BusinessCombinationandstockinvestment-PPT课件

1、BusinessCombinatBusinessCombinationandstockinvesionandstockinvestmenttmentThe Accounting Concept of A Business Combination APB Opinion No16, Business Combination FASB Statement 141, Business Combinations IAS 22: Business Combinations CAS 20:企业合并企业合并APB Opinion No16(1970) 企业合并指一家公司与一家或几家公司或非公司组织的企企业合

2、并指一家公司与一家或几家公司或非公司组织的企业合成一个会计个体，这一会计个体继续从事以前彼此别业合成一个会计个体，这一会计个体继续从事以前彼此别离、相互独立的企业的经营活动。离、相互独立的企业的经营活动。 Business combination, as an accounting concept, occurs when a corporation and one or more incorporated or unincorporated businesses are brought together under the control of a single management tea

3、m. That control is established when: 1 One corporation becomes a subsidiary 2 One company transfers its net assets to another, or 3 Each company transfers its net assets to a newly formed corporation.IAS 22(revised 1998) 企业合并，指通过一个企业与另一个企业的联合企业合并，指通过一个企业与另一个企业的联合或获得对另一个企业净资产和经营活动控制权，或获得对另一个企业净资产和经营活

4、动控制权，而将各单独的企业组成一个经济实体。而将各单独的企业组成一个经济实体。 A business combination is the bringing together of separate enterprises into one economic entity as a result of one enterprise uniting with or obtaining control over the net assets and operations of another enterprise.paragraph 8 IFRS 3 Business Combinations20

5、04 A business combination is the bringing together of separate entities or businesses into one reporting entity. The result of nearly all business combinations is that one entity, the acquirer, obtains control of one or more other businesses, the acquiree. If an entity obtains control of one or more

6、 other entities that are not businesses, the bringing together of those entities is not a business combination. CAS 20(2006) 企业合并，是指将两个或者两个以上单独的企业企业合并，是指将两个或者两个以上单独的企业合并形成一个合并形成一个报告主体报告主体的交易或事项。的交易或事项。 同一控制下的企业合并同一控制下的企业合并(Business combinations involving entities under common control) 非同一控制下的企业合并非同一

7、控制下的企业合并Methods of Accounting for Business Combination Purchase Method Pooling of Interests Method购置法购置法Purchase Method将企业合并视为资产的购置行为将企业合并视为资产的购置行为Purchase Method Purchase cost is measured by the cash disbursed, the fair value of property given up, or the fair value of securities issued. Direct acqu

8、isition costs are paid to outside parties; include them in the price paid Indirect acquisition costs are internally incurred; they are expensed Issue costs are to issue bonds or stock; they are subtracted from the value assigned to the securitiesuStocks and bonds issued are always recorded at fair v

9、alue in a purchase1Determine the fair values of all identifiable tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed.All identifiable assets and liabilities are valued regardless of whether they are recorded on the books of the acquired company (for example a patent where all R&D was

10、 expensed as incurred).No value is assigned to goodwill recorded on the books of the acquired company.Cost allocation procedures 2 The acquiring company records the assets received and liabilities assumed at their fair values.a First, fair values are assigned to all identifiable tangible and intangi

11、ble assets acquired and liabilities assumed. b If cost is greater than fair value of the identifiable net assets acquired, the excess cost is assigned to goodwill.c If fair value is greater than cost, the excess fair value is handled in the following fashion: (1) The excess is applied as a pro rata按

12、比例 reduction of amounts that would have otherwise been assigned to assets except forfinancial assets other than investments accounted for by the equity method, assets to be disposed of处理, deferred tax assets, prepaid pension养老金 and post-retirement assets, and any other current assets. (2) If all suc

13、h assets are reduced to zero value, the reminder, if any, is recognized as an extraordinary gain.商誉问题商誉问题The Goodwill Controversy Goodwill is defined as the excess of the investment cost over the fair value of assets received. This is goodwill? Goodwill is a asset?商誉的本质商誉的本质亨德里克森在亨德里克森在?会计理论会计理论?中指出

14、，从会计的角度来看，商誉中指出，从会计的角度来看，商誉有以下三种解释：有以下三种解释：对企业好感的价值；对企业好感的价值； 对企业的好感可能来自有利的地位位置、独占的特权以及对企业的好感可能来自有利的地位位置、独占的特权以及良好的经营管理水平等因素。良好的经营管理水平等因素。预期未来利润超过不包括商誉的总投资的正常报酬局部的现预期未来利润超过不包括商誉的总投资的正常报酬局部的现值；值；这只是商誉的一种计量，而没有说明其性质。这只是商誉的一种计量，而没有说明其性质。 反映企业总价值超过各个有形和无形资产价值差价的总的计反映企业总价值超过各个有形和无形资产价值差价的总的计价帐户。价帐户。John

15、B. Canning 是最早提出这种观点的会计学家之一。是最早提出这种观点的会计学家之一。SFAS No. 141 Business Combinations (revised 2007) Goodwill is an asset representing the future economic benefits arising from other assets acquired in a business combination that are not individually identified and separately recognized. 1、商誉是一项资产，并在有限的期限

16、内摊销、商誉是一项资产，并在有限的期限内摊销理由：理由：商誉是实施合并的企业为了取得以后假设干年度的超商誉是实施合并的企业为了取得以后假设干年度的超额利润而发生的超额支出，根据配比原那么，商誉应额利润而发生的超额支出，根据配比原那么，商誉应进行摊销并与以后各期产生的超额利润加以配比。进行摊销并与以后各期产生的超额利润加以配比。摊销的理论根据是什么？摊销的理论根据是什么？摊销期如何确定？摊销期如何确定？ 商誉商誉(Goodwill)2、直接冲减留存收益、直接冲减留存收益理由：理由：商誉的价值很不确定，不能单独存在和变现，而且形商誉的价值很不确定，不能单独存在和变现，而且形成商誉的因素难以为企业所

17、控制，在合并之后，商成商誉的因素难以为企业所控制，在合并之后，商誉是否继续存在令人质疑，所以将商誉单独列为一誉是否继续存在令人质疑，所以将商誉单独列为一项资产不符合谨慎原那么。自创商誉没有确认，如项资产不符合谨慎原那么。自创商誉没有确认，如果只确认外购商誉，违背了逻辑一致性，所反映的果只确认外购商誉，违背了逻辑一致性，所反映的信息未必真实。信息未必真实。3、作为一项永久资产，不予摊销，除非有证、作为一项永久资产，不予摊销，除非有证据说明其价值发生了持续下跌。据说明其价值发生了持续下跌。理由：理由：商誉的价值不一定下降。被并企业正常的生商誉的价值不一定下降。被并企业正常的生产经营过程中发生的各项

18、费用形成了商誉，产经营过程中发生的各项费用形成了商誉，这些费用已计入被并企业的损益，再将商这些费用已计入被并企业的损益，再将商誉予以摊销，不免重复。誉予以摊销，不免重复。 商誉的减值测试商誉的减值测试Testing Goodwill For Impairment FASB Statement No. 142 FASB Statement No.142, Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets : eliminates former requirements to amortize goodwill, rather, goodwill must be perio

19、dically tested for impairmentat least annually impairment testing and adjustment for financial reporting purposes An impairment occurs when the recorded value of goodwill is greater than its fair value. When an impairment occurs, firms must write down goodwill to a new estimated amount and record a

20、loss in calculating net income of a period. Goodwill impairment losses are shown separately in the income statement. Firms will treat goodwill and other intangible assets as assets of the business reporting unit. 1、冲减所购非流动资产价值有价证券投资除外、冲减所购非流动资产价值有价证券投资除外理由：负商誉很可能是非流动资产公允价值高估的结果。理由：负商誉很可能是非流动资产公允价值高估

21、的结果。APB Opinion No.17建议，当购进一个企业所付的本钱小建议，当购进一个企业所付的本钱小于其所得可识别净资产公允价值的差额，应予以冲减所购于其所得可识别净资产公允价值的差额，应予以冲减所购非流动资产的价值长期有价证券除外；如果这些非流非流动资产的价值长期有价证券除外；如果这些非流动资产价值已冲减为零，那么未分摊的差额作为动资产价值已冲减为零，那么未分摊的差额作为“递延贷递延贷项入账，然后分期转为收益。项入账，然后分期转为收益。IAS22?企业合并企业合并?中要中要求分摊于非货币性资产求分摊于非货币性资产负商誉负商誉(Negative Goodwill) 2、直接计入资本公积、

22、直接计入资本公积理由理由：购入负商誉产生的特定原因是不可能确定的，购入负商誉产生的特定原因是不可能确定的，因而找不到根据来减计一项资产的价值或者因而找不到根据来减计一项资产的价值或者作为递延收益来记录一项负债。作为递延收益来记录一项负债。 3、全部作为递延收益处理，并在一定的年、全部作为递延收益处理，并在一定的年限内分摊计入收益。限内分摊计入收益。 理由：理由： 负商誉的产生是在预期内被并企业由于其劣负商誉的产生是在预期内被并企业由于其劣势而可能发生未来亏损或利润缺乏，但它们势而可能发生未来亏损或利润缺乏，但它们由不可归咎于任何可识别的资产和负债。由不可归咎于任何可识别的资产和负债。 IAS

23、No.22?企业合并企业合并?允许负商誉在不超过允许负商誉在不超过5年的期限内摊销，如果自购置日起超过年的期限内摊销，如果自购置日起超过5年年但不超过但不超过20年的期限更为合理的，也可按不年的期限更为合理的，也可按不超过超过20年的期限处理。年的期限处理。权益结合法权益结合法Pooling of Interests将企业合并视为经济资源的联合将企业合并视为经济资源的联合Conditions for Pooling The pooling of interests concept was based on the assumption that it was possible to unite

24、 ownership interests through the exchange of equity securities without an acquisition of one combining company by another. In APB Opinion No. 161970, the APB sought to prevent pooling of interests accounting for business combinations that were incompatible with the pooling concept. It did this by sp

25、ecifying 12 conditions that had to be met for the pooling of interests method to be used. Twelve Conditions for Pooling (APB Opinion No. 16)Attributes of Combining Companies1 Autonomous (two-year rule)2 Independent (10% rule)Manner of Combining Interests1 Single transaction (or completed within one

26、year after initiation)2 Exchange of common stock (the “substantially all rule: 90% or more)3 No equity changes in contemplation of combination (two-year rule)4 Shares reacquired only for purposes other than combination5 No change in proportionate equity interests6 Voting rights immediately exercisab

27、le7 Combination resolved at consummation (no pending provisions)Absence of Planned Transactions1 Issuing company cannot reacquire shares2 Issuing company cannot make deals to benefit former stockholders3 Issuing company cannot plan to dispose处置 of assets within two yearsSpecial issues in a pooling D

28、irect, indirect and issue costs are expensed Combiner existing goodwill is recorded Adjustments may be made to accounts for: Changes in accounting principles (for uniformity) Changes in accounting period (for uniformity) Record unrecorded items Error correctionAll adjustments are made to combiner re

29、tained earnings before the equity transfer diagram is appliedMajor issuesPurchasePoolingMajor issues (continued)PurchasePoolingEquity MethodA One-line ConsolidationLevel of Ownership0%20%50%100%Influence not significantSignificantinfluenceControlCost MethodEquityMethodConsolidationEquity Method The

30、equity method is required for investments of 50% or less that give the investor an ability to exercise significant influence over the investee. But, what issignificantinfluence?Application of the equity method The investment account moves in the same direction as the investees net assets Original co

31、st increased (decreased) by investors share of investees income (loss) and decreased by investors share of investees dividends and by amortization of the differential.Amortized if related to limited-life or intangible assets of investee.Application of the equity method 1 The investment is initially

32、recorded at cost 2 The investor records its share of the investees income as an increase to the investment account ，whether distributed or not. (losses will decrease the investment account) 3 Dividends received from the investee are recorded as a decrease to the investment account 4Additional adjustments are required aCost-book value differentials are accounted for as if the investee were a consolida