical resource Lexical resource Grammatical range a

2、nd accuracy Grammatical range and accuracy5 5种图表类型种图表类型表格表格 Table线图线图(直线直线/曲线曲线) Line graph柱状图柱状图(条形图条形图) Bar chart饼图饼图 Pie chart流程图流程图 Flow chart / process diagram Learn the new while reviewing the old 图表作文3个要求第一第一 客观性客观性 不能有想象成分，总结归纳要符合逻辑。不能有想象成分，总结归纳要符合逻辑。第二第二 准确性准确性 数据要求精确（数据要求精确（不抄错不抄错），可以合理目测（

3、），可以合理目测（大概大概 数值数值）。）。第三第三 详尽性详尽性 4 4类特征数据一定介绍：类特征数据一定介绍：最大值最大值（maximummaximum），）， 最小值最小值（minimumminimum），），交叉点交叉点（intersectionintersection），）， 变化趋势变化趋势（trendtrend）。）。写作步骤1. 审题 看懂图表：题干信息、图表类型、图表信息（坐标轴、项目类别、图例、单位、数值）2. 构思确定段落结构； 以合理的逻辑顺序描述重要信息和变化趋势3. 写作掌握常用表达、逻辑衔接词和转乘短语4. 检查 字数、拼写、时态、语法 图表作文的结构第一第一 开

4、头段（引题）开头段（引题）第二第二 主体段（描述图表）主体段（描述图表）第三第三 结尾段（得出结论）结尾段（得出结论） 开头段开头段 写作写作开头段：开头段：1-21-2句，转述原题句，转述原题 转述原题转述原题3 3法：法： 添加单词添加单词 删除单词删除单词 替换单词替换单词 （注意：改动不需过多，（注意：改动不需过多，3-43-4处，即可）处，即可） 原题一句变两句，两句变一句。原题一句变两句，两句变一句。 全部改写，要保证语法、句型的正确性。全部改写，要保证语法、句型的正确性。 开头段的时态：开头段的时态：永远一般现在时永远一般现在时练习练习1 1【原文原文】 The The foll

5、owingfollowing graphs graphs indicateindicate thethe proportionproportion of of the the effect effect of treatment in two of treatment in two typestypes of cancer in of cancer in womenwomen. . 【改写改写】TheThe twotwo lineline graphs ( graphs (given)given) illustrateillustrate/ /showshow/ / demonstratede

6、monstrate/ /outlineoutline/ /describe describe the the percentagepercentage of of the the influenceinfluence of treatment in two of treatment in two kindskinds/ / categoriescategories of cancer in of cancer in females.females. 练习练习2 2【原文原文】 The charts The charts belowbelow showshow the the resultsre

7、sults of a of a surveysurvey of of adult education. The adult education. The firstfirst chart chart showsshows the reasons the reasons why adults decide to study. The pie chart shows why adults decide to study. The pie chart shows how people think the costs of adult education how people think the co

8、sts of adult education should be shared.should be shared.【改写改写】 The The two two charts charts illustrateillustrate the the outcomes outcomes of an of an investigation investigation of adult education. of adult education. The The barbar chart chart describesdescribes the reasons why adults decide to

9、study, the reasons why adults decide to study, while while the the pie chart pie chart outlinesoutlines peoplepeoples opinion s opinion about the cost shares of adult educationabout the cost shares of adult education . .练习练习3 3【原文原文】 The The table shows table shows the results of a survey in 2004 th

10、e results of a survey in 2004 which asked undergraduate and postgraduate which asked undergraduate and postgraduate students of a UK university whether they were students of a UK university whether they were satisfied with the facilities at the universitysatisfied with the facilities at the universi

11、ty. .【改写改写】 The The diagramdiagram gives a breakdowngives a breakdown（明细表）（明细表） about different attitudesabout different attitudes amongamong undergraduate undergraduate and postgraduate students and postgraduate students towardstowards equipmentsequipments of a UK of a UK collegecollege in in the y

12、earthe year 2004. 2004. WSkills RITING常用句型常用句型The table / chart / diagram/ graph shows / describes / illustrates/ indicates/ outlines/ compares / summarizes _.2) According to / As shown in / As can be seen from the table / chart / diagram/ graph, _.3) It can be seen from / We can see from / It is cl

13、ear from / It is apparent from the table / chart/ diagram / graph that _. 主体段主体段 写作写作主体段的布局一般来说，一张图表如果只有一个对象，正文可以只写一段。如果图表中包含两个对象，则分两段来写。对于三个对象以上的图表，应把相似的对象归类在一起。遇到一道题中出现两个或两个以上的图表，则通常一个图用一段来描述。一般两至三段为宜。主体段：主体段：1+X1+X句，第一句总体概括，句，第一句总体概括，X X句具体介绍数字。句具体介绍数字。第一句作用：第一句作用： 总括变化趋势总括变化趋势 ( (有时间变化的图，如有时间变化的

14、图，如 line graphline graph和和 bar chartbar chart 的升降、波动等）；的升降、波动等）；或或 包含哪几种数据（没时间变化的图，如包含哪几种数据（没时间变化的图，如 pie chartpie chart 和和 tabletable 的组成部分）。的组成部分）。X X句数据介绍句数据介绍3 3要点：要点： 按照一定的逻辑顺序介绍数据按照一定的逻辑顺序介绍数据 4类关键信息：类关键信息： 最大最大-最小最小-变化变化-交叉交叉（主要是线图）（主要是线图） 还有：还有：起点起点-拐点拐点-终点终点 信息也值得注意信息也值得注意 可作取舍，不必面面俱到，视时间而定

15、可作取舍，不必面面俱到，视时间而定 注意：注意：主体段时态主体段时态由题目的时间决定。由题目的时间决定。表示时间推移的短语（表示时间推移的短语（熟记熟记）：At first, (=initially)Then,After that,From this point onwards,Finally (=eventually) 表示趋势的短语表示趋势的短语- -动词动词（熟记熟记）：数字趋势动词数字趋势动词1. 1.上升趋势上升趋势: rise, go up, : rise, go up, 2. 2.下降趋势下降趋势: fall, sink, drop, : fall, sink, drop, di

16、p, dip, reducereduce, go down, go down3. 3.保持不变保持不变: remain steady, : remain steady, show no/little changeshow no/little change4. 4.波动波动: fluctuate: fluctuate趋势动词替换趋势动词替换1. 1.上升趋势上升趋势: increase, grow, : increase, grow, climb, ascend ( jump, surge, climb, ascend ( jump, surge, soar, shoot up )soar, s

17、hoot up ) 2. 2.下降趋势下降趋势: decline, decrease, : decline, decrease, descend ( plunge, slump)descend ( plunge, slump)3. 3.保持不变保持不变: level off/out at, : level off/out at, stabilize at, reach a plateau atstabilize at, reach a plateau at表示趋势的短语表示趋势的短语- -形容词形容词（熟记熟记）：1. 1.速度快速度快: sharp, rapid, dramatic, dra

18、stic: sharp, rapid, dramatic, drastic2. 2.速度慢速度慢: gradual, slow, steady, gentle: gradual, slow, steady, gentle3. 3.幅度大幅度大: significant, substantial, marked: significant, substantial, marked4. 4.幅度小幅度小: slight, modest, moderate: slight, modest, moderate注意注意: : 以上加以上加 ly ly 均为副词。均为副词。 表示分别的副词是表示分别的副词是

19、 respectivelyrespectively。表示趋势的短语表示趋势的短语- -其它其它（熟记熟记）：1. 1.最高点最高点: : peak at, reach the highest point at, peak at, reach the highest point at, 2. 2.最低点最低点: : bottom out at, reach the bottom at, the lowest point at bottom out at, reach the bottom at, the lowest point at3. 3.达到多少达到多少（量）（量）: : reach, a

20、rrive at, amount to, hit, stand at reach, arrive at, amount to, hit, stand at4. 4.占多少占多少（比例）（比例） : : account for, make up, occupy, represent, constitute account for, make up, occupy, represent, constitute5. 5.预测预测（会有）（会有）多少多少: : predict, expect, forecast predict, expect, forecast 句型为句型为： A isA is pr

21、edicted/ expected/forecasted predicted/ expected/forecasted to reachto reach描述数据变化的三种句式1）变化的主体）变化的主体+动词动词 （+副词）副词）a. The number of cinema admission dropped slightly from 1957 to 1974.b. The number of television licenses remained stable from 1957 to 1974.2) There be + 形容词形容词+名词名词+ in + 变化的主体变化的主体a. T

22、here was a significant decrease in the number of television licenses from 1957 to 1974.b. There was little change in the number of television licensees from 1957 to 1974.3) 时间时间 + saw +形容词形容词+ 名词名词+ in +变化的主体变化的主体 The last 17 years saw the sharp decline in cinema admission. 数据的比较 倍数A is times + as +

23、 adj.原级 + as B.A is times + adj.比较级 + than B. A is times + the size/length/height/width + of B.The size/length/height/width of A is times of B.The + N. + is times + what从句数据的比较 倍数 Practice这张桌子是那张桌子的三倍大。This table is three times as big as that one.This table is twice bigger than that one.This table i

24、s three times the size of that one.The size of this table is three times of that one.今年的产量是2006年的三倍。The output of this year is three times what it was in 2006.数据的比较 多于、少于多于more than, over, abovesurpass, exceed少于less than, fewer thanbelow, under, within数据的比较 情况相同相同be identical / the same withThe same

25、 is true of A similar situation was seen in .相似More or less alike, roughly the sameShow great resemblance is basically the same as数据的比较 情况不同be different from = be of great differencebe distinguished frombe contrary todiffer fromvary fromA, unlike / as opposed to / as distinct from B, has A is in sta

26、rk contrast with B.A shows a quite different pattern.The pattern appears to be slightly different.这些你用起来得心应手吗？这些你用起来得心应手吗？WSkills riting1- 1- 谈及谈及 in terms of / in the case of / as for / as regards in terms of / in the case of / as for / as regards 2- 2- 表示由表示由组成组成 be made up of/be composed/comprise

27、d ofbe made up of/be composed/comprised of consist of / comprise consist of / comprise （主动态）（主动态）3- 3- 对比和类比对比和类比 Similarly, /Likewise,Similarly, /Likewise, Unlike, Unlike, In comparison, In comparison, In/By contrast, In/By contrast, 4- 4- 大约多少大约多少 about/around/roughly/approximatelyabout/around/rou

28、ghly/approximately just over/just under just over/just under 结尾段结尾段 写作写作总结图表的主要信息和重要趋势，或你经过比较得出的结论，不要和前面太相似;不要写得过多，1-2句即可;不要加入主观想象的东西，如分析原因、展望未来等。三大注意三大注意练习练习【开头段开头段】The pie chart shows The pie chart shows that there are fourthat there are four main main causescauses of of farmland becoming degraded

29、farmland becoming degraded in the in the world todayworld today. These causes affected . These causes affected differentdifferent regions regions differentlydifferently inin the 1990s. the 1990s. 【结尾段结尾段】OverallOverall, , it is clear thatit is clear that Europe suffered Europe suffered more from far

30、mland degradation than the more from farmland degradation than the other regionsother regions, ( , ( 结论结论1 1：欧洲农田退化最严重欧洲农田退化最严重） and the main causes were deforestation and and the main causes were deforestation and over-cultivationover-cultivation（结论结论2 2：主要原因是滥伐森林主要原因是滥伐森林和过度耕种和过度耕种）. . WSkills RITING常用句型常用句型Overall,Therefore, it can be clearly seen from the chart thatAs is shown in the chart, As suggested above, In summary, In the final analysis, From the chart, it is clear/apparent/obvious thatAs